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Energy Efficiency in Electric Devices, Machines and Drives • Gorazd Štumberger and Boštjan Polajžer Energy Efficiency in Electric Devices, Machines and Drives

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Energy Efficiency in Electric Devices, Machines and Drives • Gorazd Štumberger and Boštjan Polajžer Energy Efficiency in Electric Devices, Machines and Drives Energy Efficiency Electricin Devices, Machines and Drives • Gorazd Štumberger and Boštjan Polajžer Energy Efficiency in Electric Devices, Machines and Drives Edited by Gorazd Štumberger and Boštjan Polajžer Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Energies www.mdpi.com/journal/energies Energy Efficiency in Electric Devices, Machines and Drives Energy Efficiency in Electric Devices, Machines and Drives Special Issue Editors Gorazd Stumbergerˇ Boˇstjan Polajzerˇ MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Special Issue Editors Gorazd Stumbergerˇ Bostjanˇ Polajzerˇ University of Maribor University of Maribor Slovenia Slovenia Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Energies (ISSN 1996-1073) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies/special issues/ energy efficiency electric). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03936-356-8 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03936-357-5 (PDF) c 2020 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Special Issue Editors ..................................... vii Preface to ”Energy Efficiency in Electric Devices, Machines and Drives” ............. ix Gaˇsper Habjan and Martin Petrun Impact of the Winding Arrangement on Efficiency of the Resistance Spot Welding Transformer Reprinted from: Energies 2019, 12, 3735, doi:10.3390/en12193735 ................... 1 Lutf Ur Rahman, Faisal Khan, Muhammad Afzal Khan, Naseer Ahmad, Hamid Ali Khan, Mohsin Shahzad, Siddique Ali and Hazrat Ali Modular Rotor Single Phase Field Excited Flux Switching Machine with Non-Overlapped Windings Reprinted from: Energies 2019, 12, 1576, doi:10.3390/en12081576 ................... 15 Myeong-Hwan Hwang, Hae-Sol Lee and Hyun-Rok Cha Analysis of Torque Ripple and Cogging Torque Reduction in Electric Vehicle Traction Platform Applying Rotor Notched Design Reprinted from: Energies 2018, 11, 3053, doi:10.3390/en11113053 ................... 43 Moadh Mallek, Yingjie Tang, Jaecheol Lee, Taoufik Wassar, Matthew A. Franchek and Jay Pickett An Analytical Subdomain Model of Torque Dense Halbach Array Motors Reprinted from: Energies 2018, 11, 3254, doi:10.3390/en11123254 ................... 57 Gorazd Stumberger,ˇ Bojan Stumbergerˇ and Tine Marˇciˇc Magnetically Nonlinear Dynamic Models of Synchronous Machines and Experimental Methods for Determining Their Parameters Reprinted from: Energies 2019, 12, 3519, doi:10.3390/en12183519 ................... 81 S. Usha, C. Subramani and Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban Neural Network-Based Model Reference Adaptive System for Torque Ripple Reduction in Sensorless Poly Phase Induction Motor Drive Reprinted from: Energies 2019, 12, 920, doi:10.3390/en12050920 ....................103 Jinhyun Park, In Gyu Jang and Sung-Ho Hwang Torque Distribution Algorithm for an Independently Driven Electric Vehicle Using a Fuzzy Control Method: Driving Stability and Efficiency Reprinted from: Energies 2018, 11, 3479, doi:10.3390/en11123479 ...................129 Zeljkoˇ Planti´c, Tine Marˇciˇc, Miloˇs Bekovi´c and Gorazd Stumbergerˇ Sensorless PMSM Drive Implementation by Introduction of Maximum Efficiency Characteristics in Reference Current Generation Reprinted from: Energies 2019, 12, 3502, doi:10.3390/en12183502 ...................151 Bojan Grˇcar, Anton Hofer and Gorazd Stumbergerˇ Induction Machine Control for a Wide Range of Drive Requirements Reprinted from: Energies 2020, 13, 175, doi:10.3390/en13010175 ....................165 Muriel Iten, Miguel Oliveira, Diogo Costa and Jochen Michels Water and Energy Efficiency Improvement of Steel Wire Manufacturing by Circuit Modelling and Optimisation Reprinted from: Energies 2019, 12, 223, doi:10.3390/en12020223 ....................187 v About the Special Issue Editors Gorazd Stumbergerˇ received B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia, in 1989, 1992 and 1996, respectively, all in electrical engineering. Since 1989, he has been with the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, where he is currently a Professor of electrical engineering. In 1997 and 2001, he was a Visiting Researcher with the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and with the Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, in 1998 and 1999. His current research interests include energy management, design, modeling, analysis, optimization and control of electrical machines and drives, and power system elements. Since 2019, he has been Dean of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Maribor. Boˇstjan Polajzerˇ received B.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia, in 1997 and 2002, respectively. Since 1998, he has been with the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, where he has been an Associate Professor since 2010. In 2000, he was a Visiting Scholar with the Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, and the Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria, in 2019. His research interests include electrical machines and devices, power quality, and power-system protection and control. Bostjanˇ Polajzerˇ is the head of the Power Engineering Institute at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor. vii Preface to ”Energy Efficiency in Electric Devices, Machines and Drives” Energy efficiency is one of the issues that cannot be avoided when dealing with electrical devices, machines, drives, and systems. Products that do not achieve the minimum efficiency levels specified in standards cannot be sold and every increase in energy efficiency reduces energy consumption and thus the cost of energy supply. Improvements in energy efficiency on a global scale reduce the energy demand and increase the energy supply, which indirectly reduces greenhouse gas emissions. The key element in improving the energy efficiency of electrical devices, machines, and drives is the reduction of losses, which can be achieved using various methods. The development of new materials seems to be the most challenging. New solutions in design, design improvements, and optimization can contribute significantly to improving energy efficiency. When an electrical device or machine is manufactured, further improvements in energy efficiency can be achieved by an appropriate selection and matching of power electronic components with the inherited characteristics of machines or devices. Proper control of systems consisting of electrical devices or machines, and power electronics components based on advanced system models can further improve the overall energy efficiency of systems. When electric devices, machines, and drives operate within a system, a properly implemented energy management system, based on in-depth knowledge of the technological process, can improve energy efficiency at the system level. Some cases of the aforementioned approaches to improving energy efficiency are discussed in this Special Issue. Gorazd Stumberger,ˇ Boˇstjan Polajzerˇ Special Issue Editors ix energies Article Impact of the Winding Arrangement on Efficiency of the Resistance Spot Welding Transformer Gašper Habjan * and Martin Petrun Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 31 July 2019; Accepted: 23 September 2019; Published: 30 September 2019 Abstract: In this paper, the impact of the winding arrangement on the efficiency of the resistance spot welding (RSW) transformer is presented. First, the design and operation of the transformer inside a high power RSW system are analyzed. Based on the presented analysis, the generation of imbalanced excitation of the magnetic core is presented, which leads to unfavorable leakage magnetic fluxes inside the transformer. Such fluxes are linked to the dynamic power loss components that significantly decrease the efficiency of the transformer. Based on the presented analysis, design guidelines to reduce the unwanted leakage fluxes are pointed out. The presented theoretical analysis is confirmed by measurements using a laboratory experimental system. The presented experimental results confirm that the proposed improved winding arrangement increased the efficiency of the transformer in average for 6.27%. Keywords: DC-DC converter; resistance spot welding; transformer; efficiency; dynamic power loss; design 1. Introduction Resistance spot welding (RSW) systems have a very important role in modern industry. Considering the automotive industry alone, their importance is striking, as nowadays three new cars are produced every second worldwide [1,2]. An interesting fact is that three to five thousand welding spots are required to produce a contemporary personal car. Such
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