DOCSLIB.ORG

Modelling the Impact of Coastal Defence Structures on the Nearshore Morphodynamics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Modelling the Impact of Coastal Defence Structures on the Nearshore Morphodynamics MODELLING THE IMPACT OF COASTAL DEFENCE STRUCTURES ON THE NEARSHORE MORPHODYNAMICS A thesis submitted to Cardiff University in candidature for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Fernando Alvarez-Martinez Hydro-environmental Research Centre School of Engineering Cardiff University 2016 Acknowledgements ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my appreciation to the people and organisations that supported and accompanied me in this long journey. To the School of Engineering of Cardiff University for supporting this PhD programme. To all Cardiff University staff in the Research, Finance and Teaching offices for their support to all PhD students, making things easier for all during the process. To family and friends that always supported me and encouraged me to keep going until the end. To Dr. Shunqi Pan for his patience, advice and support during all the stages of this PhD and to Professor Roger A. Falconer for his support. i Abstract MODELLING THE IMPACT OF COASTAL DEFENCE STRUCTURES ON THE NEARSHORE MORPHODYNAMICS Fernando Alvarez-Martinez ABSTRACT Coastal areas are heavily populated in countries around the world and are a source of economic activity, both recreational and industrial. Waves and tides interact with sediments in a dynamic equilibrium which leads to coastal morphological changes at different temporal and spatial scales. Natural or human-induced changes in this equilibrium may lead to an alteration of the coastline causing environmental or economic impacts. Coastal defences are often needed in order to protect specific areas and reduce such impacts. Therefore, understanding the impact that coastal defence structures have on coastal morphological changes is important for coastal managers. There are different methods to study morphological changes in coastal areas. Process- based numerical models are powerful and precise tools but they are more effective for small to medium spatial scales (km) and short to medium-term temporal scales. Data- driven methods have been proven useful to study morphological changes in the long- term. However, data is not always available in the quantity or quality needed for such methods to provide meaningful results. This study uses jointly process-based numerical models, COAST2D, and data-driven methods, Empirical Orthogonal Functions method (EOF), taking advantage of the strengths of both methods to overcome their own weaknesses. A novel methodology for EOF components extrapolation, named Dynamic EOF method, is developed. Results show that, COAST2D is an efficient tool to simulate morphological changes in the scale of months and kilometres. These scales exceed the ones reached previously by the model, increasing the confidence on its capabilities. The Dynamic EOF method, which extrapolates both temporal and spatial EOF components, was found to yield better results than previous attempts using the EOF method to extrapolate results beyond the training period based on EOF temporal component extrapolation only. Keywords: EOF method, Dynamic EOF method, forecasting, shore-parallel breakwaters, morphological changes, COAST2D. ii Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... i Abstract .......................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ................................................................................................................. v List of Tables................................................................................................................... x List of Publications ........................................................................................................ xi 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 2 Literature Review .................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Coastal Morphology ....................................................................................... 17 2.3 Process-based Modelling ................................................................................ 20 2.4 Reduced-physics Modelling ........................................................................... 22 2.5 Data-Driven Modelling .................................................................................. 22 2.6 Aims and Objectives ...................................................................................... 30 3 Methodology ......................................................................................................... 32 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 32 3.2 EOF Method ................................................................................................... 32 3.3 Dynamic EOF Method ................................................................................... 39 3.3.1 EOF Spatial Component extrapolation ................................................... 40 3.3.2 EOF Temporal Component extrapolation ............................................... 43 3.4 Summary ........................................................................................................ 45 4 Process-based Model ............................................................................................. 47 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 47 4.2 Model Description .......................................................................................... 47 4.2.1 Currents ................................................................................................... 48 4.2.2 Waves ...................................................................................................... 48 4.2.3 Sediment transport .................................................................................. 50 iii Table of Contents 4.3 Model Re-Validation ...................................................................................... 51 4.3.1 Study Area ............................................................................................... 51 4.3.2 Model Setup ............................................................................................ 52 4.3.3 Results and Discussion ............................................................................ 55 4.3.4 Summary ................................................................................................. 62 5 Data Generation .................................................................................................... 63 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 63 5.2 Idealised Study Domain ................................................................................. 63 5.2.1 Boundary Conditions .............................................................................. 65 5.2.2 Model Results ......................................................................................... 66 5.3 Data preparation ............................................................................................. 74 5.3.1 Shoreline Changes ................................................................................... 75 5.3.2 Volumetric changes – alongshore sections ............................................. 76 5.3.3 Volumetric changes – computational cells ............................................. 81 5.4 Summary ........................................................................................................ 84 6 Dynamic EOF Analysis ....................................................................................... 86 6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 86 6.2 1D Approach .................................................................................................. 86 6.3 2D Approach .................................................................................................. 96 6.4 Dynamic EOF method advantages and limitations ...................................... 109 6.5 Summary ...................................................................................................... 112 7 Conclusions and Future Research ....................................................................... 113 7.1 Conclusions .................................................................................................. 113 7.2 Future Research ............................................................................................ 116 8 References ........................................................................................................... 118 iv List of Figures LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1. Coastal Regions patterns in the European Union.Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 2.2. Managed realignment in Little Haven beach, South Shield, UK. Beach in 2012 before the works (left) and beach in 2015 after the works (right). ...................... 10 Figure 2.3. Schematic shore-parallel breakwater scheme. Initial shoreline
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Seminar Coastal Morphodynamics Lecturers
    Seminar Coastal Morphodynamics IMAU, Utrecht University, 2008 Lecturers: Prof. dr. Paolo Blondeaux Prof. dr. Giovanna Vittori Dpt. of Environmental Engineering University of Genoa, Italy Huib de Swart 2 1 General objective of this seminar Discuss physical processes that cause the presence of undulations of the sea bottom Example 1: Ripples at the beach Horizontal length scale ~ 10 cm ; height ~ 2 cm Generation timescale ~ hours Due to: waves Relevance: wave prediction, estimation of sediment transport 3 Example 2: Tidal sand waves Horizontal length scale ~ 500 m; height ~ 2 m Generation timescale ~ years Due to: tides Relevance: e.g, buckling of pipelines, navigation 4 2 Sand waves in the Marsdiep 5 Example 3: Sand ridges on the outer and inner shelf Britain Netherlands North Sea Tidal sand ridges Shoreface-connected sand ridges Horizontal length scale ~ km; height ~ 5-10 m Generation timescale ~ 100 years Due to: tides and storm-driven currents Relevance: sand mining, coastal stability 6 3 Research questions 1. Which mechanisms are responsible for the formation and maintenance of rhythmic topography in coastal seas? 2. Can we predict the characteristics of bedforms? • spatial pattern • migration speed • height 3. What is the response of bottom patterns to - human interventions (e.g., extraction of sand)? - sea level changes? 7 Research approaches: 1. Collection and analysis of field observations (identify phenomena+ describe behaviour) Problems: • lack of data • selection of spatial + temporal resolution • selection of spatial + temporal extent • what is transient/nontransient behaviour? 8 4 2. Collection and analysis of laboratory data C. Paolo Univ. of Minnesota Advantages: data obtained under controlled conditions Problems: link to reality (scaling problems) 9 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Coastal Morphodynamics Affected by Beachrocks: Observations from Selected Beaches in Jamaica, W
    Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 20, EGU2018-17701-1, 2018 EGU General Assembly 2018 © Author(s) 2018. CC Attribution 4.0 license. Coastal morphodynamics affected by beachrocks: observations from selected beaches in Jamaica, W. I. Taneisha Edwards and Simon Mitchell The University of the West Indies (Mona), Department of Geography and Geology, Jamaica ([email protected]) Effects of beachrocks on wave and coastal morphodynamics are not at this time known. However, since more beachrocks are becoming exposed with sea level rise and erosion it is important that we try to understand and quantify the processes in order to inform and fine-tune temporal models of beach response to daily coastal processes and storm events. The observations of wave morphodynamics at some Jamaican beaches represent a new class of beach that probably operates outside the bounds of existing morphodynamical models. Beaches affected by beachrocks in Jamaica depict a heightened backwash resulting in faster scouring and erosion. This scouring and erosion results in loss of sediment seaward. Beachrock when buried does not directly affect waves but indirectly affects the backwash by changing the porosity of the beach body. This change will negatively affect the drainage regime, by reducing the infiltration potential of the swash and increasing the backwash. Alternately, when beachrocks are exposed waves are directly affected; in early stages of exposure, beachrock appears to be a buffer and protects the beach from erosion by reflecting and refracting waves. Sediment is often build up behind the beachrock. However, after prolonged exposure, the opposite is seen where the beachrock is isolated, and the profile of the beach is lowered as most of the sediment is loss and physical features of erosion persist such as scarps, and scour lagoons behind the beachrock on the shore-face.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Wave Shape on Sediment Transport in Coastal Regions
    Archives of Hydro-Engineering and Environmental Mechanics Vol. 65 (2018), No. 2, pp. 73–90 DOI: 10.1515/heem-2018-0006 © IBW PAN, ISSN 1231–3726 Influence of Wave Shape on Sediment Transport in Coastal Regions Rafał Ostrowski Institute of Hydro-Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kościerska 7, 80-953 Gdańsk, Poland e-mail: [email protected] (Received September 05, 2018; revised November 11, 2018) Abstract The paper deals with the influence of the wave shape, represented by water surface elevations and wave-induced nearbed velocities, on sediment transport under joint wave-current impact. The focus is on the theoretical description of vertically asymmetric wave motion and the effects of wave asymmetry on net sediment transport rates during interaction of coastal steady cur- rents, namely wave-driven currents, with wave-induced unsteady free stream velocities. The cross-shore sediment transport is shown to depend on wave asymmetry not only quantitatively (in terms of rate), but also qualitatively (in terms of direction). Within longshore lithodynamics, wave asymmetry appears to have a significant effect on the net sediment transport rate. Key words: wave shape, nearbed free stream velocities, wave-driven currents, cross-shore sediment transport, longshore sediment transport 1. Introduction Many coastal engineering problems are associated with changes in the sea bed profile. Investigations of this evolution are partly related to search for the origin of bars and theoretical description of their migration. Besides, the knowledge of sea bed dynam- ics makes it possible to accurately predict changes in the shoreline position. Conven- tionally, coastal morphodynamics are modelled theoretically by means of the spatial variability of net sediment transport rates.
    [Show full text]
  • Coastal Morphodynamics and Human Impacts Roshan T Ramessur* Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius
    astal D o ev f C e o lo l p a m Ramessur, J Coast Dev 2013, 16:3 n r e u n t o J Journal of Coastal Development DOI: 10.4172/1410-5217.1000e104 ISSN: 1410-5217 EditorialResearch Article OpenOpen Access Access Coastal Morphodynamics and Human Impacts Roshan T Ramessur* Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius Keywords: Coastal erosion and accretion rehabilitation; Coastal the loss of settlements, such as villages and towns. Countries are now protection; Coastal engineering solutions. increasingly being affected mostly by hydrogeometeorological hazards and disasters, namely, floods, mass movements (e.g. erosion, landslides It has long been obvious that our beaches have evolved with time and siltation), tropical cyclones, hurricanes, tsunamis, swells and storms in response to factors including the supply of sediment, the action of due to climate change [1-4]. The Special Issue in the Journal of Coastal waves and currents, geological constraints, structures and sea level rise. Development on “Coastal Morphodynamics and Human Impacts” The coastal zone is a delicate dynamic balance between the powerful will deal with papers on erosion and accretion, coastal protection and driving forces of the ocean such as cyclones, waves, surges and tides rehabilitation and coastal conservation plan, shoreline modifications as well as the reef-lagoon-beach ecosystem. It offers protection against and human impacts. Articles can deal with coastal evolution and sea these processes, as well, as producing sediments for the beaches and level rise, seasonal variation, storm response, conceptual models as should be viewed as one complex multidisciplinary entity with the scientific and engineering tools for a variety of coastal landforms and various conflicting uses and activities taking place within the zone.
    [Show full text]
  • CLARIS): Importance of Wave Refraction and Dissipation Over Complex Surf-Zone Morphology at a Shoreline Erosional Hotspot
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2010 Observations of storm morphodynamics using Coastal Lidar and Radar Imaging System (CLARIS): Importance of wave refraction and dissipation over complex surf-zone morphology at a shoreline erosional hotspot Katherine L. Brodie College of William and Mary - Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Geology Commons, Geomorphology Commons, and the Remote Sensing Commons Recommended Citation Brodie, Katherine L., "Observations of storm morphodynamics using Coastal Lidar and Radar Imaging System (CLARIS): Importance of wave refraction and dissipation over complex surf-zone morphology at a shoreline erosional hotspot" (2010). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539616582. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.25773/v5-ppcq-gz74 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Observations of Storm Morphodynamics using Coastal Lidar and Radar Imaging System (CLARIS): Importance of Wave Refraction and Dissipation over Complex Surf-Zone Morphology at a Shoreline Erosional Hotspot A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the School of Marine Science The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Katherine L. Brodie 2010 APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Katherine L.
    [Show full text]
  • Shoreline and Nearshore Bar Morphodynamics of Beaches Affected by Artificial Nourishment
    Instituto de Ciencias del Universidad de Universidad Politécnica Mar (CSIC) Barcelona de Cataluña PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO EN CIENCIAS DEL MAR Shoreline and nearshore bar morphodynamics of beaches affected by artificial nourishment Memoria presentada por Elena Ojeda Casillas Para optar al grado de Doctor por la Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña Director: Jorge Guillén Aranda Barcelona, Diciembre de 2008 Contents Acknowledgements vii Summary ix Resumen xiii List of figures xvii List of tables xxi 1. Introduction 1 1.1. The coastal system 1 1.2. Artificial nourishments 3 1.3. Video monitoring 5 1.3.1. Introduction 5 1.3.2. Previous works 7 1.4. Study sites 8 1.5. Objectives and thesis outline 9 2. Shoreline dynamics of embayed beaches 13 2.1. Introduction 13 2.2. The study area: Barcelona city beaches 15 2.3. Methodology 17 2.4. Results 21 2.4.1. Shoreline evolution 22 2.4.1.1. Megacusps 22 2.4.1.2. Beach mobility 25 2.4.1.3. Response to storms 26 2.4.2. Beach area 26 2.4.3. Beach orientation 28 2.5. Discussion 31 2.6. Conclusions 34 iii 3. Dynamics of single-barred embayed beaches 37 3.1. Introduction 37 3.2. Field site 40 3.3. Methodology 41 3.3.1. Shoreline and barline extraction 41 3.3.2. Morphological descriptors 43 3.3.3. Wave data 44 3.4. Wave conditions 45 3.5. Alongshore-uniform behaviour 47 3.6. Alongshore non-uniform behaviour 50 3.6.1. Bar and shoreline evolution 51 3.6.1.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Coastal Research (JCR) CERF Stories from the Field
    Journal of Coastal Research (JCR) CERF Stories from the Field SPECIAL ISSUE NO. 101 (pages 1–432) SUMMER 2020 50 Years of Coastal Fieldwork: 1970-2020 ISSN 0749-0208 Journal of Coastal Research (JCR) Guest Editors: Andrew D. Short and Robert W. Brander Journal of Coastal Research Special Issue #101 SI www.cerf-jcr.org www.JCRonline.org 101 An International Forum for the Littoral Sciences Christopher Makowski Official Publisher Editor-in-Chief JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH An International Forum for the Littoral Sciences COASTAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH FOUNDATION (CERF) CHEF-HERAUSGEBER EDITOR-IN-CHIEF RÉDACTEUR-EN-CHEF 7570 NW 47th Avenue Coconut Creek, FL 33073, U.S.A. Christopher Makowski, Ph.D. Officers of the Foundation Coastal Education and Research Foundation, Inc. (CERF) Founded in 1983 by: Charles W. Finkl, Sr. (Deceased), Editorial Offices: Charles W. Finkl, Jnr., Rhodes W. Fairbridge (Deceased), 313 S. Braeside Court 7570 NW 47th Avenue (Business Office, Coconut Creek) and Maurice L. Schwartz (Deceased) Asheville, NC Coconut Creek, FL Website: www.CERF-JCR.org President & Senior Vice President & 28803, U.S.A. 33073, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] Executive Director: Assistant Director: Charles W. Finkl Christopher Makowski EDITOR-IN-CHIEF EMERITUS EDITORIAL ASSISTANT BOOK REVIEW EDITOR WEB DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT Secretary: Executive Assistant: Charles W. Finkl Barbara Russell Luciana S. Esteves Jon Finkl Heather M. Vollmer Barbara Russell Coastal Education and Research Coastal Education and Research Faculty of Science and Technology Media Mine Foundation, Inc. (CERF) Foundation, Inc. (CERF) Bournemouth University 17600 River Ford Drive CERF-JCR Regional Vice Presidents 313 S.
    [Show full text]
  • Coasts: Form, Process and Evolution Colin D
    Coasts: form, process and evolution Colin D. Woodroffe School of Geosciences, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011–4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org © C.D. Woodroffe 2002 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2002 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typeface Monotype Times 9.5/13 pt System QuarkXPress™ [] A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Woodroffe, C.D. Coasts: form, process, and evolution / Colin D. Woodroffe. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0 521 81254 2 (hb) – ISBN 0 521 01183 3 (pb) 1. Coasts. 2. Coast changes. I. Title. GB451.2 W65 2002 551.45Ј7–dc21 2002017418 ISBN 0 521 81254 2 hardback ISBN 0 521 01183 3 paperback Contents Preface page xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The coastal zone 2 1.2 Coastal geomorphology 3 1.2.1 Coastal landforms 5 1.2.2 Coastal morphodynamics 7 1.3 Historical perspective 9 1.3.1 Pre-20th-century foundations 9 1.3.2 Early-20th-century geographical
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of the American Shore and Beach Preservation Association Table of Contents
    Journal of the American Shore and Beach Preservation Association Table of Contents VOLUME 88 WINTER 2020 NUMBER 1 Preface Gov. John Bel Edwards............................................................ 3 Foreword Kyle R. “Chip” Kline Jr. and Lawrence B. Haase................... 4 Introduction Syed M. Khalil and Gregory M. Grandy............................... 5 A short history of funding and accomplishments post-Deepwater Horizon Jessica R. Henkel and Alyssa Dausman ................................ 11 Coordination of long-term data management in the Gulf of Mexico: Lessons learned and recommendations from two years of cross-agency collaboration Kathryn Sweet Keating, Melissa Gloekler, Nancy Kinner, Sharon Mesick, Michael Peccini, Benjamin Shorr, Lauren Showalter, and Jessica Henkel................................... 17 Gulf-wide data synthesis for restoration planning: Utility and limitations Leland C. Moss, Tim J.B. Carruthers, Harris Bienn, Adrian Mcinnis, Alyssa M. Dausman .................................. 23 Ecological benefits of the Bahia Grande Coastal Corridor and the Clear Creek Riparian Corridor acquisitions in Texas Sheri Land ............................................................................... 34 Ecosystem restoration in Louisiana — a decade after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill Syed M. Khalil, Gregory M. Grandy, and Richard C. Raynie ........................................................... 38 Event and decadal-scale modeling of barrier island restoration designs for decision support Joseph Long, P. Soupy
    [Show full text]
  • Coastal Dynamics 2017 Paper No. 132 820 MULTIDECADAL SHORELINE EVOLUTION DUE to LARGE-SCALE BEACH NOURISHMENT —JAPANESE SAND E
    Coastal Dynamics 2017 Paper No. 132 MULTIDECADAL SHORELINE EVOLUTION DUE TO LARGE-SCALE BEACH NOURISHMENT ———JAPANESE SAND ENGINE? ——— Masayuki Banno 1, Satoshi Takewaka 2 and Yoshiaki Kuriyama 3 Abstract Beach nourishment is one of the countermeasures against erosion. Large-scale beach nourishment was conducted with 50 million m3 of dredged sediment on the Hasaki coast of Japan from 1965 to 1977. Here, using aerial photographs, we found that the nourishment caused an increase in the sediment budgets that led to significant long-term shoreline advance. The mean shoreline position in 2013 was located approximately 70 meters seaward compared with the position in 1961. The shoreline in the northern part of the coast advanced soon after the nourishment; however, the shoreline in the south began to advance approximately 10 years after the advance of the northern section. The shoreline advance amounted to approximately a third of the total sediment supplied by the nourishment. This shows that beach nourishment is good solution to counteract beach erosion and also achieves the beneficial use of dredged sediment, both on the large- and small-scale. Key words: beach nourishment, shoreline change, coastal morphodynamics, dredged sediment, Sand Engine, EOF analysis 1. Introduction Under the current global climate change, sea level rise and wave climate change are predicted to cause severe beach erosion. To manage this coastal response to the climate change along with multi-decadal coastal changes, unprecedented adaptation methods will be required. Beach nourishment is one of the countermeasures against erosion. A mega beach nourishment project in the Netherlands, called the Sand Engine, has received attention as a new type of nourishment (e.g., Stive et al., 2013).
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Sediment Bypassing Processes Through Analysis of High-Frequency Observations of Ameland Inlet, the Netherlands
    Delft University of Technology Understanding sediment bypassing processes through analysis of high-frequency observations of Ameland Inlet, the Netherlands Elias, Edwin P.L.; Van der Spek, Ad J.F.; Pearson, Stuart G.; Cleveringa, Jelmer DOI 10.1016/j.margeo.2019.06.001 Publication date 2019 Document Version Final published version Published in Marine Geology Citation (APA) Elias, E. P. L., Van der Spek, A. J. F., Pearson, S. G., & Cleveringa, J. (2019). Understanding sediment bypassing processes through analysis of high-frequency observations of Ameland Inlet, the Netherlands. Marine Geology, 415, [105956]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2019.06.001 Important note To cite this publication, please use the final published version (if applicable). Please check the document version above. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download, forward or distribute the text or part of it, without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license such as Creative Commons. Takedown policy Please contact us and provide details if you believe this document breaches copyrights. We will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. This work is downloaded from Delft University of Technology. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to a maximum of 10. Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Climate Change Hazards in Coastal Areas
    MAIN MANUAL CI-12 CI-11 CI-10 TSR CI-9 CI-8 PL-1 PL-2 PL-3 CI-7 PL-4 CI-6 PL-5 4 4 3 PL-6 CI-5 2 4 2 4 3 PL-7 CI-4 4 4 PL-8 2 4 4 3 3 PL-9 4 3 2 3 2 3 CI-3 3 3 3 2 PL-10 2 2 3 3 2 3 CI-2 4 2 3 3 4 PL-11 4 3 4 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 1 PL-12 CI-1 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 3 3 3 4 4 3 2 3 PL-13 2 3 3 4 2 1 1 3 3 2 R-4 3 4 3 4 4 Tidal inlet/Sand spit/River mouth 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 4 3 3 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 PL-14 R-3 3 4 4 4 2 2 4 3 4 3 4 2 3 3 PL-15 R-2 1 3 4 4 N Y N 4 2 4 4 Y N Y Y N 4 2 3 3 3 PL-16 R-1 1 2 4 N Y N 2 4 Y Y 4 2 2 2 PL-17 1 1 1 4 4 N N 2 FR-22 Y Y 4 4 3 2 3 1 2 1 2 4 N N PL-18 FR-21 1 4 Y Y 4 2 2 3 1 1 N N 2 2 1 2 4 2 2 3 3 PL-19 FR-20 1 Y Sur B/D Sur Y 2 4 3 3 1 1 A B/D B/D N 2 PL-20 2 Sur Sur 4 1 FR-19 1 3 1 A B/D Y 4 2 2 2 A B/D N 4 3 1 PL-21 1 3 4 Sur Sur 2 2 3 FR-18 3 2 A Y 2 3 1 3 4 B/D N 2 PL-22 2 N B B/D 2 3 2 FR-17 2 3 NB Y 4 3 1 3 Y Sur 4 2 PL-23 2 3 N B Any N 3 FR-16 3 3 NB Any Any 4 1 1 Y Any Intermit B/D Y 4 3 2 PL-24 2 2 1 2 1 FR-15 3 Any Any marsh N 2 BA-1 2 1 N Intermit Sur 2 4 2 C 2 4 3 2 3 Y Any mangr Y 2 FR-14 2 4 A 4 BA-2 3 Marsh/ B/D N 2 3 2 4 N C Any Any 1 3 1 Any Any Any tidal at Y 3 FR-13 2 3 Y 1 2 4 BA-3 3 4 M/M Any Sur 3 1 Micro N 4 BA-4 FR-12 2 3 N B Mangr/ 1 1 3 2 4 No Any B/D 2 2 2 2 Y tidal at Y 1 1 BA-5 FR-11 3 1 P Ex Meso/ 3 4 3 N NB Mx Mx N 4 2 2 3 Any Ex macro Sur 2 3 1 C A Y 3 BA-6 FR-10 Y P Any 3 3 2 1 2 B 2 3 3 1 B/D N N P Coral Any 4 3 3 BA-7 FR-9 3 1 R 2 2 2 3 1 NB Any Any isl Sediment Y Y Ex Any Sur 2 2 2 1 2 BA-8 FR-8 2 2 2 3 4 Mx plain Any N N Flat Mx B Y 4 4 4 3 4 BA-9 FR-7 3 2 2 3 4 Y hard rock B/D Barrier
    [Show full text]