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The U.S.-Russian Bilateral Counterterroism Efforts The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Honors College 5-2013 The U.S.-Russian Bilateral Counterterroism Efforts Maja Bedak University of Maine - Main Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors Part of the International Relations Commons, and the Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies Commons Recommended Citation Bedak, Maja, "The U.S.-Russian Bilateral Counterterroism Efforts" (2013). Honors College. 119. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors/119 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors College by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE U.S.–RUSSIAN BILATERAL COUNTERTERRORISM EFFORTS by Maja Bedak A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for a Degree with Honors (Political Science) The Honors College University of Maine May 2013 Advisory Committee: James W. Warhola, Professor of Political Science, Chair Sharon Tisher, Professor of Economics, Honors College Paul J. Roscoe, Professor of Anthropology, Chair G. Paul Holman, Professor of Political Science Howard Cody. Professor of Political Science and Director, International Affairs Copyright © 2013 Maja Bedak All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT This work focuses on the unique U.S.-Russian counterterrorism partnership. Following 9/11, the two states identified terrorism as a mutual enemy that posed utmost concerns to their national securities. Despite decades filled with antagonism, their teamwork reached unprecedented levels of cooperation on a multiplicity of matters; counterterrorism, counter-narcotics, and nuclear security are three concerns which this research centers on. Areas of such collaboration include multidimensional efforts in Afghanistan to eradicate drugs, to build infrastructure and to train Afghan police and military to fight the Taliban and to eliminate its sources of funding, which mostly come from the narcotics trade. The goal is to build the capacity of local Afghan forces that will be in charge, and responsible for protecting their country and people once the NATO troops withdraw in 2014. While efforts in Afghanistan have been significant in areas of education and training of Afghan military personnel, the larger issues of the Taliban and illicit drugs have not been solved. In fact, data show a significant increase of cultivation of opium since 2002. A severe amount of corruption together with the weak economy makes it nearly impossible for any progress to be made, because farmers cultivating opium have great economic incentives and weak alternatives. This thesis essentially concludes that the lingering mistrusts of the Cold War impede greater cooperation between Russia and the U.S., and that while the two powers have made notable progress in taking preventive measures to secure nuclear facilities, their counterterrorism efforts in Afghanistan have not been as successful. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis is dedicated to my parents, Branka and Hasan Bedak. I am most grateful for your unconditional love and support that have made this achievement possible. A big thank you to Mack and my friends, Audra, Lindsay and Neil, who endured this long process with me, always offering encouragement, love and support. Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor Dr. James W. Warhola and the members of my Thesis Committee for your guidance, constructive feedback and patience throughout this journey. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................... viii INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 WHAT IS TERRORISM? ................................................................................................ 3 The U.S. View on Terrorism ............................................................................... 6 Definition ...................................................................................................... 6 John Brown and Osama bin Laden ............................................................... 8 The Evolution of the U.S. Policy Concerning Terrorist Threats ................. 12 The Russian Perspective .................................................................................... 14 Definition ..................................................................................................... 14 A Brief History ............................................................................................. 17 A Shade of Difference ....................................................................................... 19 TERRORISM IN RUSSIA .............................................................................................. 21 U.S.–RUSSIA COLLABORATIVE COUNTERTERORISM EFFORTS ..................... 30 Afghanistan ........................................................................................................ 34 Drug Eradication .......................................................................................... 36 Drug Awareness Campaigns ............................................................... 38 U.S.–Russia Counternarcotics Working Group .................................. 40 Country Programme for Afghanistan 2012-2014 ............................... 43 v Securing the Future ...................................................................................... 50 Building Infrastructure ................................................................................. 54 Counterterrorism Working Group ................................................................ 57 DIMINISHING THE THREAT OF NUCLEAR TERRORISM ...................................... 61 How Could Terrorists Acquire Nuclear Weapons? ....................................................... 63 Promoting Security ........................................................................................................ 65 Pakistan .......................................................................................................................... 69 North Korea: Threat of Generating Nuclear Terrorism ................................................. 73 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 77 ADDENDUM: IRAN ....................................................................................................... 82 WORK CITED .................................................................................................................. 86 APPENDIX A ................................................................................................................... 95 APPENDIX B ................................................................................................................... 97 AUTHOR’S BIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................. 99 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 (Map of the North Caucasus Region) ................................................................ 24 Figure 2 (Map of Central Asia) ....................................................................................... 29 Figure 3 (Opium Cultivation in Afghanistan: 1994-2012) .............................................. 39 Figure 4 (Awareness Campaigns in 2012 vis-à-vis Expected Opium Cultivation in 2013) ............................................................................. 39 Figure 5 (Reasons For Not Cultivating Opium in 2013: Southern, Eastern, Western Regions) .............................................................................. 45 Figure 6 (Reasons For Not Cultivating Opium in 2013: Northern And Northeastern Regions) .............................................................................. 46 Figure 7 (Reasons For Opium Cultivation in 2013) ........................................................ 47 Figure 8 (Enemy Inflicted Attacks: Nationwide, Monthly Year-to-Year Change) ......... 53 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 (The U.S. Federal Criminal Code) ..................................................................... 7 Table 2 (The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) ................................................. 15 vii LIST OF ABREVIATIONS ALP Afghan Local Police ANSF Afghan National Security Forces CARICC Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Center CIA Central Intelligence Agency CPA Country Programme for Afghanistan CSO Shanghai Cooperation Organization DEA Drug Enforcement Administration EIA Enemy-Initiated Attack EU European Union FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation FSKN Federal Drug Control Services of Russia G20 Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors GICNT Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism GNEP Global Nuclear Energy Partnership HEU Highly Enriched Uranium IED Improvised Explosive Device IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IMU Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan IND Improvised Nuclear Device ISAF International Security Assistance Force ISI Inter Service Intelligence KKK Ku Klux Klan KSM Khalid Sheikh Mohammed MOX Mixed Oxide
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