1 2 Vytauto Didþiojo universitetas Vytautas Magnus University Humanitariniø mokslø fakultetas Faculty of Humanities Lietuviø kalbos katedra Lithuanian Language Department Alvydas Butkus Alvydas Butkus LIETUVIØ PRAVARDÞIØ INVERSE DICTIONARY ATVIRKÐTINIS ÞODYNAS OF LITHUANIAN NICKNAMES ÆSTI ÆSTI Kaunas 2009 Kaunas 2009 3 4 UDK 392(=882)(038) Turinys Bu403 Content Pratarmë ........................................................................ 5 Preface .......................................................................... 6 A semasiologic classification of Lithuanian nicknames ......... 7 Vietovardþiø sutrumpinimai ............................................... Abbreviations of the place-names ..................................... 19 Recenzavo Atvirkðtinis þodynas ......................................................... habil. dr. Kazimieras Garðva Inverse dictionary ............................................................ 24 © Alvydas Butkus, 2009 ISBN 978-9986-884-26-2 © Leidykla Aesti, 2009 5 6 Pratarmë Preface Ðioje knygoje pateikiamos lietuviø pravardës, uþraðytos kaimo vietovëse Most of the nicknames upon which this dictionary is based were col- 19761990 m. Pravardës rinktos per ekspedicijas su Vilniaus universiteto Kauno lected by me, with the assistance of my students of the Kaunas Faculty of humanitarinio (tada vakarinio) fakulteto studentais ið viso lietuviø kalbos Humanities of Vilnius University, Lithuania. We surveyed the entire territory ploto, áskaitant ir lietuviðkus kaimus Latvijoje bei Baltarusijoje. Dalá pravardþiø in which the Lithuanian language is spoken, including Lithuanian villages in pagal parengtà anketà yra surinkæ ir atsiuntæ rajonø viduriniø mokyklø moky- Latvia and Byelorussia, through several score collecting expeditions in 1977- tojai lituanistai (ið Birþø, Kelmës, Panevëþio, Pasvalio, Prienø, Rokiðkio ir 84. Additional nicknames were contributed by country school teachers in Skuodo r.). Daug pravardþiø pagal anketas savarankiðkai surinkæ VU Filologijos response to a questionnaire which I provided. In addition, I used the files of fakulteto, taip pat tuometiniø Vilniaus ir Ðiauliø pedagoginiø institutø studentai. nicknames registered by my colleagues at the Institute of the Lithuanian Lan- Ið Lietuviø kalbos instituto fondø buvo persiraðytos pravardës, surinktos guage in Vilnius as well as at some universities in Lithuania. The number of Alytaus, Birþø, Joniðkio, Këdainiø, Molëtø, Pasvalio, Plungës, Radviliðkio, nicknames investigated in 1985 is somewhat over 15,500. From 1985 until 1992 Ðirvintø, Ukmergës ir Utenos r. (daugelyje tø ekspedicijø kartu su savo studen- I continued to collect nicknames and these were included in a dictionary of tais dalyvavo ir knygos autorius). Kelis ðimtus pravardþiø 19901994 m. yra Lithuanian nicknames (Butkus A. Lietuviø pravardës. Kaunas: Aesti, 1995. pateikæ Vytauto Didþiojo universiteto studentai. Pravardþiø abëcëlinis þodynas 464 p. ISBN 9986-9034-3-2). The total number of nicknames in this dictionary paskelbtas 1995 m. drauge su monografija (þr. Butkus A. Lietuviø pravardës. is about 22,500; the number of registrations of the same nickname has been Kaunas: Aesti, 1995. 464 p. ISBN 9986-9034-3-2). taken into account. Abëcëlinis þodynas parankus tolesniems onomasiologiniams ar semasio- Dictionary by alphabet is handy for other onomastics or semiotics re- loginiams ðio vardyno sluoksnio tyrinëjimams, taèiau struktûriniam tyrinëjimui searches, however, on purpose to analyse the nicknames by structure, in- bûtina turëti atvirkðtiná þodynà. Tuo tikslu 1996 m. þodyno kompiuterinis rinki- verse dictionary is necessary. That is why in 1996 dictionarys paparless se- nys buvo pergrupuotas pagal antraðtiniø þodþiø baigmenis tai atliko progra- lection was assorted by the endings of inversed nicknames. It was done by muotojas Vytautas Zinkevièius, o ið gautojo teksto buvo paðalinti pravardþiø programmer Vytautas Zinkevièius. Descriptions of motyvation were crossed motyvacijos apraðai, palikti tik uþraðymo vietø sutrumpinimai, sugrupuoti pagal out and only locality were the written nicnames were from, left. Localities abëcëlæ. Be to, atsisakyta pasikartojanèiø apylinkiø sutrumpinimø prie tos were assorted by alphabet. Reccurent localitys cotractions near the same paèios pravardës. Ið viso atvirkðtiniame þodyne pateikiamos 14 605 skirtingos nickname were rejected as well. There are 14,605 different stems of the Lithua- pravardës. nian nicknames presented in this reverse dictionary. 7 8 A semasiologic classification of Lithuanian nicknames The categories contain the following sub-groups (percentages are within each sub-group): 1. Physical Features % 1.1 Outward Appearance 76 1.2 Motion 5 The term nickname is used in the sense an additional, unofficial name 1.3 Speech Idiosyncracies 11 which refers to some characteristic of the person nicknamed and is used for 1.4 Physiological Idiosyncracies 2 purposes of identification. Any additional meaning a nickname may have is irrelevant to this purpose, since it is not an inherent feature of a nickname. 2. Kinship References At the outset of this report it must be pointed out that in Lithuania men are 2.1 Genealogical Relationships 93 nicknamed much more frequently than women; with this group of nicknames, 2.2 Marital Relationships 6 the ratio is about eight male nicknames for each female nickname. This differ- 2.3 Marital Status 1 ence can probably be attributed to the greater social activity of country men. 3. Profession and Activities From the onomasiological point of view, i.e., in accordance with their moti- 3.1 Primary Occupation 38 vation, the nicknames fall into ten categories: 1 physical features (31%), 2 3.2 Activity Preferences 33 kinship references (18%), 3 profession, activities (16%), 4 speech con- 3.3 Secondary Occupation 11 tents (11%), 5 temperament (8%), 6 given or family names (5%), 7 3.4 Incident Related 11 residence (4%), 8 financial situation (1%), 9 origin or nationality (1%) and 3.5 Visiting, Traveling 6 10 miscellaneous (1%). About 4 of nicknames have no motive. These cate- 4. Speech Contents gories, along with the percentage of nicknames in each category, are shown in 4.1 Characteristic Bywords 52 Figure 1. 4.2 Forms of Address 20 4.3 Frequently-Used Phrases 13 4.4 Favorite Topics 6 4.5 Characteristic Dialect Forms 5 4.6 Favorite Songs 4 Non-motivated 5. Temperament Miscellaneous 6. Given and Family Names Origin or Nationality 6.1 Phonetic Associations 76 Financial Situation 6.2 Semantic Associations 18 Residence 6.3 Onomastic Associations 6 Given or Family Names 7. Residence Temperament 8. Financial Situation Speech Contents 8.1 Wealthy 53 8.2 Indigent 47 Professi on, Acti viti es 9. Origin, Nationality Kinship References 10. Miscellaneous Physical Features 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Let me now characterize each group in detail. 1. Physical Features Figure 1. Categories of Lithuanian Nicknames (%) Nicknames emphasizing peoples physical features fall into several sub- groups: nicknames referring to ones outward appearance (76.0%), to ones 9 10 motion (5.3%), to ones speech peculiarities (11.0%), to ones idiosyncracies bandy-legged, Kleiva < kleivas bow-legged, Klibza < klibas lame, limp- (5.3%) or to ones physiology (2.4%). ing. There are also compound nicknames with the second element koja leg. 1.1. Outward Appearance. Nicknames hinting at the configuration of a Persons with unsteady gait are called by such nicknames as Antis duck and persons head make up about 45% of the nicknames referring to appearance. Pingvinas penguin. Such nicknames indicate the color of a persons hair or skin or another remark- Less than one fourth of the nicknames referring to motion describe the able feature of the face, eyes, teeth, nose or head on the whole, such as its movements of hands, head, etc. The roots of such nicknames are of verbal size or shape and, for a man, whether or not he has a beard. The other motives origin or have originated from animate appellatives. referring to appearance are: height (28%), frame (15%), clothing (6%), defects 1.3. Speech. Nicknames in this group are based upon one of three kinds of of arms or legs (3%), and carriage (3%). speech peculiarities: pronunciation (67%), quality of voice (23%) and non- The variety of onyms, i.e., words from which the nicknames are derived, is linguistic sounds which the nicknamed produces (10%). Defective pronuncia- very great and they may belong to very different semantic fields. Nicknames tion such as lisping, stammering or twanging, is suggested generally by nick- are particularly often derived from names of animals, such as Voverë a squir- names originating from the more notable words which the nicknamed mispro- rel (=the red-haired person), Plekðnë a plaice (=the one-eyed person); from nounces. For example, in Agë (sakë he said), s is missed and [g] is pro- generic names of persons, Dûdorius a trumpeter (=the thick-lipped person); nounced instead of [k]; in Archliai (arkliai horses), [kh] is pronounced from personal names, Stalinas (=the mustached man); from inanimate instead of [k] and in Reifkia (reiðkia so), [f] is pronounced instead of [sh]. appellatives, Bomboneðis a bomber (=the plump woman), Smilga bent (=the A large number of other nicknames in this group are also phonetically moti- skinny person), as well as others. It is obvious that most of these nicknames vated. For example, the nicknames of stammerers often include the plosives are metaphors which in the majority of cases depend on the relation between [d], [k], [p]