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Hongos Entomophthorales Patógenos De Áfidos En Hortícolas

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Hongos Entomophthorales Patógenos De Áfidos En Hortícolas UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE LA PLATA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES Y MUSEO HONGOS ENTOMOPHTHORALES PATÓGENOS DE PULGONES PLAGA DE CULTIVOS DE CEREALES Y HORTÍCOLAS DE LA REGIÓN PAMPEANA DE LA ARGENTINA. ESTUDIOS COMPARATIVOS DE LA DIVERSIDAD Y PREVALENCIA. TRABAJO DE TESIS PARA OPTAR POR EL TÍTULO DE DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS NATURALES. TESISTA: LIC. ROMINA GUADALUPE MANFRINO. DIRECTORES: DRA. CLAUDIA CRISTINA LÓPEZ LASTRA y PhD. CÉSAR EDUARDO SALTO. LA PLATA, 2014. AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi familia, especialmente a mi Mamá por enseñarme a valorar las cosas importantes de la vida y por ser el mejor ejemplo de mamá y de mujer; y a Raúl, por el apoyo incondicional, por quererme y brindarme todo como a una hija. A mis hermanas, Pao y Ceci por sostenernos entre las tres y aprender juntas a sortear los obstáculos; a mis hermosos sobrinos, Aylén y Alejo por la alegría y la dulzura que nos brindan; y a mis abuelas Edda y Haydeé por esperarme siempre. A mis directores, Dra. Claudia López Lastra y PhD. César Salto, por sus innumerables aportes, y también por el vínculo de amistad que nació con ambos, gracias Clau por las oportunidades brindadas, por permitirme crecer en esta especialidad y por la comprensión, sobre todo cuando surgieron inconvenientes. Gracias César por cada uno de los viajes compartidos y por ser el principal promovedor de mi inclinación hacia la investigación científica. Al Dr. Juan José García, por la humildad inmensa que transmite y por su ayuda incondicional; A Susana Padín, por los momentos compartidos en el trabajo del proyecto de extensión; y a Andrea Toledo por su colaboración. A Moni por su cariño y amistad. A cada uno de los productores de Santa Fe que me permitieron realizar los estudios en sus campos particulares, especialmente a Oscar Priore y a Féliz Ahielo. A mis amigos, los de Sarmiento por la amistad que se mantiene a pesar de las distancias y del tiempo; a los de INTA Rafaela por los inolvidables mil momentos compartidos y a los de La Plata, por ser mi sostén y compañía durante los años que me tocó estar lejos de mis vínculos más cercanos. Muy especialmente a Leti por tanto que hemos vivido juntas, a Alejandra, Julieta, Evangelina, Marianel, Mariana y Manuel por cada día compartido en el Cepave; a Eugenia y a la hermosa casualidad que hizo que compartiéramos parte de nuestros doctorados. Agradecer a las Familia Bainotti/Sisti, por hacerme sentir parte de su familia, por la amistad y por la contención durante mi estadía en La Plata. Y a la Familia Arnaudo/Cherry por ser mi familia del corazón y estar siempre presentes. Agradecer además a las instituciones que hicieron posible la realización de este trabajo: Inta Rafaela, Agencia de Extensión Rural de Monte Vera, y Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores de La Plata y el personal asociado a cada una de ellas. Especialmente a Julieta Merke, Natalia Bulacio, Emanuel Orellano, Agostina Giacobino y a Silvia Luiselli por cada uno de los días compartidos en Inta Rafaela, a Marcelo Signorini por sus contribuciones y asesoramiento en los análisis estadísticos, a Ruth Strasser por los viajes compartidos; a Mariano Gatti, Ariel Belavi y Matías Vigil de la Agencia de Extensión por estar siempre predispuestos para acompañarme en los viajes al campo y por hacerme sentir parte de la Agencia. A Luis Giambelluca por la asistencia en las fotos durante todo el trabajo de tesis y a María Cristina Estivariz por las ilustraciones científicas. Por otro lado, a las Instituciones del Extranjero que participaron en la realización de este trabajo de tesis: Small Grain Institute (Sudáfrica), Julius Khun Institut (Alemania) y Universidad de Copenhagen (Dinamarca), a los investigadores Justin Hatting, Andreas Leclerque, Annette Jensen, Jorgen Eilenberg y a las lindas personas que conocí en sus países cuando los visité. Especialmente a Justin Hatting por hacerme parte de su familia en Sudáfrica, a Anna Pía Ruoppo por los hermosos días compartidos en Alemania y a Louis por su ayuda desinteresada en el laboratorio de Dinamarca. También a Richard Humber y Donald Steinkraus por la colaboración desde Estados Unidos. Agradecer además al Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) por financiar mi estudio de posgrado mediante el otorgamiento de las becas y a la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo por la formación recibida. Por otro lado, agradecer al Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología por la financiación del viaje a Alemania que me permitió capacitarme y entrenarme con técnicas específicas. A mi familia, especialmente a mi papá ÍNDICE RESUMEN ................................................................................................................................................. 1 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................ 4 INTRODUCCIÓN Y MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS GENERALES ........................................................................ 6 INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL ........................................................................................................................ 7 Manejo de los insectos plaga en sistemas de cultivos: los áfidos como problema ................................. 8 Ciclo de vida de los pulgones ................................................................................................................ 9 Control químico .................................................................................................................................. 11 Manejo integrado de Plagas .............................................................................................................. 12 Hongos Entomopatógenos ................................................................................................................. 13 Potencial de los Hongos Entomophthorales como agentes de control de áfidos ................................. 13 Biología y Ecología de los Hongos Entomophthorales. ........................................................................ 14 El ciclo de vida de los hongos Entomophthorales ................................................................................ 17 Prevalencia de las infecciones fúngicas .............................................................................................. 19 Factores que influyen en la transmisión de hongos patógenos ........................................................... 20 ANTECEDENTES ...................................................................................................................................... 24 HIPÓTESIS .............................................................................................................................................. 27 OBJETIVOS GENERALES .......................................................................................................................... 27 OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS......................................................................................................................... 27 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS GENERALES ................................................................................................... 30 Descripción del área de estudio .......................................................................................................... 30 Características del área de estudio ..................................................................................................... 30 Muestreo de insectos ......................................................................................................................... 31 Identificación y determinación de la abundancia de las especies ........................................................ 32 Análisis estadísticos ........................................................................................................................... 32 Datos ambientales ............................................................................................................................. 33 CAPÍTULO I: Identificación y Aislamiento de Hongos Entomophthorales .............................................. 34 INTRODUCCIÓN ..................................................................................................................................... 35 OBJETIVOS ............................................................................................................................................. 40 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ...................................................................................................................... 40 Identificación de los hongos Entomophthorales mediante caracteres morfológicos: .......................... 40 Identificación de los hongos Entomophthorales mediante técnicas moleculares: ............................... 41 Aislamiento de Hongos Entomophthorales ......................................................................................... 43 RESULTADOS .......................................................................................................................................... 44 Identificación por métodos de taxonomía clásica ............................................................................... 44 Identificación por técnicas moleculares .............................................................................................. 50 Aislamiento de hongos entomophthorales ......................................................................................... 54 DISCUSIÓN ............................................................................................................................................
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