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Vernonia Species (Asteraceae) from Central Ethiopia

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Vernonia Species (Asteraceae) from Central Ethiopia ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY CHROMOSOME STUDY OF SIX VERNONIA SPECIES (ASTERACEAE) FROM CENTRAL ETHIOPIA A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES OF ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN BIOLOGY (APPLIED GENETICS) BIRHANU KUMBI September, 2009 Addis Ababa Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies Department of Biology Chromosome Study of Six Vernonia Species (Asteraceae) from Central Ethiopia A Thesis Presented to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Masters of Science in Biology (Applied Genetics). Birhanu Kumbi Table of Content List of Figures ................................................................................................................ I List of Tables ................................................................................................................. II List of Appendices ....................................................................................................... III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................... IV ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... V 1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Vernonia Species ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Taxonomy ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Ecology and distribution .................................................................................................... 1 1.1.3 Growth forms .................................................................................................................... 2 1.1.4 Economic importance ........................................................................................................ 2 1.1.5 Chromosome ..................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Chromosome Study .................................................................................................. 6 1.2.1 Chromosome number ......................................................................................................... 7 1.2.2 Chromosome morphology .................................................................................................. 8 1.2.2.1 Chromosome size ..................................................................................................... 9 1.2.2.2 Centromeric position............................................................................................... 10 1.2.2.3 Secondary constriction and chromosome satellites ................................................... 12 1.2.3 Chromosome evolution .................................................................................................... 12 1.2.3.1 Changes in chromosome numbers ........................................................................... 13 1.2.3.2 Chromosome structural change ............................................................................... 14 1.2.4 Applications of chromosome study ................................................................................... 16 2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY .......................................................................... 19 2.1 General Objective ................................................................................................... 19 2.2 Specific Objectives .................................................................................................. 19 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................................... 20 3.1 Plant Materials ....................................................................................................... 20 3.2 Chromosome Preparation ...................................................................................... 21 4 RESULTS ............................................................................................................. 22 4.1 Vernonia amygdalina Del. ....................................................................................... 23 4.2 Vernonia myriantha Hook. f. .................................................................................. 24 4.3 Vernonia leopoldii (Sch. Bip. ex Walp.) Vatke ....................................................... 25 4.4 Vernonia galamensis (Cass.) Less. .......................................................................... 26 4.5 Vernonia schimperi DC. .......................................................................................... 27 4.6 Vernonia adoensis Sch. Bip. ex Walp. .................................................................... 28 5 DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................... 29 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................. 32 6.1 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 32 6.2 Recommendations................................................................................................... 32 7 REFERENCES..................................................................................................... 34 List of Figures Figure 1. Vernonia amygdalina chromosomes. (A) Metaphase chromosomes, (B) Prometaphase chromosomes to show chromosome satellites (arrows), (C) Karyotype. -----------------------------------------------------23 Figure 2 Vernonia myriantha chromosomes. (A) Metaphase chromosomes, (B) Prometaphase chromosomes to show chromosome satellites (arrows), (C) Karyotype.---------------------------------------------------24 Figure 3 Vernonia leopoldii chromosomes. (A) Metaphase chromosomes, (B) Prometaphase chromosomes to show chromosome satellites (arrows), (C) Karyotype.---------------------------------------------------25 Figure 4 Vernonia galamensis Chromosomes. (A) Metaphase chromosomes, (B) Prometaphase chromosomes to show chromosome satellites (arrows), (C) Karyotype.---------------------------------------------------26 Figure 5 Vernonia schimperi chromosomes. (A) Metaphase chromosomes, (B) Prometaphase chromosomes to show chromosome satellites (arrows), (C) Karyotype.---------------------------------------------------27 Figure 6 Vernonia adoensis chromosomes. (A) Metaphase chromosomes, (B) Prometaphase chromosomes to show chromosome satellites (arrows), (C) Karyotype.------------------------------- -------------------28 I List of Tables Table 1. Terminologies for chromosomes with respect to centromeric position------11 Table 2. Vernonia species studied, number of plants examined, number of cells analyzed, sites and altitudes of collection.-------------------------------------------20 Table 3. Chromosome numbers and karyotype formulae of Vernonia species studied------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22 II List of Appendices Appendix 1. Vernonia amygdalina chromosome measurements: arm lengths, arm ratio, total length of individua l chromosomes, total length of all chromosomes and chromosome types.-----------------------------------------------------------------44 Appendix 2. Vernonia myriantha chromosome measurements: arm lengths, arm ratio, total length of individua l chromosomes, total length of all chromosomes and chromosome types.-----------------------------------------------------------------45 Appendix 3. Vernonia leopoldii chromosome measurements: arm lengths, arm ratio, total length of individual chromosomes, total length of all chromosomes and chromosome types.-----------------------------------------------------------------46 Appendix 4. Vernonia galamensis chromosome measurements: arm lengths, arm ratio, total length of individua l chromosomes, total length of all chromosomes and chromosome types.-----------------------------------------------------------------47 Appendix 5. Vernonia schimperi chromosome measurements: arm lengths, arm ratio, total length of individua l chromosomes, total length of all chromosomes and chromosome types.-----------------------------------------------------------------48 Appendix 6. Vernonia adoensis chromosome measurements: arm lengths, arm ratio, total length of individual chromosomes, total length of all chromosomes and chromosome types.---------------------------------------------------------------49 III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe great thanks to Addis Ababa University Department of Biology for unrestricted support in facilitating the study in every aspect. I am extremely grateful to my advisors Dr. Kifle Dagne and Prof. Ensermu Kelbessa for their unrestricted help both in advice and in materials. I am also grateful to my brothers, Tadese Kumbi and Nigusie Tuta and his family, to my sisters, Burtkan Kumbi and Mame Kumbi and all members of the Kumbi family, to my friends Admasu Woresa and Samuel Mitike for their priceless support during the whole period of my study. My special thanks go to Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies for supporting the study in material and financially. I extend my gratitude to all my former colleagues at Ethiopian Federal Police Forensic Investigation Department
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