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Research Article Available Online at http://www.journalajst.com ASIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Asian Journal of Science and Technology ISSN: 0976-3376 Vol. 08, Issue, 10, pp.625 8-6262, October, 2017 RESEARCH ARTICLE ETHNOBOTANY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF VERNONIA ANTHELMINTICA (L.) WILLD.: AN OVERVIEW *Patel Alpa K. and Bhalerao S. A. Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, S.I.C.E.S. Degree College, Ambernath (W), University of Mumbai, India ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: Medicinal plants are the nature’s gift to human being to have disease free healthy life. It plays a vital Received 24th July, 2017 role to preserve our health. Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. is a potential medicinal plant and the Received in revised form seeds were used for many human aliments. In the Ayurveda, an Indian system of medicine, the seeds 18th August, 2017 were used to cure helminthes parasites, skin diseases, leucoderma and fevers, while in Unani system Accepted 20th September, 2017 seeds were used to controlling asthma, renal disorders, itching of eyes and inflammations. Seeds th Published online 30 October, 2017 decoction used in dysentery, gonorrhea, gastric troubles and seed paste applied externally to scorpion sting and decoction given orally to control helminthes parasites. Key words: Vernonia anthelmintica, Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, Anti–inflammatory, Antiarthritic, Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic, Anticancer Activity, Antimicrobial Activity, Antioxidant Activity, Diuretic. Copyright©2017, Patel Alpa and Bhalerao. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. INTRODUCTION The Vernonia genus has about one thousand species and the Subfamily : Cichorioideae members of the genus are widely used as food and medicine. Tribe : Vernonieae A total of 109 Vernonia species were reported in the literature Genus : Vernonia to have medicinal properties. The genus Vernonia is named Species : Vernonia anthelmintica after Willian Veron, an English Botanist who collected and identified this genus. Vernonia anthelmintica Willd. (Syn. Vernacular Names (Kirtikar and Basu, 2003) Centratherum anthelminticum Kuntze or Ascaradia indica or Conyza ascaradia or Serratula anthelmintica) belongs to Sanskrit : Somaraja, Vakuchi, Agnibija, Aranyajiraka, family Asteraceae, is an annual herb distributed throughout Putiphali, Krishnaphala, Kananajiraka, Tiktajiraka India. (Nandkarni, 1982; Mashelkar, 2008) Hindi : Bakshi, Kalijhiri, Somraj, Vapchi, Buckshi Gujarati : Kalijiri, Kadvojiri Taxonomic Classification English: Purple Fleabane Kingdom : Plantae Marathi : Kalajira, Kalenjiri, Kalijiri, Ranachajire Division : Angiosperms Bengali : Babchi, Bukshie, Hakuch, Kaliziri, Somraj Class : Eudicots Punjabi : Bukoki, kakshma, Kaliziri Subclass : Asterids Malayalam : Kattujirakam, Puvankuruntala Order : Asterales Telugu: Nelavavili, Garitikamma, Vishakantakamula Family : Asteraceae Urdu : ]anglijiri French: Herbe aux mouches *Corresponding author: Patel Alpa, K. Arabic: Atarilal, ltrilal, Kamunebari Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, S.I.C.E.S. Degree College, Ambernath (W), University of Mumbai, India. 6259 Asian Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 08, Issue, 10, pp.6258-6262, October, 2017 antiperiodic in action. The powdered seeds are applied externally in paralysis of the legs at Mundas of Chota Nagpur. The juice of the leaf is given to cure phlegmatic discharges from the nostrils. In Ceylon, the plant is used for fever convulsions. ((Nandkarni, 1982; Mashelkar, 2008; http:// species.wikimedia.org/ wiki/ernonia_anthelmintica) Phytochemistry Nine new highly oxygenated stigmastane-type steroids, vernoanthelcin A-I and two new stigmastane-type steroidal glycosides, vernoantheloside A and B were isolated from the aerial parts of Vernonia anthelmintica Willd. The structures of compounds 1-11 were determined on the basis of IR, MS, lD- NMR, and 2D- NMR, and their absolute configurations were deduced using single-crystal X-ray diffraction and the CD exciton chirality method. Compounds 1, 5, 7, 9 and 10 were Figure 1. Vernonia anthelmintica tested for their effects on estrogen biosynthesis in human ovarian granulosa-like cells (KGN cells). (Lei et al., 2012) A new steroid, vernoanthelsterone A (1), and five known steroids were isolated from the aerial Parts of Vernonia anthelmintica Will. Compound 1 possesses a ∆ 8(14)-15-one moiety, few steroids with this moiety have been reported. Compounds 1-6 were tested for their antibacterial activities and their effects on estrogen biosynthesis in human ovarian granulosa-like cells (KGN cells). Compound 2 showed the ability to promote estrogen biosynthesis with EC50 of 56.95 µg/ mL and also exhibited the antibacterial activities against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli with MICs ranging from 3.15 to 15.5 µg /mL. The structures of 1-6 were determined on the basis of IR, MS, 1D and 2D NMR. (Lei et al., 2012) Chemical synthesis of two trisaccharides related to the saponin isolated from Figure 2. Vernonia anthelmintica - Seeds Centartherum anthelminticum is reported. Steroselective, high Botanical Description yielding glycosylation stretegies were developed using H2SO4 immobilized on silica for activation of trichloroacetimidate Vernonia anthelmintica is an annual, erect and leafy plant donors, or in conjunction with N- iodosuccinimide for about 1.5 m in height. The stems are branched and pubescent. activation of a thioglycoside. Leaves are 5-9 cm long, 2.5-3.2cm broad, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acute-apex, coarsely serrate, pubescent on A late stage TEMPO- mediated oxidiation was performed for both surfaces, petiolate with tapering base. Heads are 1.3-2cm the formation of the required uronic acid moiety. (Mandai and diameter, subcorymbose with about 40 flowers and linear bract Mukhopadhyay, 2007) Two novel elemanolide dimmers, near the top of the peduncle. Outer involucral bracts are linear, Vernodalidimers A (1) and B (2) were isolated possessing, a hairy, shorter than those of the inner rows; intermediate bracts rare tri - cyclic ortho ester moiety, from the seeds of Vernonia with herbaceous hairy tips, linear, acute, equaling or shorter anthelmintica. Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D than the innermost; innermost bracts usually the longest, NMR data and CD spectra. Vernodalidimers A (1) and B (2) linear, subacute, often tipped with purple. Pappus reddish, the exhibited potent cell growth inhibitory activity against HL – exterior row very short, subpaleaceous, persistent; the inner 60 cells (IC50.072 and 0.47 OI. M. respectively). (Yongqiang hairs somewhat flattened, deciduous, much shorter than the et al., 2010) Several flavonoids including 2',3,4,4' - glabrous corolla. Achenes are 4.5-6 mm long, oblong- tetrahydroxychalcone, 5,6,7,4' tetrahydroxyflavone and butin, cylindrical, 10 - ribbed, pubescent. (Mashelkar, 2008; Kirtikar were collected from the seeds of Vernonia anthelmintica Willd and Basu, 2003) by high-speed counter-current chromatography using a two- step operation. Two different types of solvent systems were used: chloroform -dichloromethane-methanol water (2:2:3:2, Ethnobotany v/v) and 1, 2 di-chloro-ethane-methanol-acetonitrile-water Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. is a potential medicinal (4:1.1:0.25:2, v/v). From 1 kg of seeds of Vernonia plant, known as jungle kalajeera (Hindi) by the local people. anthelmintica Willd the method yielded about 45 mg of According to Ayurveda, seeds are hot, acrid, astringent, 2',3.4,4' tetrahydroxychalcone, 40 mg of 5,6,7,4'- anthelmintic; cure ulcers, vata and kapha, mostly used in skin tetrahydroxyflavone, and 55 mg of butin. Each isolated disease, leucoderma and fever. According to Unani system of component showed 95 -97% purity as determined by high- medicine, the seeds are anthelmintic, purgative; used for performance liquid chromatography analysis. These purified asthma, kidney troubles, hiccough, inflammatory swellings, to compounds were characterized by MS and NMR (Guilian et remove blood from the liver, sores and itching of the eyes. The al., 2004). A new glycosylated triterpene has been isolated seeds are anthelmintic, stomachic, tonic, diuretic and from the seeds of Centratherum anthelminticum, a medicinally 6260 Asian Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 08, Issue, 10, pp.6258-6262, October, 2017 important plant. The structural analysis of its acetylated when tested in cotton pellet-induced granuloma model. Both derivative was performed by 1H, 3C NMR, 1H-1H COSY, the extracts also reduced alkaline phosphatase activity in HMQC, HMBC and DEPT spectroscopy. The saponin was serum. The histopathology of granuloma tissue showed shown to contain hederagenin and six sugar residues forming significant inhibition of lymphocytes, neutrophils, exudates, two glycosyl chains. The complete structure of the saponin necrosis and giant cell when compared with control without was established as 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(13)-α-L - ulcerogenic effect. The results suggested that petroleum ether rhamnopyranosyl- (12)- α -L -arabinopyranosyl]- 28-0- and alcoholic extracts may exert ant-inflammatory activity [β -D-glucuronopyranosyl - (1-4)- α –L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1- through prostaglandin inhibition, reduced myeloperoxidase 3) - β -D-glucopyranosyl]-hederagenin. (Mehta et
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