APPENDIX: SUPPLEMENT 1980 TO "HUSSERL IN ENGLAND"

This Supplement, written after the reprinting ofthe original article was already at the galley stage, is the result of an odd repetition ofthe circumstances which necessitated the Postscript 1969 after the unexpected arrival of the Freiburg Diary 1928 by W. R Boyce Gibson at the Husserl Archives in Louvain in 1969.1 Only this time, the information that, thanks to the efforts of Professor Cyril Welch of Mount Allison University, became available to me is even more authentie and of greater significance than the Diary for supplementing and correcting the story of Husserl's visit to England, for it comes from the letters of Edmund Husserl and his wife Malvine. Winthrop Bell, the Canadian addressee of these 23 letters and postcards from 1919 to 1925, was one of Husserl's earliest Anglo-American students (after William Ernest Hocking who had spent only two months in Göttingen in 1902). Bell had come to Husserl after a year's graduate study at Harvard and then at Cambridge, England - a fact which mayaIso explain Husserl's hope to enlist hirn as his" mentor" and assistant during his visit to England in 1922. Bell had left Cambridge for health reasons to go to Leipzig, where he first learned about Husserl. So he transferred to Göttingen, where he stayed on from 1911 to 1914. There he had just completed his German Ph.D. thesis, at Husserl's urging on "Eine kritische Untersuchung der Erkenntnistheorie von J osiah Royce"2 when W orld War I broke out, leading to Bell' s internment in Ruhleben near Berlin. After his return as a civilian to America, he taught philosophy first at Toronto, then at Harvard. But then he had to take charge of the family enterprise (fisheries) in Chester, Nova Scotia. Having obtained his address through the Harvard Alumni Office I took up correspondence with hirn in 1955 and learned on that occasion, in addition to fascinating other information about his years with Husserl, that he had some letters from Husserl. But he did not offer to send them or copies ofthem to me at the time. After his death his papers were transferred to Mount Allison University, his undergraduate college. But at that time the letters were not yet included. It came therefore as a happy surprise to me when Cyril Welch wrote me in October 1980 that Husserl's letters to Bell were finally accessible, and that he could even send me xerox co pies of the 23 pieces that had been turned over to the University Library Archives on September 8, 1980. 230 Even than I had no good reason to expect that these letters would prove of major importance in view ofwhat Bell had written me in November 3, 1955:

I still have sorne letters frorn Husserl frorn the 1920s, but with little philosophical significance in thern, I fear. And what there is of that kind would be rather rneaningless without letters I had written to hirn. Of those I have no copies. I learned to use the typewriter only quite late in life (unfortunately), so rny letters to hirn were handwritten and no copies were kept. And I could not today recall what I wrote.

Under these circumstances it is unfortunate that the originals ofBell's letters have not survived at the Husserl Archives in Louvain. Chances are that they belonged to the ones that were destroyed in a storehouse at Antwerp as a result of an allied air raid in 1940.3 But a good deal ofBell's letters can be inferred from the Husserls' replies. Also, Husserl' spart of this correspondence is clearly the one most important in the present context. All I can do at this stage is to describe in the following pages the new information on the Husserls' visit to England by gearing it to the relevant passages in my earlier account through numbers in the margins. I believe that this will also be the most effective way to show how much this correspondence has enriched and corrected the earlier picture. Besides, I do not think that the entire story should be rewritten before it is certain that no further information will be forthcoming from other sources.

THE NEW EVIDENCE FROM THE HUSSERLS' LETTERS AND POSTCARDS TO BELL

[1] As early as December 7, 1921, when, in a postcard beginning with the sentence "There are signs and wonders," Husserl announced to Bell the invitation by the University of London, his "first thought" concemed the possibility of Bell' s joining hirn in London as his" wise mentor" and helper. He added to this news the "big request" that Bell translate the four lectures he was to give for the printer and likewise a brief syllabus for the university news paper. Then he asked for advice whether he should look into F. H. Bradley' s major works and for information about philosophers in London, for instance Hicks? Bosanquet? Finally he announced at once his theme : "Phenomenological Method and Phenomenological Philosophy." The fact that Husserl had thought imme• diately for Bell as his assistant for the English undertaking explains why his messages to hirn are the best source for the still missing information about the visit. A second postcard, written on December 19, acknowledging a preceding Christmas note from Bell, states that Husserl, who had accepted Hicks's invitation for April, had realized this early date would interfere with Bell' s 231 teaching at Toronto and ofTers to postpone his London commitment until June if this would help. [2] Husserl's preparations for the English lectures appear now in an entirely new light from what I thought before seeing his pieces to Bell. The postcard of January 22, 1922 shows hirn studying English contemporary philosophers apparently suggested spontaneously by Bell. As Karl Schuhmann has established, Bell also sent hirn the following books: Lord Haldane, The Reign oJRelativity, London, 1921 (Husserl Library at the Louvain Archives. BA 662), William Sorley, Moral Va lu es and the Idea oJGod, Cambridge, 1918 (BA 1608) and probably others. Yet these names and that of Wildon Carr,4 to which Husserl responds, are hardly representative of London and Cambridge philosophy at the time. Husserl himselfinquires about Shadworth Hodgson5 and again about F. H. Bradley, whom he had read and liked during his years at the University ofHalle (1887-1901). Another item ofinterest is that, in preparation for the visit, Husserl took English lessons which would enable hirn to follow at least slow English conversations and discussions. However, judging from later remarks, the results were limited. On J anuary 28, 1922 Husserl acknowledged the receipt of a work by R A. F. Hoernle (1880-1943), an Idealist friend of the ailing Bernard Bosanquet, of South African descent, whom Husserl was to meet later on the occasion of the lectures, calling it sehr hübsch (very nice). This was Hoernl6' s first book, the Studies in Metaphysics (1920) (BA 797). According to Karl Schuhmann, HusserlinanMS(ofFebruary 19,1922) underBI38 creditsthis book with having seen that thus far metaphysics had always tried to reduce "Being" to one kind ofbeing. Incidentally, Hoernle had published "A Plea for a Phenomenology ofMeaning" in the Proceedings oJ the Aristotelian Society XXII (1921),71-89, discussing Meinong and Husserl on pp. 80-86. In a postcard ofMay 10, 1922, Husserl announced the receipt of other books which he had read "with much enjoyment". They may weIl have included Bell's own copy ofBradley'sAppearance and Reality (BA 187). I agree with Karl Schuhmann that Bell's selection may have contributed to Husserl's impression that Idealism was still dominant in England and even encouraged him to present phenomenology as a form of idealism. But at the same time he stated to Bell that he had not ordered any more books ("although I would be very eager for Whitehead's writings"6), since he would not have the time to read them before his arrival in London. The same would be the case with the writings of Samuel Alexander. Although most of these readings dealt with British Idealist authors, Husserl was most anxious to meet others like James Ward and G. E. Moore (December 6, 1921) in Cambridge. [3] The exact length of the Husserls' stay in England can now be determined from his postcard of J anuary 10, 1922 and Malvine's letter from Cambridge of June 11. They arrived in Cambridge on the Saturday before Pentecost (June 232 3), and returned to Freiburg on Saturday June 20. Thus the entire visit did not exceed two weeks. [4] Husserl's extensive retrospect on the visit to Cambridge and London of December 13 contains a remarkably complete record of his philosophical contacts during this briefvisit G. Dawes Hicks was of course the central figure during the entire period. He sees in hirn the only Englishman who realizes that phenomenology is not only literature for the day ofthe "usual philosophical and international style" but a "serious enterprise in which one can and eventually must invest one's life." But Husserl also remarks that Hicks is a philosophical personality whose "irrational" life circumstances had used up his powers rather "irrationally." (Once, in connection with Hicks's insistence on early publication of the London lectures in English he even states: "The old gentleman takes hirnself a little tragic.") He met several times with the "fine" J ames Ward, chairman ofthe second London lecture, who was the only one to call on the Husserls and invited them twice to tea, in addition to beinga dinner guest at Hicks's with G. E. Moore, and who took hirn once to dinner at Trinity College, where at high table he introduced Husserl to McTaggart, "the stout Hegelian," who withdrew promptly after dinner. For an evening party G. F. Stout appeared, "a magnificent short little man, who was manifestly pleased to see me, and C. D. Broad, a lively, apparently gifted young man your age." Then there was G. E. Moore, the chairman ofthe last London lecture, "very keen and interesting, but I ne ver saw hirn again" - a fact which suggests that the occasion took place after the London lecture of June 11. W. E. Johnson, the logician was unable to come, and Sorley refused to see a German after having lost a son in the war. In London Husserl was surprised not to be met by the Vice-Chancellor who had invited hirn, but only by the Provost in charge of technical arrangements perfunctorily. He talked briefly with Haldane, Hoernle, who" speaks German well," with [A.] Wolf(University of London) whom he considered philosophically innocent( ahnungslos) and like• wise Ernest Belford Bax, a non-university philosopher with German idealist leanings.7 Bertrand Russell, for whom Husserl had expressed his "veneration" largely because of his opposition to the war, for instance in a letter to Bosanquet, to which both he and Russell himselfhad responded (August 20, 1920), was one ofthose he missed in London (" he is just married and one assurnes that he is on a trip"). Also Whitehead, then still at the Imperial College in Kensington, "was invisible to me." No wonder that Husserl summed up the balance ofhis English encounters in the sentence: "Thus I did not get to know those in whom I was particularly interested." Incidentally, Mrs. Husserl, in her letter of June 11 from Cambridge remarked: "All of them (Ward, Moore, Stout, etc.) and even Hicks speak German poorly. That is a pity." 233 [5 J Husserl commented particularly on the strenuousness of cornmuting between Cambridge and London, which took two hours and twenty minutes. [6] As to the delivery of the lectures Husserl hirns elf mentions "70-100" listeners, mostly older students. Also present were Hoernle, with whom he had a short talk, and a University of London lecturer, "Miss Oakfort," clearly a misspelling for (Hilda D.) Oakeley, author of an article on Nicolai Hartmann in Mind (1931). There was" demonstrative warmth at the first reception (hand clapping)" - unaccustomed for German university lecturers - and "great• est attention." Mrs. Husserl, on June 11, i.e., still be fore the last lecture on the following day, wrote:

On the whole, one had the impression that very much depends on the English edition of the lectures. For hardly anyone knows enough German in order to understand Gerrnan lectures completely.

[7] There is no mention of an additional invitation to the German Embassy. Lord Haldane figures only as tal king for a quarter of an hour with Husserl on the way to another lecture by an Austrian historian, which he had to chair. [8] No plan of an invitation to Oxford is mentioned. But Husserl was asked to address the Cambridge Moral Science Club (22. I.1922), an invitation which he declined. [9] Malvine Husserl's letter from Cambridge makes it clear that the translator of the Syllabus was Hicks hirnself, who had urged it from the very start. H usserl' s initial attempt to involve Bell to undertake it (letter ofDecember 7, 1921; see also letter to Dietrich Mahnke of March 26, 1922, mentioned in K. Schuhmann, Husserl-Chronik, p. 259) had clearly not worked out. Husserl turned in the German text in installments to Hicks and had particular trouble with the texts for lectures 3 and 4 (May 10, 1922). From the very start Hicks had urged the publication of an English translation of the lectures through the Cambridge University Press. Hence Husserl's immediate attempt to win Bell as his translator. Whether Bell accepted is not clear from Husserl' s subsequent letters. At any rate Husserl asked hirn through a letter of Mrs. Husserl from Cambridge whether he could examine the manuscript within a few weeks with a view to possible improvements before a translation. What prevented the execution ofthe translation plan was clearly Husserl's difficulty in finalizing the text after his return to Freiburg, first because of his exhaustion and then because of plans for a new semester course of an Introduction to Philosophy into which he wanted to incorporate the London lectures. He finally abandoned the whole plan in 1923.8 [10] On December 13, 1922 Husserl writes to Bell:

F or the fourth time I am lecturing here in Freiburg" Introduction to Philosophy" and for the third 234

time in a completely new form. This is the most difficult lecture for me - and, to tell the truth, I have been working on the systematic sequence ofthoughts which I am now converting into lecture form for more than a year - it is the same which was presented in London in compressed form.

[11] Already in preparing the lectures (January 28, 1922) and especially in his retrospect, Husserl doubts the appropriateness and effectiveness of the lectures. Thus on May lOhe wrote to Bell: "I have laid out the whole thing too grandly .... Insanely (unsinniger Weise) 1 have made the new basic conception of philosophy (from the idea of phenomenology as first philosophy) the theme of my lectures." And on September 30 in explaining why he could not go through the manuscript of the London lectures and prepare them for the printer he wrote: "I found that it (the text) was too compressed and difficult." [12] This interpretation of his ultimate objective in the London lectures is confirmed by the way he explains his project to Bell on May 10, 1922: "This winter 1 have thought through anew the basic (prinzipiell) foundation of phenomenology and its differentiation (Verzweigung) down to the system of ontologies and parallel constitutive disciplines." [13] For David Carr's English translation see now The Crisis 01 European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1970. [14] Husserl's characterization of his encounter with G. F. Stout in the letter of December 13, 1922 sounds much more positive than what he told W. R Boyce Gibson in 1928 (see above p. 160).

NOTES

ISee this volume -p. 160. 2The Phenomenological Movement, vol. I, Ch. 111, Excursus "Husserl and Josiah Royce." 3H.L. Van Breda, "Le Sauvetage de l'heritage husserlien et la fondation des Archives-Husserl," Husserl et la pensee moderne. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1959, p. 39. 4Husserl's library contains Carr's A Theory of Monads, 1920 (BA 237) with the dedication "To Professor Edmund Husserl with best regards. 16 June 1922. H. Wildon Carr," hence c1early a present for Husserl after the end of the London lectures. 5 About Husserl's interest in Hodgson see Stuart Spicker, "Shadworth Hodgson's Reduction as an Anticipationof H usserl's Phenomenological Psychology," Journal ofthe British Society For Phenomenology II, 2 (1971), 57-73, and Karl Schuhmann "Husserl and Hodgson: Some Historical Remarks," Ibid. III (1972) 63-65. 6Husserl's library inc1udes Whitehead's The Principle of Relativity with Applications to Physical Science 1922 (BA 1862). 7Bax's book The Real, the Rational and the Alogical, 1920, is in Husserrs library (BA 107). 8See letterto Roman Ingarden of August 31,1923 and RudolfBoehm in his editorial preface to Husserliana VII, p. XXII. INDEX OF NAMES

No index of subjects has been added, since no special need for it is anticipated in this book, in which the subjects are of secondary importance and easily traceable with the help of the headings and subheadings of each essay.

Abbagnano, Nicola 52 Boehm, Rudolf, 150, 155, 159, 234 Aegidius Romanus see Giles of Rome Boltzmann, Ludwig 227 Aguirre, Antonio 82 Bolzano, Bemhard 11 0, 131 Albert of Saxony 24 Bopp, Leon 94, 103 Alexander, Samuel231 Bosanquet, Bemard 145, 230-232 Allen, Gay Wilson 116 Bosanquet, Helen 159 Amiei, Henri-Frederic XIV, 93-104 Bossert, Philip l. 227 Anscombe, G.E.M. 206, 218, 224 Bouvier, Bemard 94, 104 Aquinas, Thomas 4,6,7,13,23,25 Boyce Gibson, A. 160, 166, 168 Aristotle 22, 26, 31,140,152,186 Boyce Gibson, W.R. XV, 24, 61,116,144,146, Armandus de Bellovisu 23, 24 150,160,163,164,166-172,185,229,234 Augustine 206 Bradley, Francis H. 230, 231 Austin, lohn L. XII, XIV, 75, 83-90 Brand, Gerd 218 Ave-Lallemant, Eberhard 87 Brentano, Franz XII-XV, 3-26, 29, 45, 47, Avenarius, Richard 131 108,119-124, 125-143,149,160,178,183, Averroes 22 186 Avicenna 5, 6 Brentano, Ida 126 Brentano, lohn C.M. 125, 126 Baillie, lames B. 38, 47 Britton, Kar! 21 3 Bax, Emest Belford 232, 234 Broad, C.D. 160, 161,232 Beck, Leslie 90 Brokmeyer, H.C. 49 Beck, Maximilian 3, 4 Brouwer, L.E.J. 155, 207 Becker, Oskar 172 Burks, Arthur 41 Bell, Winthrop XIV, XVI, 93,146,229-234 Bentham, J eremy 82 Caims, Dorion XV, 43,115,116,151,157- Berdyaev, Nicolai 52 159,164,171,174,180,184,187-192 Bergmann, Hugo 122,123,135 Carlyle, Thomas 93 Bergmann, lulius 48 Camap, Rudolf 210,211 Bergson, Henri 148 Carr, David 60, 81, 157,234 Berkeley, George 114 Carr, H. Wild on 148, 151, 190,231,234 Biemel, Marly 59 Cavell, Stanley 90 Biemel, Walter XIV, XV, 60, 93, 162, 163, Celms, Theodor 73, 81 165 Cherbuliez, Victor 96 Black, Max 218 Chis holm, Roderick M. XIII, 24, 123, 124, Bochenski, I.M. 24, 103 134, 137, 140, 162, 163 236

Claparede, Edouard 114 Glogau, Gustav 48 Cotton, James Harry 47 Goclenius, Rudolf 8, 23 Cohn, Jonas 167 Goedeckemeyer, Albert 80 Croce, Benedetto 148 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 67, 103,214, 225 Dante Alighieri 9 Goudge, Thomas 30,37,46 Darkow, Flora 146 Greenwood, T.M. 148 DeBurgh, W.G. 159 Grimme, Adolf 156, 192 Deely, John N. 165 Gurwitsch, Aron XIV, 105, 116, 192, 193 Dennis, Rodney G. 49, 107 Desan, Wilfred 56 Haldane, R Viscount 148,231-233 Descartes, Rene 29, 59, 64, 76, 136, 152, Hamilton, Sir William 41 155,175,185 Hampshire, Stuart 85, 217 De Waelhens, Alphonse 56 Hargreaves, Raymond 222 Dewey, John 48 Harris, W. T. 49 Dilthey, Wilhelm 109, 136 Hartmann, Eduard von 41 Dominicus Gundissalinus 5 Hartmann, Nicolai 23, 197,233 Dufrenne, Mikel216 Hartshorne, Charles 30, 43, 46 Duns Scotus 7, 8 Hedwig, Klaus 26 Durandus de S. Porciano 13, 23 Hegel, Georg Friedrich Wilhelm 36,38,39, 41,42,45,47,49,50,96, 148, 158, 186 Eddington, Arthur 199 Heidegger, Martin 52-57, 63, 77, 83, 146, Edie, James M. 105 150,162,164,166,169,171,176,177, Ehrenfels, Christi an von 126, 193 181,213 Einstein, Albert 56, 155 Heinze, Max 149 Elveton, RO. 69 Heimholtz, Hermann 130 Embree, Lester E. 116 Hering, Jean 93, 94,176,177,181,182 Erdmann, Benno 48 Hertz, Heinrich 227 Eucken, Rudolf 168-170 Hervaeus Natalis 7, 8 Hibben, J.G. 38 Fann, K.T. 218 Hicks, G. Dawes 144-151, 155, 157, 160, Faraday, Michael 194 161, 168, 230, 232, 233 Farber, Marvin46, 103, 150, 175, 176, 181, Hilz, Hedwig 103 190 Hocking, W.E. 44, 93, 102, 103, 114,229 Feibleman, James 30 Hodgson, Shadworth 231, 234 Feigl, Herbert 210,218 Höfler, Alois 109, 113 Findlay, J.N. 23, 63, 77, 162,218 Hoernle, RA.F. 231-233 Fink, Eugen 23, 59, 61, 69, 70, 81, 171, Hume, David 75,103,114,156,171 187, 188, 191 Husserl, Edmund passim Fisch, Max 48 Husserl, Gerhart 140, 141, 173 Fitzgerald, Bayard 122 Husserl, Malvine 119, 147, 167, 191, 192, Flewelling, Ralph T. 173, 174, 190, 191 229, 231, 233 Frege, Gottlob 227 Husserl, Wolfgang 143 Ibn Sina see Avicenna Garcia Maynez, Eduardo 83 Ihde, Don 227 Geiger, Mortiz 56 Ingarden, Roman 23,56,65,70,71,75,81, Geyser, Josef 149 82, 145, 147, 165,234 Gibson, Quentin 166,167,170,172 Giles of Rome 8 Jackson, Ruth 167 237

James, Henry 117 MarceI, Gabriel 52, 94 James, WilliamXIII, XIV, 27, 30, 32, 34, 35, Marias, J ulian 63 37,39,43,46,47,82, 105-118, 188 Malcolm, Norman 217 Jaspers, Karl 52, 53, 56, 57 Marras, Ausonio XIII, 24, 25 Johannes Hispanus 5 Marty, Anton 126, 141 Johnson, W.E. 36, 161,232 Maslow, Alexander 202 Mays, Wolfe 166 Kant, Immanuel 41, 58, 87, 132, 136, 152, McAlister, Linda L. 21, 23, 24, 140 155,178,183,196 McGuinness, B.F. 208, 217, 221 Kantorowicz, Hermann 167 MeTaggart, John McTaggart Ellis 232 Kaufmann, Felix 210, 218, 222 Meinong, Alexius 109, 140, 145, 146, 149, Kenny, Anthony 222 160,211, 231 Kern, Iso 81 Merleau-Ponty, Maurice 52, 63, 80, 90 Kersten, Fred 192 Merriam-Genast, Ernst 103 Kierkegaard, Sören 53, 56, 57, 60 Merrylees, W.A. 167, 168 Kirkpatrick, Robert 61 Meyerhof, Max 22 Klein, Franz 132 Mill, John Stuart 156, 158 Kneale, Martha 24 Moore, Dorothy 144, 147 Kneale, William 24 Moore, G.E. 147, 151, 155, 160, 161,206, Knight, Helen 149 209,212-214,223,231,232 Kockelmans, Joseph XIII Muirhead, J.H. 149 Koflka. Kurt 201 Munson, Thomas N. 216 Köhler, Wolfgang XVI, 193-201 Münsterberg, Hugo 114, 115 Körner, Stephan 140 Kraus, Kar! 227 Nagel, Ernest 46 Kraus, Oskar 4, 15,23, 123, 124, 126, 136, N atanson, Maurice XIII 137, 139, 140 Natorp, Paul 81, 146 Küng, Guido 82 Nedo, Michael 225 Landgrebe, Ludwig 154 Netherby, Wallace 49 Langley, S.P. 47 Novak, Joseph A. 165 Lee, E.N. 218 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 99, 136, 155 Oakeley, Hilda O. 233 Levinas, Emmanuel 177, 181 Ockham, William of7, 13,24 Lewis, C.I. 46 Ogden, C.K. 144, 148, 149, 155, 159 Lewy, Casimir 223 Ortega y Gasset, Jose 63, 83 Lieb, Irwin C. 47 Oytman, John 122 Liebmann, Otto 168 Linschoten, Johannes 105 PaJmer, Richard E. XV, 160, 164 Lipps, Theodor 72,81, 105, 109, 113-115 Passmore, John 218 Locke, John 156, 158 Peirce, Charles Sanders XII, XIII, 27-50, Long, Wilbur 192 114, 115,205 Loos, Adolf 227 Perry, Ralph Barton 30, 35, 46, 47, 105, Lotze, Hermann 115, 147, 178, 183 160, 197 Peter Aureol 7, 8, 22 Mach, Ernst 28,35, 131,204,220 Petrus Ramus 8 Mackey, Mary 41 Pflinder, Alexander XII-XIV, 56, 62-82, 83- Mahnke, Dietrich 146, 233 90, 162, 164 Mandelbaum, Maurice 218 Pitkin, Katherine B. 107, 110 Marbach, Eduard 61, 81 Pitkin, Walter B. XIV, 44, 105-118 238

Pitcher, George 209 SentineIIo, G. 26 Plato 155,175,185,186,196 Sievert, Donald 21 Plotinus 175, 178, 183 Sigwart, Christoph 48, 115 Poulet, Georges 104 Simmel, Georg 107, 111 Prant!, Kar! von 22, 23 Simonin, H.D. 22 Sorley, William 231,232 RandalJ..-Cut!er, J.L. 159 Spengler, Oswald 227 Raymundus Lullus 21 Spicker, Stuart 234 Rhees, Rush 202, 206, 211, 214, 217 222- Spinoza, B. de 155 224,226 Sraffa, Piero 227 Richards, I. A. 144, 148, 149, 155, 159 Stavenhagen, Kurt 177, 182 Richnell, J.T. 159 Stearns, Isabel 46 Richter, Raoul 80 Stenius, Eric 217 Ricoeur, Paul XIV, XVI, 216 Stout, A.K. 160 Rosenberg, Elisabeth Husser!119, 122, 124, Stout, G.F. 159-161, 188,232,234 127, 141, 148, 192 Ströker, Elisabeth 82 Roth, Marylin 122 Stumpf, Carl 47, 116, 123, 126, 128, 138, Royce, Josiah 38, 48, 114, 115, 229, 234 140, 141 Russell, Bertrand 36, 90, 145, 155, 224, 227,232 Thomas Aquinas see Aquinas RusseU, Frank 159 Thompson, Manley 30, 46 Ryle, Gilbert 76, 90, 137 Utitz, Emil 123

Salmon, ChristopherV. 162-165, 171, 185 Van Breda, H.L. 70, 84, 107, 124, 162, 166, Santayana, George 27 234 Sartre, Jean-Paul XII, XIII, 51-61, 102 Van de Pitte, Margaret 173 Savan, David 46 Varet, Gilbert 56 Schapire, Rosa 103 Vischer, Robert 119, 124 Schättle, Margarete 21 Scheler, Max 33, 43, 47,60,77,78,83,146, Waismann, Friedrich 204, 206, 208, 210, 173,174,176,177,181,182,185,189 218,222,224 ScheU, Hermann 126 WaIIace, William 38, 47 Scherer, Edmond 94, 95, 99, 103, 104 Ward, Humphrey 102 Schiller, F.C.S. 37, 190 Ward, James 147, 151, 160, 231, 232 Schilpp, Paul218 Weierstrass, Kar! 126, 179, 183, 186 Schlick, Moritz 202, 208, 210, 224 Weiler, Gershon 217 Schmidt, Raymund 139 Weininger, Otto 227 Schopenhauer, Arthur 227 Weiss, Paul 30,46 Schröder, Ernst 48 Weitmann, Herbert 119 Schuhmann, KarlXI, XII, XV,48, 68, 81, 82, Welby, Victoria 39, 40, 47 116, 127, 139-141, 160, 172,231,233,234 Welch, Cyril 173, 189,229 Schuppe, Wilhelm 48 Welch, E. P. XV, 173-192 Schutz, Alfred 105,157, 192 Werkmeister, W.H.W. 192 Schwankl, Peter 81 Wertheimer, Max 191, 196 Schweitzer, Albert 78, 82 Weyl, Herrnann 146, 155 Sellars, Wilfred 218 White, Roger, 222 239

Whitehead, A.N. 36, 136, 155,231, 232, 234 Wright, Georg Hendrik von 214, 218, 222- Wiener, Philip P. 46, 47 225, 227 Wild, lohn 105, 159 Wundt, Wilhelm 48, 149 Williams, Forrest 61 Wilshire, Bruce 105 Yorck von Wartenburg, Paul136 Wittgenstein, Ludwig XII, XVI, 75, 85, 90, Young, Frederic H. 46 158, 202-228 Wolf, A. 232 Zaner, Richard 192