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A Study of Jeju Naval Base Influence on Gangjeong Village with Physical Planning Recommendation

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A Study of Jeju Naval Base Influence on Gangjeong Village with Physical Planning Recommendation A Study of Jeju Naval Base Influence on Gangjeong Village with Physical Planning Recommendation A thesis submitted to Division of Research and Advanced Studies of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Community Planning in the School of Planning of the College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning July, 2014 by Sungik Kang B.E., Architecture, Jeju National University, Korea, 2011 Committee Chair: Palazzo Danilo, Ph.D. Committee Member: Chifos Carla, Ph.D., AICP i Abstract The Jeju naval base is a huge construction project that will bring about roughly 7,000 new people to the population in the small village of Gangjeong, Jeju Island, Korea. The village population of Gangjeong is about 5,000 residents and they have relied on the local environment. Thus, the large construction project has generated several kinds of issues, including environmental, local social, economic, and so forth. Although the authorities of Jeju naval base have argued that the base should be helpful for the village in terms of local economy primarily, many experts have be concerned about the negative impacts of Jeju naval base causing problems of environment, society, and economy, especially in the tourism industry. Therefore, in order to identify the positive and negative impacts caused by the proximity of Jeju naval base, this thesis establishes research questions: how can the relationship between Jeju naval base and the village of Gangjeong become a win-win strategy? Furthermore, this thesis will also address the flowing secondary research questions: 1. What are the negative influence of the between Jeju naval base on the Gangjeong village? 2. Where are the potential positive synergies between Jeju naval base and the Gangjeong village? The data collection and analysis are based on the information of the 2009 Environment Impact Assessment of Jeju naval base, journals, news articles, and the village homepage under the categories of environment, society, culture, economy, and transportation. Ultimately, the analysis step produces an opportunity and constraint map combined all information to reach thesis objectives and to get answers for research questions. Finally, the thesis suggests three concept scenarios based on the data analysis step. The recommendation is to find the best optimal option to alleviate negative impacts and to increase ii synergy effects generated by the Jeju naval base. Each scenario has different character in accordance with the mixed environmental factors such as society, culture, economy, transportation, and the environment of the village of Gangjeong with the Jeju naval base. Ultimately, only one optimal scenario is selected and developed to complete the scenario. Keywords: Jeju naval base, Gangjeong village, environmental base construction, local identity, regional development. iii Copyright © 2014 – by Sungik Kang All rights reserved iv Acknowledgement I would like to thank my department chair, Dr. Palazzo, for giving me the great opportunity to write a thesis and for his consistent advice throughout the writing process. I would also like to thank Dr. Chifos, helped define my thesis topic and gave direction to my thesis process. In addition, I would like to thank my friends Jongwoong Kim, Kuyshik Moon, and Heea Lee for supporting me continuously and always being there for me. Finally, this thesis is dedicated to my family and grandparents, especially my father Seungok Kang and my mother Bokseon Heo. Their endless support and dedication enabled me to complete this thesis. v Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction ……………………………………………………..1 1.1 Context ……………………………………………………………………………..1 1.2 Problem Statement ……………………………………………………………..5 1.3 Research Questions ……………………………………………………………..9 1.4 Research Objectives ……………………………………………………………..9 Chapter 2. Literature Review ……………………………………………………11 2.1 Environmental Issues …………………………………………………....13 2.2 Societal Issues ……………………………………………………15 2.3 Cultural Issues ……………………………………………………17 2.4 Economic Issues ……………………………………………………17 2.5 Transportation Issues …………………………………………….……...19 2.6 Regional journal literature review …………………………………………….……...20 Chapter 3. Methodology ……………………………………………………21 3.1 Data Collection ……………………………………………………24 3.2 Data Analysis ……………………………………………………24 3.3 Recommendation ……………………………………………………25 3.4 Overall limitation ……………………………………………………26 Chapter 4. Data and Analysis ……………………………………………………28 4.1 Environmental realm ……………………………………………………31 4.2 Societal realm ……………………………………………………43 4.3 Cultural realm ……………………………………………………52 4.4 Economic realm ……………………………………………………56 4.5 Transportation realm ……………………………………………………69 4.6 Overall data analysis ……………………………………………………77 vi Chapter 5. Recommendation ……………………………………………………85 5.1 Social cohesion ……………………………………………………85 5.2 Concept scenarios for social cohesion ………………………………………….………...86 5.3 Final scenario of concept 2 ………………………………………………........94 Chapter 6. Conclusion …………………………………………………..103 6.1 Research implication …………………………………………………..104 Bibliography ………………………..…………………………108 vii List of Figures Figure 1. 1 Location of Jeju Island and Gangjeong village Figure 1. 2 Naval vessels pathway around nature preserve area Figure 1. 3 The demonstrators against the Jeju naval base Figure 1. 4 Description of amenities for military families and local residents Figure 3. 1 The not-only-one solution process and its ten phases Figure 3. 2 Research plan Figure 4. 1 Maps of Jeju Island with Okinawa and Guam islands Figure 4. 2 Maps of Jeju Island district and Gangjeong village Figure 4. 3 Surficial geology map of Jeju Island with groundwater sampling locations Figure 4. 4 Lithologic cross-section along west–east direction in Jeju Island Figure 4. 5 Distribution of spring water wells on Jeju Island Figure 4. 6 Current situation of the areas of absolute preservation areas around the Gangjeong village Figure 4. 7 Current organization of space in the village of Gangjeong Figure 4. 8 Current land use map surrounding the village of Gangjeong Figure 4. 9 Distribution of historical sites surrounding the Gangjeong village Figure 4. 10 Current land use map surrounding study area broadly Figure 4. 11 Jeju Olle Roads routes current Figure 4. 12 Current commercial stores distribution on the Gangjeong village Figure 4. 13 Seogwipo city urban and street structure currently Figure 4. 14 Street system surrounding the Gangjeong village viii Figure 4. 15 New access road alternatives for the Jeju naval base Figure 4. 16 Opportunities and Constraints map Figure 5. 1 Invisible boundary of current Jeju naval base plan Figure 5. 2 The first concept of three concept scenarios Figure 5. 3 The second concept of three concept scenarios Figure 5. 4 The third concept of three concept scenarios Figure 5. 5 Map of original Gangjeong village Figure 5. 6 Map of the Jeju naval base plan Figure 5. 7 Map of final concept scenario 2 recommendation Figure 5. 8 Synergy effect for improving water and agriculture quality Figure 6. 1 Correlation of the literature review with the data analysis and the recommendation ix List of Tables Table 2. 1 Literature Review of Military Base Issues Table 2. 2 Number of articles about Jeju naval base Table 3. 1 Timeline table of methodology Table 4. 1 Jeju islands comparison with Okinawa and Guam maps Table 4. 2 Seogwipo water source protection areas in 2007 Table 4. 3 The amount of earth work on the ground and ocean Table 4. 4 Total active population of the Jeju naval base Table 4. 5 Gangjeong village land use composition in 2008 Table 4. 6 Daechen-dong number of workers by industrial divisions in 2012 Table 4. 7 Gross value added and factor income by economic activity of Jeju Island in 2010 Table 4. 8 Number of users of Jeju Olle Roads Course in 2011 Table 4. 9 New access road alternatives for the Jeju naval base Table 4. 10 Overall impacts generated by the Jeju naval base x List of Symbols and Abbreviations UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIS Environmental Impact Statement DEIS Draft Environment Impact Statement FSEIS Final Supplement of the Environmental Impact Statement xi 1. Introduction 1. 1. Context Jeju Island has not only optimal natural environment and important picturesque landscape but also features of geology and topography, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) had designated Jeju Island as the world natural heritage in 2007. However, there was a lot of construction of Jeju naval base on a natural protection district in Jeju Island emerged right after getting three titles one of which is the world natural heritage by UNESCO and declaration of the world peace island (Kang, 2008). The navy base construction is located along the south seashore line (see figure 1.1) which is near Bum Island which UNESCO designated as a natural heritage district around the area. It means that this enormous construction will have a negative impact on environmental and ecological system by eliminating unique environmental features because of scale of construction and harmfulness of the facility (Kim, 2004; Han, Ko, Jung, and Ko, 2009). The overall history of Jeju naval base is that the necessity of the navy base in Jeju Island was first announced in 1993 by Korea Ministry of National Defense. At that time, government made a decision that the Hwasun community was a proposed site for the naval base for the first time (Hwasun community is located along same coast line with Gangjeong). However, inhabitants and
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