Posted on Authorea 16 Apr 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158707092.26821032 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 07 oty,Rd´ge,Zvl,&Hwis 07 ag ag ag i,21) nadto,i sa because environments is contemporary it of addition, those 2005, In from Skov, 2012). processes & Lin, historical relative Svenning & of collinearity. the 2003; Tang, effects of integrates Fang, Porter, the Wang, that distinguish & is 2007; to theory (Hawkins it Hawkins, challenge biodiversity universal though & even influence Rodr´ıguez, no Zavala, historical Montoya, patterns, jointly is that biodiversity 2007; they there on hypothesize that 1997; processes date, Others accepted historical To (Zobel, and widely biodiversity 2009). environments 2007). influence & contemporary Fang, al., predominantly of Savage, & et influences dispersal, Allen, Tang, Mittelbach and Gillooly, Brown, 2005; extinction, Brown, Wang, explain Ricklefs, speciation, to 2004; 1997; researchers as dominate Packer, Some proposed al., such heterogeneity, & et been processes, habitat categories. (Kerr have Currie and key biodiversity hypotheses 2004; two climate mediating West, Numerous into instance, (Gri- mechanisms divided for ecologists 2017). current factors, be for the al., environmental can interest contemporary et hypotheses major that Patino biodiversity think a The 2017; been Ma, phenomena. long 2011; these has al., assembly et community erson and biodiversity Understanding Du Weibo mountains region current the temperate drive in community filtering plant habitat and recolonization species Both 1 evolutionary phylogenetic processes important ecological size the an effect drove be have standard may to filtering the likely habitat was combining that community recolonization and By phylogenetic communities, species communities. plant the these that current overdispersion. and of showed of of assembly clustering, we the phylogenetic indexes, example affecting two were only process the communities the nearest with 28 The was (SES-PD) the dispersion. County diversity phylogenetic of Kunlun were Banma 27 others the of the that of and structure indicated species clustering, plant (NRI) phylogenetic (NTI) index were the relatedness index communities net and 28 The taxon This recolonization, the hotspot. of hotspots. species biodiversity 17 a biodiversity from are that adjacent which were indicated Mountains diversity and Hengduan the Mountains species from Kunlun primarily of originated species the patterns Mountains southeastern and among current the genera exist of and the Similarities eastern migrations that biodiversity. the species indicated for in targets mass mainly conservation that as distributed the area. considered indicated were were the strongly analyzed species which in Mountains, that and community Kunlun showed phylogeography, plant the plants of current and seed Qinghai- parts the 1,911 history, the of of geological of structure patterns edge distribution, community distribution northern phylogenetic The species the and diversity, of on phylogenetic measures China richness, the northwest integrated of taxonomic in community We plant located the unit studied simultaneously Plateau. We geographic filtering Tibetan mountains. physical habitat region and independent temperate dispersion an in in community species Mountains, research plant relevant that Kunlun current for and hypothesized the We regions, of laboratories assembly tropical limited. natural the and relatively drive present hotspots is might biodiversity mountains latitudes on high and focused and studies, have middle studies ecological the previous in Most topics issues. central these studying are assembly community and Biodiversity Abstract 2020 28, April 1 ffiito o available not Affiliation | INTRODUCTION 1 egJia Peng , 1 n uze Du Guozhen and , 1 1 Posted on Authorea 16 Apr 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158707092.26821032 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. nms ein fteQP(a,Yn,&Tn,21) td eeldta h urn oai the in flora different current communities plant the from in that datasets assembly revealed Therefore, community study and biodiversity A 2017). the Ree, areas. explore 2013). different & to Tang, of opportunity (Xing & the speciation Yang, provide (Yan, rapid regions plant QTP biodiversity clustered exhibited of is dominate the Mountains understanding species to vascular of our Hengduan of Chinese reported structure facilitate regions phylogenetic been for datasets the have most tree and such filtering QTP, in phylogenetic the and habitat on the 2018), and processes assembly al., speciation of community et and Rapid construction QTP. Lu the the 2016; completed of al., community now et have (Chen botanists plants vascular Chinese 2017). Gao, including Rhodiola and 2009), increasingly 2014), Fang, studies 2006), become phylogeography & Sun, have Abbott, in Tang, QTP & advancements & the Ge, major in Hideaki, plants Hao, to Wang, of Due Duan, APGIV, adaptations underlying (Liu, 2013). 2008; region and (Wu, Kreft, clear the histories across & QTP the evolutionary considerably Ma, the vary the 2018); Yang, would in tools, richness Qi, 2006; species species & al., that of et Chen, suggests (Tang distribution environment Liu, 2013). complex geographical Zhang, al., ˜20% the the Yu, but et which 2016), (Mao determined 2013; of richness have Tang, 2016), species studies & APGIV, of Yang, Several levels 2008; Yan, high (Wu, 2008; especially plants and (Wu, Caffee, have monographs vascular Owen, region regions published of 1998; southern the from Li, data species to to & various ˜10,000 endemic According in Li, 2014). harbors are diversification (Shi, Sun, QTP species & & sheets and Ge, the Zhong, ice radiation Nie, Yi, Hao, literature, by driven Zhang, 2002; Duan, have covered (Wen, Zheng, (Liu, plants processes entirely & of geological Ma were groups Such Li, 1.2–0.6 QTP 2008). Zhang, occurred the Seong, 1998; which & of Li, Glaciation, Plei- Finkel, to parts & Largest the when opportunities Li, the After 2014), (Shi, offer including regions. events Sun, datasets 2005), glacial such Xiong, accumulated globe, major in & the four the assembly Cui, experienced community and on QTP and QTP plateau the biodiversity expansive the adjacent stocene, between most on in relationship and conducted and the highest been investigate (QTP) km the has Plateau million is research 2.5 Qinghai-Tibetan QTP Extensive of the The area on 2004). an Fang, mainly occupying & distributed Wang, are (Wang, 2019b). which China diversity, regions al., species in et regions, of (Rahbek mountains temperate levels lowlands low The and adjacent have arctic the typically the of and In those species richness. exceed endemic of barely few levels host extraordinary regions with mountain hotspots however, community the host al., in and they particularly et biodiversity disproportionately, where govern (Rahbek biodiversity that tropics, terrestrial runoff mechanisms global nutrient the influence studying and reportedly ecosystem for Mountains climate assembly. laboratories lowland regional natural neighboring offer influencing and They interchange, biodiversity scales 2019a). biotic affect spatial facilitating that different by regions at processes complex and topographically explain time are to 2002). over Mountains Donoghue, methods assembly & community and into McPeek, Ackerly, technologies of insights Webb, these processes novel 1992; Rapid (Faith, using ecological offer 2006). are and McPeek, may evolutionary ecologists & studies, the Leibold Therefore, phylogeny 2006; processes. assembly and community Messier, phylogeography, assembly in & biology, community involved Beaudet, both molecular Canham, are niche in they Gravel, is that advancements that 2005; recognized assembly and increasingly Chase, community opposed have 2004; of diametrically ecologists (Tilman, not years, process are recent the In processes theory, biodiversity 2001). neutral neutral maintain (Hubbell, and the and equivalent random assembly In being have in community as 2002). rules promote can niches, modeled Donoghue, assembly jointly community different & community that McPeek, have ecological principal forces Ackerly, are opposing species (Webb, an are exclusion that within these competition argues theory; species and niche theory filtering different (Bell, Habitat former that theory functions. assembly. The acknowledges ecological neutral community recognized. latter and explain widely the 2004) to are Silvertown, while hypotheses 2005) 1972; numerous Vandermeer, Hubbell, proposed 1959; 2000; have (Hutchinson, ecologists theory century, niche Currently, a than more For Zag eg le,Wn a,21) n tes(i,F,&Cms 01 i,Lo i & Li, Luo, Liu, 2011; Comes, & Fu, (Qiu, others and 2014), Rao, & Wen, Allen, Meng, (Zhang, Rheum Sn ag a,Wn,&Lu 2012), Liu, & Wang, Wan, Wang, (Sun, Nannoglottis 2 iha vrg lvto vr400m(hn,L,&Zeg 2002). Zheng, & Li, (Zhang, m 4,000 over elevation average an with Lu a,Ce,&L,2002), Lu, & Chen, Gao, (Liu, 2 Ligularia - Cremanthodium Gentiana - Saussurea Parasenecio Fvee l,21) and 2016), al., et (Favre Wn,Brown, (Wang, Lu Wang, (Liu, Posted on Authorea 16 Apr 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158707092.26821032 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. W,20) ae nteesucs n sn h re ffmle rmteAgopr hlgn Group Phylogeny Angiosperm the from families of order the using and sources, these on including Based literature, 2008). other (Wu, and monographs and published 1983–1987), to the reference Xinjiang on of with counties from 2012–2015), obtained 6 counties. (Wu, were 8 with colleagues data of counties, distribution consists 14 part basic eastern of The the consists and part slope; middle northern the geo- middle. the | county-level on and counties; counties west, 28 east, 8 6 into and parts: of divided slope three was consists into southern divided region part are study Miocene, western Mountains the early Kunlun The community, the the Geographically, plant After units. current events graphical 2015). the glacial reveal al., numerous and accurately et 1998) reachedTo Sun al., Mountains 2000; et Kunlun (Pan, (Cui the movement years that Kunhuang 1998). and million the ecosystem (Su, 2019), 17 QTP experienced 1998; Zhou, current Mountains last Li, & the Kunlun & rapid the Su, that Li, the and over Wang, demonstrated Shi, abrupt Wu, height have 1995; last (Deng, studies present Li, the Recent Miocene & their and early Shi, 2003). Ma, Li, the al., 8–7 1992; in et Yin, Spicer ca. began & 1998; and numerous Kidd, Zheng, Ma to Copeland, & 15–13 (Harrison, According Sun Ma ca. movement. 3.6–1.2 Himalayan occurred the place QTP the of took the west uplift with of and coincided uplifts east gradient scrub, Mountains extensive the alpine Kunlun climate studies, in the are steep forests of types coniferous the vegetation formation few and The the a annual 2012–2015). greatly west, are average Wu, varies there to 1999; an addition, east range (Zheng, In From and mountain Mountains mm cover. steppe. Kunlun the alpine vegetation 500 of and in to and meadow, slopes change m alpine ˜100 the dramatic 3,000 from a on between varies in climate ranges that results The and precipitation west, of west. annual the area the an to total east has a the of area covers from temperature The and increases east range m. the mountain 7,719 to the compared of west elevation the The in narrower km is 500,000 range than mountain more south. 75degE–100degE, The the and to 34degN–40degN km. Region between Autonomous the 130–200 altitude located Tibet average to on east-west, northwest Qinghai and oriented an China southeast north, is with northwest west, the range the to in Mountains to Basins Kunlun plateau located Tarim Pamirs The and unit, the Qaidam border the geographic they east, physical Geographically, the QTP. independent the of an edge are northern Mountains Kunlun The | Kunlun 2 the better Mountains. above- develop in help Kunlun the diversity will the examine regions plant in different 3) between the assembly patterns and community strategies. how diversity assembly, conservation plant plant clarify biodiversity community the current of 1) the of understanding to improved forces to: An reference driving area with plant patterns the study hypotheses spatio-temporal this determine could the mentioned in we explore 2) assembly where to emerged, chain region community Mountains mountain Mountains Sun plant Kunlun temperate 2012–2015; current Wu, the typical 2011; relatively from of they Habel, datasets a however, & used formed geographical Zachos data; We they 2000; physical distribution Pan, communities. Thus, independent plant 1999; 2015). Zheng, and an 1998; al., range, form (Su, et geographic mountains hotspot Kunlun history, biodiversity These be the geological a hypothesis, might not study. clear the mountains are relatively of test region a to region temperate order with the In in unit as community filtering. used habitat plant were and current Mountains dispersion the species that by drove hypothesized simultaneously we study, the In td area Study itiuindata Distribution | AEIL N METHODS AND MATERIALS Se,1993–2011), (Shen, < h aclrPat n hi c-egahclDsrbto fteQnhiTbtPlateau Qinghai-Tibet the of Distribution Eco-geographical Their and Plants Vascular The .Teana rcptto n eprtrsso novosdces rmtees to east the from decrease obvious an show temperatures and precipitation annual The 0. 2 Zeg 99 u 0221;Fgr 1). Figure 2012–2015; Wu, 1999; (Zheng, > ,0 ees h ag xed o oa egho 250k n it of width and km ˜2,500 of length total a for extends range The meters. 4,000 lr fQinghai of Flora lr Kunlunica Flora Lu 1996–1999), (Liu, 3 ulse nfu oue yW n his and Wu by volumes four in published lr fTbtAtnmu Region Autonomous Tibet of Flora Flora (Wu, Posted on Authorea 16 Apr 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158707092.26821032 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. eaens ewe ahpi ftx nasml n t ers eaiei hlgn.TeNIadNTI and NRI The phylogeny. a The in phylogenetic relative mean nearest sample. the its of a and estimate within follows: sample an an as a taxa is is in calculated which which of taxa were (MNTD), (MPD), pairs values of distance distance pair taxon possible phylogenetic each nearest all between mean mean Ackerly, between relatedness the the (Webb, on relatedness on based communities phylogenetic based was within average NTI overdisper- was processes the or NRI evolutionary (clustering The of and structure estimate 2002). phylogenetic ecological Donoghue, community possible & analyze examine McPeek, to to calculated and were sion), NTI and NRI The based measured was the between and difference sample the each dividing by in (s.d.[PD calculated distribution communities null was the the SES-PD of (1992). length Faith (PD by phylogenetic observed developed county. the approach each of the in sum on (NTI) index the (SES- taxon was diversity nearest phylogenetic PD and size (NRI), effect index standard (PD), relatedness diversity net phylogenetic PD), level of similarity species the the calculated the is We represents TS and TR species), HMF, or the HMF. genera, the and | families, and sample represent sample KMF (taxa KMF a sample the between KMF between taxa the taxa in shared taxa of of number number the represents SR where (TS) similarity taxa The Kunlun the Mountains. in follows: Hengduan richness as the calculated species was in plant HMF that The the ˜12,000 of (HMF). similarities and with KMF family-level sixth flora an world, the and Mountains one between form the genus-level, Hengduan approximately in Mountains species-level, the was floras Hengduan the and Mountains temperate evaluated the KMF richest We Therefore, the the between of 2014). Mountains host one China. (Boufford, Hengduan China harbor the Southwest plants Southwest Mittermeier, and vascular and of of (Myers, hotspots, hotspot, Mountains Mountains biodiversity respectively biodiversity The three the important Mountains, these 2011). of among Kunlun Habel, are representative species the which & plant are Zachos China, of of Southwest number 2000; southeast of highest Kent, flora and the Mountains & the the Fonseca, south, with and including da north, compared Mountains, Himalayas, Mittermeier, were Kunlun Eastern the the species the to around the Asia, exist located Central (KMF), hotspots of flora biodiversity Mountains Mountains Three the Kunlun hotspots. the biodiversity nearby of in origin the determine on To Mountains. based units Kunlun geographical the county-level in 28 | into species divided plant were seed species data. the these distribution patterns, species of spatial checklist the comprehensive analyze a To presented preserved. were information taxa The infraspecific the and excluded, were Mountains to according families Plants checklist/2019/ Vascular and Chinese genera into of Genera classified and were species 2016), (APGIV, IV hlgntcdvriyadstructure and diversity Phylogenetic taxa of Similarity observed and , http://www.theplantlist.org n xetdpyoeei iest (PD diversity phylogenetic expected and ) random NRI SES )(orge ta. 05,a follows: as 2005), al., et (Rodrigues ]) = L,Ce,Wn,&L,2018), Lu, & Wang, Chen, (Li, − − D P 1 × S= TS = MPD eeaadseista eentntv oteKunlun the to native not were that species and Genera . PD TR SR ..(MPD s.d. observed observed 4 ..(PD s.d. × 100% − − random random MPD PD random random ) random ) http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual- ytesadr eito sd)of (s.d.) deviation standard the by ) itoayo h Families the of Dictionary A Posted on Authorea 16 Apr 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158707092.26821032 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. hn,acutn o 98%o h oa,icuig8 od lnsad49hraeu plants. to herbaceous endemic 489 species and represented 570 plants were were woody plants woody There 81 herbaceous the including herbs. the total, Specifically, perennial and the 1,452 of lianas; 2a). and plants, 29.83% 7 herbs, (Figure herbaceous for and annual 1,685 accounting respectively 224 shrubs, China, and species, climbers, 197 plants herbaceous total trees, woody 9 22 the 226 by by comprised of represented KMF 88.17% were the were and plants of plants plants 11.83% seed seed for remaining the The accounting seed level, these orders. species of 3 the 26 and At only families, for 3 accounted genera, varieties, Gymnosperms 5 and orders. into angiosperms. subspecies 32 classified all including and Mountains, further families, Kunlun were the 75 which in genera, plants, recorded 397 been to have belonged plants which seed 1,911 of total A iprin h nlsso Rs Ts n E-D eeue oepanteeouinr n ecological and 3.1 evolutionary the explain to used 3 were level, SES-PDs community phylogenetic and assembly. the indicate community NTIs, values At of evolutionary NRIs, negative appropriate processes of whereas explaining more 2002). clustering, analysis is for Donoghue, phylogenetic The and indicate & appropriate phylogeny, values dispersion. a community McPeek, more primarily NTI of Ackerly, the and is NRI parts (Webb, NRI and shallower and The processes positive in phylogeny PD, ecological structure species. a predicted the exploring among of reflects the for the NTI relationships parts than the and phylogenetic deeper higher whereas PD, distant in processes; is predicted whereas more structure the PD species; with the than among actual flora reflects lower relationships the ancient is phylogenetic that of PD close Rodrigues imply actual consists relatively 1992; values the with (Faith, that SES-PD communities flora imply of positive young values histories of floristic SES-PD consists the Negative community determine the 2005). to revealed used al., migration been et species have of SES-PD Hengduan rules results and the and the PD and history, Therefore, Mountains geological Kunlun diversity. the 2009). the species results, Sun, between of these migrations & patterns of species Ree, analysis of Boufford, The Nie, relationship (Zhang, the Zhang, Mountains. 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Data may be preliminary. oiieNIvle,1 fwihas a oiieNIvle.Tncute a eaieNIvle and had values counties NRI 27 negative other had The counties Ten County. values. Banma NRI the positive in had negative also which were of values 4). 17 NTI 3, values, and (Figures NTI Basins NRI statistically positive Tarim the were and Qaidam both NTIs the Overall, 24 bordered which which of of most positive, counties, 10 were the communities county-level of (P different 27 parts of middle (P NTIs and significant (P the eastern indicated NRIs addition, negative communities the parts four county-level In in middle between (P other mainly detected and NRIs 17 were distributed western positive the differences were the Significant in different counties in Mountains. NRIs the These Kunlun mainly positive that Conversely, located indicated communities clustering. county-level were indexes Mountains. phylogenetic 11 counties Kunlun These in These NRIs the NTI. Negative of and 4). dispersion. NRI 3, phylogenetic (Figures the structures indicated by phylogenetic differences different revealed significant had be counties whereas can County, SES-PD Shache (P structure differences positive values significant and Phylogenetic SES-PD No the County other ancient. while Jiuzhi the relatively between flora, among were SES-PDs young there detected were flora were the SES-PD the communities in negative than that county-level observed The less indicated 28 were were County 2). in values (Table Banma the SES-PD observed respectively the of other were -5.69, 2). for all (Table and value 27 values and 3.56 area PD that 0, were western and than indicated SES-PDs the minimum greater TR values in was and lowest those value maximum The SES-PD than The one higher 0. ranges. only were study, the area present of eastern the ends the In in both values at the higher and County, were Minfeng PD and TR The siae f10,nmdBnaCut n ad ony h iiu Sws7.1 nRuoqiang in 76.61% TS was 1). had TS (Table counties minimum 26 78.75% the was The of 3.3 County County. 2 Wuqia Mountains and Gande Kunlun of 80%, the and TS than of County the higher section Banma estimates while western County, TS section, the named had eastern in 100%, counties and the 40% 26 of in than west, Banma level, 50% less estimates in genus the than was 93.86% the to higher and was At was section TS east TS 1). maximum middle (Table the The the the level, County. from in Wuqia species 40%–50% decreased in the was counties 24.53% At it was the 1). minimum (Table of the south and TS the County to the north woody units, the of from geographical increased TS county-level woody The 28 both with the genera Mountains. the for In of Hengduan and TS value 57.52% 72.73%. the the 70%, was while were little was in respectively, species species 83.86%, species found had herbaceous and endemic also herbaceous 82.05% estimates and of were were and TS genera TS Mountains level. the herbaceous species level Kunlun and data, genus genera woody the taxa family the the of endemic in and at Therefore, the genera TS Mountain, 83.38% to endemic The Hengduan According and level. the respectively. level biodiversity. family in 55.67%, species in and found the the patterns not at at was assessing 96.88% counties 55.89% further 10 was was in HMF TS distributed the minimum only and was KMF which the Nitrariaceae between TS The fKFvre ptal,wt h ideprso h ulnMutishvn h oetboiest,and biodiversity, lowest the having biodiversity Mountains 3.2 the Kunlun biodiversity. Therefore, the highest of forests. the parts few having being middle very forests meadows the were with the with there diversity, spatially, grasslands; species varied low and KMF species. relatively shrubs of a one by species had followed 20 only KMF type, than contained the more primary genus (all type, of the each vegetation genera consisted eastern where of which these the perspective genera genera, in of the 15 155 From distributed to 7 were limited only there Overall, were were and species 6 2b). genus, plant which the each (Figure of of in and species Mountains, third genera, a Kunlun herbaceous herbaceous About the and 347 to section. genera, woody endemic woody both were 39 of genera) by characterized herbaceous consists were that plants seed genera KMF 11 the level, genus the At | | hlgntcdvriyadstructure and diversity Phylogenetic iiaiyo taxa of Similarity < < .5 Fgr ) oee,icnitn rnswr bevdbtenteNI n Tsin NTIs and NRIs the between observed were trends inconsistent However, 4). (Figure 0.05) .5.Ol h omnt nBnaCut a eaieNIta a losignificantly also was that NTI negative a had County Banma in community the Only 0.05). < .5,wieteNI ftermiig2 oniswr o infiat(iue3). (Figure significant not were counties 21 remaining the of NRIs the while 0.05), < 6 .5 Tbe2). (Table 0.05) < .5 n three and 0.05) Posted on Authorea 16 Apr 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158707092.26821032 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. u,21) n oso o hns nei edflr Hage l,21) hrfr,teabove the the Therefore, in 2016). diversity al., species et of (Huang patterns flora current center seed a the 2017), endemic underpinned Zhou, Gao, Deng, Chinese recolonization & Chen, for Li, species 2014; hotspot Sun, Luo, areas have that & (Liu, adjacent Mountains a revealed Zhong, and Hengduan periods and Nie, findings The glacial QTP Zhang, 2018), Fourth, (Wen, the the plants Sun, in in 2019). current Tang, species & many periods & for for interglacial Yan diversification refuge the species 2013; largest during of Zhang, the migration north & as species the to Yu confirmed of from south 2011; been direction come from Comes, primary have & or may the Fu, west that they (Qiu, to revealed that from The east originated studies evidence have from previous refuges. further may is plants Third, provided adjacent current from species centers. the that endemic originated speciation Second, conclusion current plants The levels. the current genera supported center. and the also diversification species KMF that a the the probable of both is SES-PD at Kunlun and HMF it the PD the in events, diversity with glacial species linked of numerous tightly patterns were after the KMF of the understanding our First, improve period. Mountains. study the hardy present to postglacial Some the adjacent of the refuges findings 2019). in from The Tang, originated refugia regions & have Yan adjacent glacial may into plants 2013; eastern current Mountains. Zhang, dispersed or the Kunlun & and events, southern Yu glacial refugia the these 2011; micro-glacial after from was Comes, Consequently, in ice events QTP & period, persisted extinction Fu, the unified postglacial also mass that Qiu, a the plants to reported 2004; by have in led Donoghue, & covered have studies plants & Zheng, mostly phylogeography glaciations current (Wiens molecular numerous were (Shi, most plant These Mountains Maximum by Many Kunlun 1998). Glacial recolonized Mountains. Su, the Last Kunlun (Su, 1997; dry Maximum, the the events Yao, and Glacial in and glacial & cold Last numerous Zheng, Ma) to experienced (Shi, the (1.2–0.6 humid sheet has In Glaciation and region hot Largest the 1997). from the Pleistocene, Yao, changed example, the geological have since and for conditions 2019) addition, climatic 1998), Zhou, during In The & 2015), come al., Su, 1999). 1998). have Wang, et (Zheng, Wu, al., (Sun may years (Deng, et flora million fluctuations (Cui 17 young climatic movements last dramatic the the over experienced that altitude they and present which their 2) reached (Table Mountains endemic Kunlun flora these The SES-PDs young Consequently, of relatively results centers. Mountains. The is speciation Hengduan centers. KMF the speciation the current the from was the of Mountains that from Kunlun that come indicated of the have than may of 29.8% also lower Mountains a species for (Zhang, Kunlun and or endemic accounted the Mountains QTP, flora of in plants Hengduan seed proportion species of seed The endemic the that of Chinese Mountains. to than species of Kunlun 2012). endemic endemic higher the hotspot Zhang, However, in are al., a Yu, species not 2013; plants. species et total Tang, were current total the (Huang Mountains & for Yang, the Kunlun China diversification Yan, The of of 2008; in 2009). 32.4% (Wu, center plants Sun, QTP 2016). and & al., the seed 2018), Qinling Ree, et to woody Qi, the Boufford, (Huang endemic China & endemic are in of species Chen, are of east total Liu, flora hotspots the the seed to of the and endemic 20% regarding Mountains Around Chinese Hengduan exist of the levels. rules in hotspots species or Similar diversity and south, the genus further in that the and increase Mountains both suggested species at an have mass HMF that with studies the indicated units Some strongly and also geographical study the KMF our were county-level in the Therefore, Mountains found 28 between were 1). Kunlun occurred the (Table Mountains the migrations Mountains across Kunlun patterns Hengduan in the declined Similar the species in from TS level. genera endemic distance The genus endemic the the the of Mountains. all at 70% Mountains; Hengduan the 80% where Hengduan and than the Mountains taxa, higher Kunlun in endemic was the distributed the Hengduan similarity both in in the of observed occurred and level Mountains were Mountains the Kunlun Kunlun and the the in Mountains, between species Hengduan distribution the species of the 55.89% in Mountains: difference were there Overall, 4.1 4). 3, (Figures Basins Tarim 4 and Qaidam the to adjacent were | DISCUSSION | hpten fseisdiversity species of Thepatterns 7 Posted on Authorea 16 Apr 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158707092.26821032 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. vr w Tswr osgicn ieecs hra h eann Tsddso infiatdifferences significant show did NTIs how- remaining clustering, the phylogenetic whereas were positive differences, communities significant The these no (P different. that were significantly indicated NTIs communities not two communities these were ever, county-level that NRIs 20 indicated positive communities in com- county-level these NTIs county-level significant however, 10 10 however, in clustering, in (P NRIs phylogenetic dispersion, NRIs showed NRIs positive phylogenetic negative negative The of the three differences. result Mountains, only significant the in Kunlun were observed the communities were of differences these parts that middle consistent indicated 2018). the was munities al., for and which center et western flora, the (Lu young the were study of In Mountains previous primarily Kunlun a comprised the of was of findings parts KMF the eastern the the with the that Therefore, that and County). had suggested conservation; (Banma communities results county-level flora biodiversity SES-PD ancient 27 contained counties; and community the PD, county-level of TR, one history only floristic while 2011). the flora, whereas Strauss, illustrated young 2005), results & Graham, phylogenetic SES-PD & (Burns to (Wiens the dispersion community lead Overall, phylogenetic a can in phylogenetic in species which result community of can filtering traits non-random ecological exclusion certain Habitat in For of competition selection 2002). result the 2006). Donoghue, to can Gillooly, refers & coloniza- clustering exclusion & McPeek, and Ackerly, (Allen competition evolution, (Webb, communities and convergent structures within filtering evolution, overdispersion niche habitat rapid phylogenetic as as processes, to such such lead processes processes may evolutionary Evolutionary tion comparison, In 2002). assembly community Donoghue, 2018). regulate & can that (Faith, structure McPeek, processes Ackerly, phylogenetic assessed evolutionary situ (Webb, community better and of scales ecological be analysis rapid different the can The With at of communities 2002). exclusion. determination of Donoghue, competition the & structures facilitate or McPeek, phylogenetic filtering processes Ackerly, habitat ecological the Webb, via extinction, biology, 1992; and example, molecular Whereas speciation for in as processes. assembled, such advances ecological are species, and species of evolutionary how origins of the address to influence relate combined processes the evolutionary via occurs assembly Community atrsatrgaileet r h xaso fse lnsfo daetgailrfgait h Kunlun the into refugia glacial adjacent from plants biodiversity seed well alpine they driving of are because mechanisms and expansion distant, that the regions the are plants Tethyan Third, are Mountains. species events The the Tethyan regions. the glacial from phytogeographical the among after Mountains. different originated to relationships patterns Kunlun from have phylogenetic belong the originated the may Basins However, have with conditions Tarim may regions. contiguous cold the other are and and and of western they Qaidam stress flora the and drought the in 2019), particularly to both cold, al., adapted addition, and regions. et In dry phytogeographical (Ye is multiple 1999). region Mountains from (Zheng, Kunlun originated the parts have in Therefore, middle may QTP. environment al., the Mountains et current and Kunlun (Ye region the the Tethyan QTP]) the the Second, among + between the [Tethyan of zone relationships + plants including transition The Holarctic] the current QTP. + regions, in the are Asiatic the First, phytogeographical Mountains [East as Kunlun community. five (Paleotropic The well a follows: having 2019). as as in as inferred regions, processes Tethyan identified been evolutionary have and is regions and Asiatic, China ecological East the that Holartic, reveal shows Paleotropic, to research help latest can the analyses NTI between and indicated which detected NRI were positive the differences were and significant counties negative, however, (P other were clustering, NRIs of County phylogenetic three NTI were Banma and communities of NRI these NTI The that and overdispersion. NRI (P phylogenetic the significant was Mountains, County statistically Kunlun were the indexes of two parts eastern the In HMF. the from primarily originated 4.2 KMF the that and Mountains, Kunlun < | pcain ih osraim n ipra iiaincnla opyoeei lseig(ue al., et (Lu clustering phylogenetic to lead can limitation dispersal and conservatism, niche speciation, 0.05). rcse fcmuiyassembly community of Processes < .5 n i Ts(P NTIs six and 0.05) < 0.05). < .5.Tersl ugse httecmuiyi Banma in community the that suggested result The 0.05). 8 < .5,weesteohrngtv Rshdno had NRIs negative other the whereas 0.05), in Posted on Authorea 16 Apr 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158707092.26821032 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. rw .H,J .Glol,A .Aln .M aae .B et(04.Twr eaoi hoyof theory metabolic a Toward (2004). West B. G. & Savage, M. V. Allen, 24–35. https://doi.org/10.1890/03-9000 P. 72: 85:1771–1789. 155, A. Gillooly, Ecology. Arnoldia. 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(NRI), size question effect index scientific standard relatedness (PD), posed diversity net data, phylogenetic level organized species data, the calculated basic collected Weibo Du Contributions Author declared. None https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2ngf1vhk3 Repository: Interests Digital Competing Dryad the China via Foundation available Science are Data Natural National the of in Program plants Accessibility Key the Data on by research supported extensive was conducted 41430749). have study (No. who This botanists Chinese region. of study generations the thank We critical a play may filtering habitat Acknowledgements and communities processes. processes, plant ecological evolutionary current and an to contribute ecological in traits. may via role similar filtering Mountains habitat possessing Kunlun and the species Mountains, recolonization of for Hengduan species selected the both of area conclusion, flora the which In alpine communities in negative, county-level the conditions seven from were environmental in originated County values the communities NTI Banma that these and and and in flora of NRI alpine species positive NTI the the The from and that originated Mountains. indicated that NRI Hengduan species the the from of results Mountains, flora County forest Kunlun Banma in the community the of that in suggested parts communities Mountains. eastern of Kunlun the processes the ecological In which of counties, the the parts 20 for parts of middle in explanation recolonization positive and strong processes middle Therefore, were western a evolutionary values the presented the NTI the Mountains. filtering of The dominated habitat Hengduan slopes communities. that have county-level the indicated southern may 20 of the the regions in have flora phytogeographical on communities may alpine different current parts species mainly the from middle have the the from species relatively may of and of originated slopes from parts regions, mainly northern were Tethyan western have the species the on the may species the from in The the of originated species Asia, most location. Central mainly the of that geographical Mountains example, the to indicated from com- for named according communities originated county-level Mountains county-level regions, regions, 10 Hengduan phytogeographical 10 phytogeographical in the multiple the NRIs homogeneous of negative from in flora the were NRIs alpine Mountains, species positive the Kunlun current and the the regions of that Tethyan parts indicate middle may the munities and western the In 9 Posted on Authorea 16 Apr 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158707092.26821032 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ucisnG 15) oaet at oai rwyaetees ayknso nml?TeAmerican The animals? of kinds many so equivalence. there are functional why https://doi.org/10.1086/282070 of or 145–159. rosalia hypothesis santa 93, the to Naturalist. Homage and (1959). ecology GE community Hutchinson in https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0269-8463.2005.00965.x University theory 166–172. 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Data may be preliminary. iu5.7 67%Wqa2.3 78.75% 81.58% 81.01% 80.23% 81.88% 84.85% 83.33% 88.17% 86.11% TS Genera 82.72% 84.00% 24.53% 76.61% 83.18% 33.53% 80.17% 40.00% 32.25% 38.11% 40.46% TS Genera 47.98% 44.63% TS Species 46.67% 43.31% 44.93% Wuqia 45.24% 52.26% Aketao 52.31% Tashikuergan Shache Yecheng TS Pishan Species Hetian Cele Counties Yutian Qiemo Minfeng Ruoqiang 86.72% Dulan 85.07% Geermu 93.75% 90.14% 97.40% Counties 96.50% TS Genera 92.02% 97.05% 95.04% Mountains Kunlun West 97.22% 100% 99.15% 54.37% 99.48% 54.39% Mountains 51.38% Kunlun 100% Middle of slope North 57.36% Mountains Kunlun TS 70.99% Middle Genera of slope North Mountains Kunlun 78.61% West Mountains Kunlun TS Mountains. Middle Kunlun Species of the slope of North units geographical county-level among 76.27% plants 81.98% seed of (SES-PD) diversity 72.19% 2 TABLE 83.47% 88.24% 84.03% Mountains Kunlun West Ritu 91.23% Mountains Gaize Kunlun Mountains Middle Kunlun 93.86% of East slope Nima South TS Bange Species Mountains Kunlun Middle Zhiduo of slope South Qumalai Mountains Kunlun Counties Middle of slope South Xinghai Mountains Maqin Kunlun East Maduo Chenduo Gande Dari Jiuzhi Banma Counties Mountains Kunlun East 1 TABLE https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169- expla- 266–269. alternative 12: Tables an Evolution. richness: & species plant Ecology determining in in in Trends Plateau 5347(97)01096-3 pools coexistence? Tibetan species species Beijing. of the of role Press, of nation relative Science area The Mountains. (1997). and Karakorum-Kunlun M the boundary Zobel of the Geography on Physical (1999). discussion D A Zheng https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-002-0045-5 (2002). 1–8. D 21: Zheng Research. Qinghai- & Geographical the BY, China. of out Li Evolution. dispersal YL, and and Zhang Phylogenetics radiation Molecular Rapid (Crassulaceae). (2014). Rhodiola https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.04.013 GY lineage 147–158. plant Rao 77: alpine J, an Wen of GA, Plateau Allen Tibetan SY, 405–412. Meng 27: JQ, Botany. 29 of Zhang Journal The Nordic (2009). China. H southwest in Sun hotspot & https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2008.00235.x biodiversity Ree, a R.H. Mountains, Hengduan E., the D. the Boufford to conservation keys DC, Three https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12872 of Zhang (2014). 89–92. J.M. 506, protection Beaulieu Nature. . environments. and . freezing J.M.,. into Eastman Distribution angiosperms W.K., of Cornwell Hotspots: radiation K. William Biodiversity D.C., Tank (2011). A.E., Zanne C. Heidelberg. J. Berlin Habel Springer, areas. & priority E., plants F. seed Zachos of patterns and diversity 10.17520/biods.2017078. Plateau and https://doi.org/ 130–137. characteristics (2): Tibetan Floristic 26 (2018). the Science. https://doi.org/10.17520/biods.2017078 Qi Biodiversity Plateau. W in Tibetan Chen, Plants the Z to Liu, Alpine endemic L of Zhang, 1268–1278. YL Phylogeography HB, 33: Yu in Sinica. Advances Boreali-Occidentalia Botanica (2013). Acta YL Regions. Zhang Adjacent & HB, Yu aasmlrt T)o 8cute nteKnu Mountains. Kunlun the in counties 28 of (TS) similarity Taxa aooi ihes(R,pyoeei iest P) n tnadeetsz phylogenetic size effect standard and (PD), diversity phylogenetic (TR), richness Taxonomic 14 ° aiuia ie nipratdvso in division important an line: latitudinal N Posted on Authorea 16 Apr 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158707092.26821032 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. iu231780 45 .0 ui 1 47.8-.40.005 0.003 0.118 0.001 0.001 0.040 P-value 0.001 0.001 0.042 0.001 0.025 0.001 0.001 0.002 -2.94 P-value -3.09 -1.21 -4.47 -5.00 -1.82 SES-PD -4.54 -4.49 -1.74 -5.38 -1.90 -7.21 -4.74 14479.28 -3.28 SES-PD 15241.23 6994.99 19828.59 16132.52 9290.75 PD 9331.87 8474.30 7033.51 7296.78 4547.44 11925.21 12362.40 11504.64 318 PD 339 115 490 386 173 TR 198 176 120 156 69 292 280 243 Wuqia Aketao Tashikuergan TR Shache Yecheng Pishan Counties Hetian Cele Yutian Qiemo Minfeng Ruoqiang Geermu Dulan 0.001 0.001 Counties 0.001 0.029 0.005 0.001 P-value 0.001 0.024 0.001 0.005 0.001 0.001 0.101 0.001 -4.51 P-value -3.69 -3.64 -2.05 -2.56 SES-PD -5.69 Mountains Kunlun West -5.55 -1.95 Mountains Kunlun Middle of -7.76 slope North -2.96 Mountains -4.78 Kunlun Middle -4.15 of slope North -1.31 Mountains Kunlun 11778.09 Middle SES-PD of 3.56 slope North Mountains 6061.40 Kunlun West Mountains 5919.10 Kunlun Middle of slope 7309.88 North Mountains 8626.90 Kunlun Middle of slope North 14850.76 PD 27205.84 29302.68 1 Mountains FIGURE Kunlun West 17770.41 19732.64 8040.96 12746.95 22661.04 Mountains Kunlun East 19934.01 263 PD 114 Mountains Kunlun West 109 128 162 359 Mountains Kunlun East TR 731 748 Mountains Kunlun West 470 Mountains Kunlun Middle 489 153 of 288 slope South legends Figure Mountains 536 Kunlun Middle of Mountains slope Kunlun 391 South East Ritu Mountains Kunlun TR Middle Gaize of slope South Nima Mountains Bange Kunlun Middle of Zhiduo slope South Qumalai Mountains Kunlun Counties Middle of slope South Mountains Xinghai Kunlun East Maqin Maduo Chenduo Gande Dari Jiuzhi Banma Counties Mountains Kunlun East egahcllcto fteKnu onan otie nred). in (outlined Mountains Kunlun the of location Geographical 15 Posted on Authorea 16 Apr 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158707092.26821032 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. eitda e qae,advle ih09¿¿.5aedpce sbaksquares. black as depicted are 0.95¿P¿0.05 with values and squares, red as depicted 3 FIGURE plants. herbaceous and woody of richness genera (b) and 2 FIGURE aarcns fwoyadhraeu lnsi h ulnMutis a pce richness Species (a) Mountains. Kunlun the in plants herbaceous and woody of richness Taxa onylvlntrltdesidx(R)o h ulnMutis auswt ¡.5are P¡0.05 with Values Mountains. Kunlun the of (NRI) index relatedness net County-level 16 Posted on Authorea 16 Apr 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158707092.26821032 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. and-habitat-filtering-drive-the-current-plant-community-in-temperate-region-mountains squares. black Tables.docx as depicted are 0.95¿P¿0.05 file with Hosted values and squares, red as depicted 4 FIGURE vial at available onylvlnaettxnidx(T)o h ulnMutis auswt ¡.5are P¡0.05 with Values Mountains. Kunlun the of (NTI) index taxon nearest County-level https://authorea.com/users/312339/articles/442930-both-species-recolonization- 17 Posted on Authorea 16 Apr 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158707092.26821032 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 18 Posted on Authorea 16 Apr 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158707092.26821032 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 19