DOCSLIB.ORG

A Review of Antimicrobial Properties of Alum and Sundry Applications

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Review of Antimicrobial Properties of Alum and Sundry Applications ACTA SCIENTIFIC MICROBIOLOGY (ISSN: 2581-3226) Volume 3 Issue 4 April 2020 Review Article A Review of Antimicrobial Properties of Alum and Sundry Applications Lawrence O Amadi* Received: February 25, 2020 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rivers State University, Nkpolu- Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Nigeria Published: March 10, 2020 © All rights are reserved by *Corresponding Author: Lawrence O Amadi, Department of Microbiology, Faculty Lawrence O of Science, Rivers State University, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Amadi. Abstract Potassium aluminium sulphate (PAS) commonly referred to as ‘potash alum (PA)’, ‘alum’ or ‘tawas’ has recently drawn the atten- In vitro and tion of the scientific community as an efficient, safe and eco-friendly inorganic compound, commercially available and cost effective. In vivo studies report that alum individually or in synergism have antimicrobial properties against a broad spectrum of bacterial It demonstrated a high propensity of antimicrobial activity in a variety of systems traditionally and scientifically. Several world is bedevilled with antibiotic drug abuse resulting in antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Alum, however, has found applications in and fungal species and harnesses other activities beneficial to humans. This article has become crucial especially at a time when the a wide spectrum of human activities such as pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, textile and synthetic industries. This review presents an updateKeywords: of findings Alum; Antimicrobialof this inorganic Agent; sulphate Synergism; salt as anAntibiotic; antimicrobial Bacteria; agent Fungi and miscellaneous applications. Introduction Apart from the natural sourcing of alum, fabricated aluminum Alum occurs naturally in rocks that are located in areas where cans are currently recycled and chemically converted into an alu- sulphide materials and potassium-bearing minerals such as kalin- minium compound, hydrated PAS with an energy savings of 95% ite, alunite and leucite which on treatment with sulphuric acid re- interesting means of green reduction of environmental pollution sults in crystals of alum. Alum is a general name for a class of dou- over refining and smelting bauxite ore. However, this provides an ble sulphates containing aluminum and such metals as potassium, via conversion of waste to wealth [3]. ammonium, iron, etc. Versatility of PAS individually or in synergism as; food preser- They are commonly found in India, Egypt, - are a variety of commercially available alums; soda alum, Ammoni- Nepal, Italy, Philippines and many parts of Asian countries. There crobial agents and sundry applications had been well documented um alum, Chrome alum, Selenate alum, Alumen exsiccatum (dried vative, medicine, water purifier, biotransformational and antimi [4-6] - alum), Aluminium sulphate (also called papermaker’s alum, it is centuated by various anthropogenic activities such as heavy use not technically alum but further processing and evaporation re- . The threat of AMR organisms over the decades has been ac and abuse of antibiotics, discharge of hospital and agricultural ef- sults in alum crystals) [1]. PAS or alum is an odourless, colourless crystalline solids with chemical formula, KAl (SO4)2. Based on the amount of water molecules, these hydrates are represented by the fluents resulting in serious socioeconomic challenges worldwide. chemical formulae KAl (SO4)2.12H2O or K2SO4.Al2 (SO4)3. 24H2O [2]. substances of vegetative or mineral origin and natural products, as Thus, investigators are sourcing for other materials, such as Citation: Lawrence O Amadi. “A Review of Antimicrobial Properties of Alum and Sundry Applications". Acta Scientific Microbiology 3.4 (2020): 109-117. A Review of Antimicrobial Properties of Alum and Sundry Applications 110 alternative to conventional antimicrobial agents. One of such natu- Mi- ral products used for therapeutic purposes for centuries is white crococcus luteus Staphylococcus epidermidis alum against four malodour-producing axillary bacterial flora ( alum or PA [7]. Notable advantages for the use of alum include cost 14990), Corynebacterium xerosis Bacilus (ATCC 49732), (ATCC effectiveness, availability, nontoxicity, reusability and ecofriendli- subtilis - (ATCC BAA-1293) and ness [6] ing axillary malodour. In vitro activity using broth dilution method (ATCC 19659) as an alternative natural product for reduc visibly demonstrated over the years through the myriads of its for different concentrations (0.937 - 20.0mg/mL) on Luria-Bertani . The potency of alum as an antimicrobial agent had been broth exhibited excellent inhibitory effects on all tested bacteria. research and development. C. xerosis, at 1.88 mg/mL. M. beneficial activities and relevance in a broad spectrum of human luteus, B. subtilis and S.epidermidis showed a higher MIC of 3.75, Recently, extensive research interest in this natural product has The lowest MIC of alum was against widened and opened new horizons and frontiers of knowledge inhibited at a concentration of 7.50 mg/mL [7] 5.00 and 7.50 mg/mL, respectively. These bacteria were completely effects of alum against axillary malodour-producing bacteria could Combination strategies exploring the use of phytomedicinals with . Thus, antibacterial in drug combination therapeutic strategy by boosting its efficacy. be recommended and used either directly by topical application or natural product and/or standard antimicrobials are essentially as an active ingredient in deodorants and antiperspirants. critical for creating a truly global and effective response to treat microbial infection and ameliorate AMR. Undoubtedly, combina- Another study also, observed that white alum was potent tion strategy may improve drug performance by synergism which against Escherichia coli O157:H7 at a concentration above 1% (p may proffer a better alternative to microbial resistance single < 0.05). Such effect was dose and time dependent as well as with drug/substance as this protocol is usually more effective at low other disinfectants. Strong antibacterial activity of white alum dosage. Some major advantages of combination therapy are cost compared with control was shown against tested bacterium and effectiveness, reduction of man-hour (as new drug is neither de- could be used as an inhibitor of bacterial growth [9]. signed, formulated nor synthesized in the laboratory), less side effects associated with higher drug dosage can be minimized with- In a recent work attempt was made to provide some experi- out compromising performance. However, encouraging the use of mental proof of bioactivity of some of these G-R minerals (Lem- drugs in combination would improve the prevention and manage- - nian Earth, Samian Earth and alum), by investigating their anti below in two (2) broad headings: Antimicrobial activity of alum Gram negative (Pseudomonas aerugenosa) and one Gram positive ment of microbial infections therapy. The PAS shall be reviewed bacterial action. They were tested against specific pathogens, one and sundry applications. (Staphylococcus aureus degrees of antibacterial action with the alum group mineral being ) bacterium. The results showed varying Antimicrobial activity of alum the most effective [10]. Bacterial isolates from oysters treated with Antibacterial effect of alum PAS exhibited broad spectrum antibacterial potency against Gram Among varieties of commercially available alums, potash alum negative and Gram positive by in-vitro susceptibility tests but more is very much common both for household, pharmaceutical and - sitivity on Proteus sp (18.0mm), Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus medicinal applications. Alum concentrations at (4.4 - 35.0mg/ efficacious by agar well diffusion (AWD) method. High levels of sen mL) showed zones of inhibition which ranged from 0.005 - aureus (17.0mm), Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species (16.0mm) 0.438cm against E. faecalis, 0.019 - 0.421cm against E. faecium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio species (13.0mm) were 0.011 - 0.455cm against S. aureus, 0.013 - 0.430cm against E. coli, demonstrated respectively [11]. and 0.025 - 0.485cm against K. pneumoniae respectively at 24hr Synergism with plant extract Synergistic effect has been shown by alum with various plant PPM alum solution as less than 1000 PPM alum or more [8]. Ad- incubation. These results corroborate previous reports of 100 extracts. A combination therapeutic strategy with aqueous extract ditionally, bactericidal effect of alum had been observed but the mechanism was not prominent. But it was postulations that it ef- fect was to reduction in acidity or deleterious effects on bacterial and alum (ALE+Alum) exhibited more beneficial antibacterial susceptibility of these pathogens to the combinations were much cell wall. Another study determined the antibacterial activities of activity on test bacteria than with methanolic (MLE+Alum). The Citation: Lawrence O Amadi. “A Review of Antimicrobial Properties of Alum and Sundry Applications". Acta Scientific Microbiology 3.4 (2020): 109-117. A Review of Antimicrobial Properties of Alum and Sundry Applications 111 more pronounced on the Gram negative bacteria thus, Pseudo- bacterial susceptibility found all isolates resistant to several an- monas aeruginosa (21mm) and Escherichia coli (20mm) than on Gram positive, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis (19mm) alum, inhibitory effect was highest on E. coli and C. albicans (resis- tibiotics tested and considered multi-drug resistant (MDR). With respectively
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mineral Processing
    Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Resistance Table Chemical Resistance
    CHEMICAL RESISTANCE TABLE CHEMICAL RESISTANCE CHEMICAL RESISTANCE TABLE The following abbreviations are used for concentrations in some cases where a specific numeric value is not given. The following table gives qualitative information as to the resis- VL — aqueous solution, percentage of mass less tance of PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride), PP (polypropylene), and than 10% HDPE (high density polypropylene) to specific chemicals under various conditions. The values given correspond to the most L—aqueous solution, percentage of mass higher accurate information available from raw materials suppliers of than 10% the specific resins, based upon testing results and other rele- GL — aqueous solution, saturated at 68° F (20° C) vant literature. TR — minimum technically pure concentration It should be emphasized that this data has been compiled H—commercially available concentration for initial consultation purposes. The information is in no way intended to replace testing based on actual conditions. Also, The following footnotes are used in the body of the table: the user should contact a competent corrosion expert (certified 1. Penetration of HCI possible by NACE or with sufficient experience in these materials) to 2. Oxidizing verify any recommendation or to interpret the tables. Further- 3. Penetration of HF possible more, any special or unusual factors, including the length of time or level of stress in the system, should be taken into con- 4. Medium might cause stress cracking sideration. In all circumstances, the Engineering Department 5. Penetration of HBr possible of Asahi/America, Inc. should be consulted to review and verify E final recommendations. The following symbols are used in the table: ––––––––––– RESISTANT SYMBOL Precautionary Note: On the basis of the data, little or no effect on the Mixed use applications in recirculating domestic hot material has been evident within the given range may contain copper components of pressure and temperature limits.
    [Show full text]
  • PSC Technical Advisory Panel Report.Pdf
    National Organic Standards Board Technical Advisory Panel Review compiled by University of California Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program (UC SAREP) for the USDA National Organic Program Potassium Sulfate for use in crop production Executive Summary1 The following petition is under consideration with respect to NOP regulations subpart G, governing the inclusion of substances on the National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances: Petitioned: Addition of potassium sulfate to section 205.601(j), “Synthetic substances allowed for use in organic crop production as plant or soil amendments.” Potassium sulfate is a source of highly soluble potassium, and has the additional benefit of supplying sulfur. It is used in agricultural production systems where potassium is a limiting nutrient and also as a substitute for potassium chloride on chloride- sensitive crops. The NOP has no prior ruling on the use of the substance. The nature of the petitioned substance is highly debatable. Naturally occurring potassium sulfate is not subject to the TAP review process because “naturally-occurring” substances are implicitly allowed for use in organics. The intended sourcing of the petitioned form of potassium sulfate, however, brings into question the interpretive distinctions between a “synthetic” and a “non-synthetic” under organic law. According to the petitioner, the product “should not be treated differently than product produced from natural brines” since it is produced from naturally occurring minerals. The crux of the decision to grant the petition rests on how one chooses to interpret this equivalency claim. All TAP reviewers agreed that the petitioned substance should be considered synthetic. In general, the reviewers also agreed that it should be restricted as a soil adjuvant.
    [Show full text]
  • Crystal Growing Competitions a Guideline for New Organizers
    Crystal growing competitions a guideline for new organizers A major objective of the International Year of Crystallography is the establishment of a vibrant worldwide network of schools participating in crystal-growing experiments and taking part in national and regional competitions, to introduce students to the exciting, challenging and sometimes frustrating world of growing crystals. To celebrate this initiative, there will be a worldwide competition in 2014, open to all schoolchildren (whether involved in a national competition or not). The winners, will be those who most successfully convey their experiences to the panel of judges through videos, diaries, essays, soundscapes and other media. In this brochure we provide information to teachers and to schools or other organizations who want to join in this exciting venture. For newcomers, the easiest way will be to contact existing national competitions (we provide a list of current ones and an opportunity for new national initiatives to register their interest and involvement). We also provide some basic tips on how to get started with basic crystal-growing experiments. 2 1. Scenario for a successful competition For many years crystal growing competitions have been run successfully in a number of countries. With the help of the IUCr the organizers of these competitions want to share their experience with future organizers. The IYCr in 2014 provides perfect timing to start a new competition in your region or country. We present you with a scenario to do this and offer support in case of questions. Things to decide before... who can participate (age limit? different categories? regional or national) how to register material to crystallize (sponsoring? how delivered? safety) time period (depending on the school year) judging on single crystal quality only, or together with other items (poster, log book, ...) and who will do the judging? The ideal timeline Start your registration early enough, preferably done by the teacher with a electronic registration module.
    [Show full text]
  • Italian Type Minerals / Marco E
    THE AUTHORS This book describes one by one all the 264 mi- neral species first discovered in Italy, from 1546 Marco E. Ciriotti was born in Calosso (Asti) in 1945. up to the end of 2008. Moreover, 28 minerals He is an amateur mineralogist-crystallographer, a discovered elsewhere and named after Italian “grouper”, and a systematic collector. He gradua- individuals and institutions are included in a pa- ted in Natural Sciences but pursued his career in the rallel section. Both chapters are alphabetically industrial business until 2000 when, being General TALIAN YPE INERALS I T M arranged. The two catalogues are preceded by Manager, he retired. Then time had come to finally devote himself to his a short presentation which includes some bits of main interest and passion: mineral collecting and information about how the volume is organized related studies. He was the promoter and is now the and subdivided, besides providing some other President of the AMI (Italian Micromineralogical As- more general news. For each mineral all basic sociation), Associate Editor of Micro (the AMI maga- data (chemical formula, space group symmetry, zine), and fellow of many organizations and mine- type locality, general appearance of the species, ralogical associations. He is the author of papers on main geologic occurrences, curiosities, referen- topological, structural and general mineralogy, and of a mineral classification. He was awarded the “Mi- ces, etc.) are included in a full page, together cromounters’ Hall of Fame” 2008 prize. Etymology, with one or more high quality colour photogra- geoanthropology, music, and modern ballet are his phs from both private and museum collections, other keen interests.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Resistance Guide EPOXY REPAIR PASTE
    CHEMICAL RESISTANCE GUIDE PROLOGUE Many chemicals, dilutions and solutions that exist in an agricultural, pharmaceutical or industrial environments are alphabetically presented in the following chart. The chemical resistance characteristics has either been derived from laboratory testing (at standard conditions of 77 ±2 °F (25 ±1.1 °C) and 50% relative humidity, in-service/actual field experience or by rating the chemical according to known physical properties or characteristics. Service conditions may be complicated or complex due to a variety of effluent or chemical mixtures at undisclosed concentrations with temperature fluctuations and other unknown or unanticipated conditions at various dwell times that may exist episodically at the specific job site. Applying a test patch or patches prior to choosing & installing a system is always advisable. After the test patches are fully cured, expose them to the anticipated service conditions whether actual or simulated. Test patches will help determine the suitability of your product selection as to the specific service needs and may potentially establish any required cleaning, recoating and/or repair regimen. The system rates the product’s integrity and does not account for weathering resistance, staining or gloss loss. RATING SYSTEM & KEY A = Long term immersion - suggested for continuous exposure to this chemical - life expectancy may vary B = Short term immersion - suggested for exposure not to exceed 72 hours C = Long term splash & spill - suggested for exposure times < 8-10 hour work shift before removal D = Short term exposure splash spill - suggested for exposure times < 1 hour X = Not suggested for exposure to this chemical CHEMICAL EXPOSURE REAGENTS ADHESIVES TECHNOLOGY CORP.
    [Show full text]
  • Position Paper on the Use of Potassium Alum in Organic Banana Production
    Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau (FiBL) December 2014 Frick, Schweiz page 1 Position paper on the use of potassium alum in organic banana production Characterization of potassium alum ‘Potassium alum‘ or ‘potash alum‘ are common names for potassium aluminium sulfate. It is commonly found in the hydrate form. Its chemical formula is KAl(SO4)2 · 12(H2O); the CAS number is 7784-24-9. Potassium alum is a naturally occurring sulfate mineral. It is highly soluble in water. Use of potassium alum in banana production Bananas grow in bunches (‘banana stems’), which comprise 3 – 20 tiers (‘hands’), each of which consists of 10 – 20 banana fruits (‘fingers’). For harvesting, the entire bunch is cut off the plant. Then, the bunch is divided into small clusters of fruit (’dehanded’), to facilitate cleaning. Latex will exudate from the wounds where the clusters were cut. If it is allowed to dry on the fruit, it will form dark stains, which give the fruits an unattractive appearance. To prevent this, the clusters are washed in ‘delatexing baths‘. It is generally recommended to add potassium alum to the delatexing baths (Yañez et al., 2004; Anyasi et al., 2013; Gutierrez Gonzales, 2013). This helps remove the latex (Yañez et al., 2004; Anyasi et al., 2013), controls pathogens in the wash water (Anyasi et al., 2013; Gutierrez Gonzales, 2013) and promotes the proper healing of the cutting wound (Yañez et al., 2004; Gutierrez Gonzales, 2013). Proper healing of the wound is important to prevent crown rot. Crown rot is a disease complex caused by several fungi, sometimes in association with bacteria (Hailu et al., 2013).
    [Show full text]
  • General Index
    PLU – POS GENERAL INDEX PÄÄKKÖNENITE PALERMOITE “PARABOLEITE” Czech Republic (formerly Czechoslovakia) United States Intermediate between boleite and pseudoboleite; Príbram (minute fibers) 25:386p,h Maine not valid species PABSTITE Mt. Mica 16:(372) Mineralogy of the boleite group; numerous world New Hampshire localities 5:286h United States North Groton, Grafton County (micro pris- PARABUTLERITE California matic) 3:280n Chile Kalkar quarry, Santa Cruz County (fl. bluish Palermo #1 mine: 4:232, 5:278, 9:(113); 17: 9: white) 325p prismatic to 5 mm 4:126 Chuquicamata 329d,c Santa Cruz County 9:(113) PARACELSIAN PALLADIUM PACHNOLITE Wales Brazil Greenland Gwynedd Minas Gerais Ivigtut: 2:27–28p; crystals to 4.5 cm 24:G33p, Bennallt mine 8:(390), 20:395 Córrego Bom Sucesso, near Serro (palladian 24:G34–35d,h,c; world’s best specimen platinum; dendritic, botyroidal, plumose) PARADAMITE 18:357 23:471–474p,q Norway Mexico Zaire Gjerdingen, Nordmarka region 11:85–86p Durango Shinkolobwe mine 20:(276) Ojuela mine 15:113p PAINITE PALLADOARSENIDE Namibia Burma Russia (formerly USSR) Tsumeb 13:142–143p 20: Mogok 341q Talnakh deposit, Siberia (auriferous) 13:(398) PARADOCRASITE PAKISTAN PALLADSEITE Australia Alchuri, Shigar Valley, north of Skardu, Gilgit Brazil New South Wales 24: 24: 24: 25: 19: Division 52s, 219s, 230s, 57s Minas Gerais Broken Hill (424) 24: Apaligun, above Nyet, Baltistan 52s Itabira (announced; grains) 9:40h,q PARAGONITE Bulbin, Wazarat district, Northern Areas 25:218s United States Bulechi pegamites, Shingus area, Gilgit Division PALYGORSKITE Georgia 16:395m, 16:396–398 Australia Graves Mountain (some muscovite id as) Chumar, Bakhoor Nala, above Sumayar village, Queensland 16:451 Nagar 24:52s Mt.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Health Risk Assessment for Aluminium, Aluminium Oxide, and Aluminium Hydroxide
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Publications Pharmaceutical Sciences 2007 Human Health Risk Assessment for Aluminium, Aluminium Oxide, and Aluminium Hydroxide Daniel Krewski University of Ottawa, Canada Robert A. Yokel University of Kentucky, [email protected] Evert Nieboer McMaster University, Canada David Borchelt University of Florida See next page for additional authors Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ps_facpub Part of the Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Commons Authors Daniel Krewski, Robert A. Yokel, Evert Nieboer, David Borchelt, Joshua Cohen, Jean Harry, Sam Kacew, Joan Lindsay, Amal M. Mahfouz, and Virginie Rondeau Human Health Risk Assessment for Aluminium, Aluminium Oxide, and Aluminium Hydroxide Notes/Citation Information Published in the Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B: Critical Reviews, v. 10, supplement 1, p. 1-269. This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B: Critical Reviews on April 7, 2011, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/10937400701597766. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC The copyright holders have granted the permission for posting the article here. Digital Object Identifier (DOI) http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10937400701597766 This article is available at UKnowledge: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ps_facpub/57 This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B: Critical Reviews on April 7, 2011, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/10937 400701597766.
    [Show full text]
  • Crystal-Growing Competition
    Crystal-growing competition for UNESCO Associated Schools A major objective of the International Year of Crystallography is the establishment of a vibrant worldwide network of schools participating in crystal-growing experiments and taking part in national and regional competitions, to introduce students to the exciting, challenging and sometimes frustrating world of growing crystals. More information about the International Year of Crystallography is available at www.iycr2014.org. To celebrate this initiative, the International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) organizes a worldwide competition in 2014, open to all schoolchildren (whether involved in a national competition or not). The winners, will be those who most successfully convey their experiences to the panel of judges through videos or essays. More information about this competition is available at www.iycr2014.org/participate/crystal-growing-competition. At the same time the International Union of Crystallography organizes together with UNESCO a special crystal growing competition for selected schools belonging to the UNESCO Associated Schools network. Selected schools receive a starters kit containing some documentation and 1 kg alum, the material to crystallize during this competition. In this brochure we provide information to teachers and schools who participate in this exciting venture. Good luck with the crystallization experiments! Jean-Paul Ngome Abiaga, Luc Van Meervelt, Michele Zema 2 1. Welcome to the IUCr-UNESCO crystal- growing competition! For many years crystal growing competitions have been run successfully in a number of countries. The International Year of Crystallography in 2014 provides perfect timing to start new competitions worldwide. For a number of selected UNESCO Associated Schools the International Union of Crystallography and UNESCO have developed a starters kit containing a brochure, labels, a materials data safety sheet (MSDS) and one kilogram alum or potassium aluminum sulfate, the compound to crystallize during this competition.
    [Show full text]
  • Constipation
    CONSTIPATION- magnesium carbonate, magnesium chloride, aesculus hippocastanum, flos, potassium alum, aluminum oxide, bryonia alba root, strychnos nux-vomica seed, silicon dioxide liquid Natural Creations, Inc. Disclaimer: This homeopathic product has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration for safety or efficacy. FDA is not aware of scientific evidence to support homeopathy as effective. ---------- CONSTIPATION ACTIVE INGREDIENTS (HPUS*): Magnesium Carbonicum 3X, Magnesium Muriaticum 3X, Aesculus Hippocastanum 12X, Alumen 12X, Alumina 12X, Bryonia Alba 12X, Nux Vomica 12X, Silicea 12X USES: Temporarily relieves great straining, large, dry, hard, knotty stools, &/or other symptoms of constipation. KEEP OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN. In case of overdose (or accidental ingestion) get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center. USES: Temporarily relieves great straining, large, dry, hard, knotty stools, &/or other symptoms of constipation. WARNING: Consult a physician for use in children under 12 years of age. IF PREGNANT OR BREAST- FEEDING, ask a health professional before use. KEEP OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN. In case of overdose (or accidental ingestion) get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center right away. DIRECTIONS: Adults & children above 12 years: 10 drops orally 3 times daily, or as directed by a health care professional. INACTIVE INGREDIENTS: Purified Water, USP Ethanol Alcohol 20% NDC: 43406-0070-1 CONSTIPATION Constipation HOMEOPATHIC 1 fl oz (30 mL) / 20% Alcohol UPC: 877730001030 CONSTIPATION magnesium
    [Show full text]
  • Crystals - a Handbook for School Teachers
    CRYSTALS - A HANDBOOK FOR SCHOOL TEACHERS Elizabeth A. Wood, 1972 Written for the Commission on Crystallographic Teaching of the International Union of Crystallography Copyright c 1972, 2002 International Union of Crystallography This electronic edition may be freely copied and redistributed for educational or research purposes only. It may not be sold for profit nor incorporated in any product sold for profit without the express permission of The Executive Secretary, International Union of Crystallography, 2 Abbey Square, Chester CH1 2HU, UK Copyright in this electronic edition (c) 2002 International Union of Crystallography 2 CONTENTS Contents I Preface to the 2002 Edition 4 II Introduction 5 IIIEquipment and Materials 9 IV Crystals in Classroom and Home 10 A Growing Crystals from Solution ................. 10 1 Salt (table salt, sodium chloride, NaCl) ........ 10 2 Borax (Na2B4O7.10H2O) in water ........... 15 3 Sugar (sucrose or saccharose, C12H22O11) in water .. 17 4 Alum [ammonium alum, NH4Al(SO4)2.12H2O or potas- sium alum, KAl(SO4)2.12H2O] in water ........ 18 5 Copper sulfate (blue vitriol, CuSO4.5H2O) in water . 19 6 Epsom Salt (MgSO4.7H2O) in water ......... 20 7 What else? ........................ 22 B Crystals from the Melt ...................... 22 1 Ice (solid water, H2O) .................. 22 2 Salol (phenyl salicylate, HOC6H4COOC6H5) ..... 25 3 Bismuth (metallic element, Bi) ............. 27 C Crystals from the Vapor ..................... 28 1 Ice ............................. 28 2 Naphthalene (moth flakes, C10H8) ........... 29 D Experiments with Polarized Light ................ 30 1 The Nature of Polarized Light and the Means for Pro- ducing It ......................... 30 2 Crystals between Crossed Polarizers .......... 31 3 Ice and mica ....................... 33 4 Sugar solutions ...................... 33 V Crystals Outside of Home and Classroom 34 A In Museums ...........................
    [Show full text]