DOCSLIB.ORG

Legislation and Bodies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Legislation and Bodies CONEIXEMENT I SOCIETAT 09 ARTICLES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS: LEGISLATION AND BODIES Carles Perelló* and Mariona Riera** Individual countries need to exercise care in relation to their policies for fostering science and innovation, so as to avoid situations of technological dependence and, in turn, political and economic dependence. Countries with a greater legislative tradition tend to pass specific laws that regulate both knowledge acquisition at schools/ uni- versities and scientific/technological research, as also laws to foster the application of knowledge in the pro- ductive sector. However, in other countries, and even though there may be legislation governing specific policy areas, the system is allowed to develop more freely, generally on the basis of recommendations issued by a ran- ge of agencies, councils and other institutions. This article describes the most salient features of a range of sys- tems for fostering science and technology implemented in a number of countries. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Science and technology systems 3. Legislation and bodies for international organisations and in selected countries 3.1. International organisations 3.2. European countries 3.3. Other countries 3.4. The situation in Catalonia * Carles Perelló is professor emeritus at the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB) and an adviser to the Catalan Minister of Universities, Re- search and the Information Society. ** Mariona Riera is an economist and a member of the Technical Bureau of the Catalan Ministry of Universities, Research and the Information So- ciety. 60 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS: LEGISLATION AND BODIES 1. Introduction includes a series of elements that are common to all countries, namely, laws, regulations and re- The progress of science –that is to say, the ratio- commendations intended to stimulate and chan- nal explanation of how things in our surroundings nel scientific and technological activity for the be- work– in addition to resolving mysteries, forms nefit of society. It can be observed that without the basis for technological development. the need for any covenants or agreements, all de- veloped societies have produced similar educa- Individual countries, however, need to exercise tion, production, market and value systems. care in relation to their policies for fostering scien- ce and innovation, so as to avoid situations of That said, some differences remain in regard to technological dependence and, in turn, political how research and technological innovation is fos- and economic dependence. Aware of this cir- tered in different countries. Countries with a gre- cumstance, individual countries endeavour to fos- ater legislative tradition tend to pass specific laws ter the generation of knowledge and the applica- that regulate both knowledge acquisition at scho- tion of science and technology through educational ols and universities and scientific/technological systems, scientific and technological research, research, as also laws to foster the application of and the application of knowledge to competitive knowledge in the productive sector. However, in production. other countries, and even though there may be legislation governing specific policy areas, the sys- Despite the diversity of nations, however, there is tem is allowed to develop more freely, generally a high degree of conformity in matters of educa- on the basis of recommendations issued by a ran- tion and knowledge generation in general. Basic ge of agencies, councils and other institutions. studies and university systems around the world are quite similar, even though authorities and le- gislators have not come to any explicit agreement in regard to these knowledge systems. An engi- All developed societies have produced si- neer or scientist receives essentially the same kind milar education, production, market and va- of training at universities and technical colleges lue systems. the world over. This is a form of coherent beha- viour that has developed, in an ad hoc manner, as a result of adherence to an initial core system, as invariably happens when a trend is universally adopted. 2. Science and technology systems This coherence is also evident in the diverse ways that individual nations foster scientific and tech- Science and technology systems are extremely nological development. In most of the cases exa- complex, and it is necessary to distinguish be- mined in this article, the organisation of systems tween different territorial levels and perspectives. 61 CONEIXEMENT I SOCIETAT 09 ARTICLES The supreme level is a global one, represented by The structures by means of which scientific and organisations such as the European Union or the technological development is fostered in most British Commonwealth, for example, and by in- countries generally include 5 elements, described ternational agreements and conventions regula- immediately below. ting patents, the exchange of knowledge (betwe- en universities and other research centres, for A general council for science and technology: example), etc. This, described using a range of different names, is usually a government body that authorises po- Individual states structure their science and licies in the area of science and technology. Such technology infrastructures, through legislation, councils are usually composed of government plans and recommendations, and by the crea- members, particularly ministers holding portfolios tion and funding of institutions and centres de- of relevance. This is the case, for example, in the dicated to the development of science and tech- following countries: nology. - Spain: the Consejo General de la Ciencia y la Some states delegate part of their responsibility Tecnología.1 for scientific and technological development to au- - Italy: the Consigli Scientifici Nazionali and As- tonomous bodies, which may be territorial or re- semblea della Scienza e della Tecnologia.2 gional entities. This is the case of the United King- - France: the Conseil National de la Science3 (ad- dom, Belgium, Germany, Spain, among others, visory functions). where a large proportion of control over educatio- - Switzerland: the Schweizerischer Wissenschafts- nal and research systems has been transferred to und Technologierat4 (advisory functions). the governments of autonomous communities or - Argentina: the Consejo Federal de Ciencia y regions or to federal states. Tecnología.5 - Mexico: the Consejo General de Investigación The range of functions shared out among the dif- Científica y Desarrollo Tecnológico.6 ferent sectors of government and society include approval for general strategy, the preparation of An advisory council: This is responsible for mak- proposals and plans, research coordination and ing recommendations to the government, gene- funding, and the fostering of technological inno- rally through a general council for science and tech- vation. nology or similar body. Some examples include: 1 Ley 13/1986, de 14 de abril de 1986, de Fomento y Coordinación General de la Investigación Científica y Técnica. art. 12. Available (in Spanish) from: http://www.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/l13-1986.html. Note that all URLs mentioned in this paper were confirmed as available betwe- en the 15th and 30th of September, 2005. 2 Decreto legislativo 5 giugno 1998, n. 204 (Disposizioni per il coordinamento, la programmazione e la valutazione della politica nazionale relativa alla ricerca scientifica e tecnologica, a norma dell’ articolo 11, comma 1, lettera d), della legge 15 marzo 1997, n. 59.). Available (in Italian) from: http://www.murst.it/iniziati/1998/dlgsric2.htm. 3 Décret nº 98-938 du 20 octobre 1998 portant création du Conseil national de la science. Available (in French) from: http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/ WAspad/UnTexteDeJorf?numjo=MENG9802603D. 4 Website (in German, French and English): http://www.swtr.ch/swtr_fr/swtr.htm. 5 Decreto 1113/97. Available (in Spanish) from: http://www.cofecyt.secyt.gov.ar/normativa.htm. 6 Ley de Ciencia y Tecnología, texto vigente, última reforma publicada en el DOF 01-09-2004. cap. 2. Available (in Spanish) from: http://www. cddhcu.gob.mx/leyinfo/pdf/242.pdf. 62 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS: LEGISLATION AND BODIES - Spain: the Consejo Asesor para la Ciencia y la - Spain: the Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia Tecnología.7 y Tecnología.14 - Scotland: the Scottish Science Advisory Com- - Argentina: the Consejo Interinstitucional de Cien- mittee.8 cia y Tecnología.15 - France: the previously mentioned Conseil Na- tional de la Science9 (advisory functions). A research and innovation plan: Generally plu- - Italy: the Comitato di Esperti per la Politica del- riannual, this sets priorities, proposes actions and la Ricerca.10 offers public funding. Among those currently in for- - Argentina: the Comisión Asesora del Plan Na- ce or about to enter into force, we can mention: cional Plurianual de Ciencia y Tecnología.11 - Mexico: the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tec- - Europe: the 6th and 7th Framework Program- nología.12 mes.16 - Switzerland: the previously mentioned Schwei- - Catalonia: the Pla de Recerca i Innovació de zerischer Wissenschafts- und Technologierat. Catalunya.17 - Spain: the Plan Nacional de Investigación Cien- An inter-ministerial science and technology tífica, Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica.18 committee: This has the task of coordinating - Italy: the Programma Nazionale per la Ricerca.19 the different agents in the science and techno- - Switzerland: a pluriannual programme (Mehr- logy system and proposing research
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Memoria03-04 V.Angles
    Universitat Oberta de Catalunya Academic Year 2003-2004 Annual Report The organic growth of the UOC is constant and sustained. In the 2003-2004 course, the number of enrolled students increased by 16%. Two milestones of this academic year also characterise a commitment to research – the new IN3 Building at the Parc Mediterrani de la Tecnologia, in Castelldefels (Barcelona), and the presentation and publication of the results of the first phase of the Catalonia Internet Project (Projecte Internet Catalunya, PIC). IN3 Building Within the sphere of internationalisation, the first edition of the international Parc Mediterrani de la Tecnologia Castelldefels seminar organised by the UNESCO Chair: Leading the University in the Knowledge Society, and the creation of a stable operational base in Mexico DF have marked the course of the academic year 2003-2004. Growth of the Recognised Degrees Offer at the Main Campus and at the Latin American Campus 18 17* 16* 16 14 13* 12** 12 10* 10** 10 9* 8* 8** 8 6* 6** 6 4* 4 2* 2 0 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 * Main Campus ** Latin American Campus Contents Evolution of the Number of UOC Students The UOC in Figures 2003-2004 5 Presentation 35000 Recognised Degrees, Main Campus 17 7 UOC 32,246 30000 Recognised Degrees, Latin American 7 Governing Bodies Campus 12 9 Organisational Structure Own Degrees 1 25000 12 Strategic Alliances Postgraduate Programmes 158 13 International Scope Students* 32,246 14 Business Initiatives: UOC Group 20000 UOC’s Teaching Staff 128 Tutors 1,174 17 Activity 15000 Counsellors 332 17 Training Subjects Offered* 1,584 17 - Introduction 10000 Graduates with Recognised Degrees 2,836 18 - “First Cycle Studies; First-and-Second Cycle Graduates with Master’s and Studies; Second Cycle Studies; Own Degrees” Postgraduate Degrees 2,197 24 - Doctoral Programme on the Information 5000 Diplomas in Advanced Studies 109 and Knowledge Society 200 Management Team 337 26 - Postgraduate Education 0 * Main Campus and Latin American Campus.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Government Factsheet Spain
    Digital Public Administration factsheet 2020 Spain ISA2 Digital Public Administration Factsheets - Spain Table of Contents 1 Country Profile ............................................................................................. 3 2 Digital Government Highlights ....................................................................... 8 3 Digital Government Political Communications .................................................11 4 Digital Government Legislation .....................................................................17 5 Digital Government Governance....................................................................23 6 Digital Government Infrastructure .................................................................34 7 Digital Government Services for Citizens and Businesses ................................44 2 Digital Public Administration Factsheets - Spain Country 1 Profile 3 Digital Public Administration Factsheets - Spain 1 Country Profile 1.1 Basic data Population: 46 937 060 (2019) GDP at market prices: 1 245 331 million EUR (2019) GDP per inhabitant in PPS (Purchasing Power Standard EU 27=100): 91 (2019) GDP growth rate: 2.0% (2019) Inflation rate: 0.8% (2019) Unemployment rate: 14.1% (2019) General government gross debt (Percentage of GDP): 95.5 (2019) General government deficit/surplus (Percentage of GDP): -2.8 (2019) Area: 505990 km2 Capital city: Madrid Official EU language: Spanish Currency: Euro Source: Eurostat (last update: 26 June 2020) 4 Digital Public Administration Factsheets - Spain 1.2 Digital
    [Show full text]
  • The European Recovery Plan: the Figures for Spain
    ARI 35/2021 (English version) 22 March 2021 The European Recovery Plan: the figures for Spain Enrique Feás | Senior Research Fellow, Elcano Royal Institute, and State Economist and Trade Expert (Técnico Comercial y Economista del Estado) | @EnriqueFeas Federico Steinberg | Senior Analyst, Elcano Royal Institute, and Lecturer in Political Economy at Madrid’s Universidad Autónoma | @steinbergf Theme The shape of the European Recovery Fund is becoming clearer. This analysis looks at the figures for Spain. Summary The European Recovery Fund, in combination with the other European initiatives to respond to the economic crisis caused by COVID-19, will see almost €2 trillion of investment in Europe over the coming years. Spain is set to receive around €200 billion of this sum, with around €150 billion coming from the Recovery Fund and over €80 billion in transfers. This paper examines these figures in detail. Analysis (1) Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound economic impact throughout Europe. Against a backdrop of extremely challenging circumstances and faced with fears of a collapse of the single market and the appearance of major divergences between northern and southern Member States, last summer the EU approved an unprecedented fiscal response to the crisis. At the heart of the response lies its most innovative element: the Next Generation EU (NGEU) programme, better known as the Recovery Fund. The programme complements the bold steps taken by the European Central Bank (ECB) to maintain liquidity and avert a sovereign debt crisis, new credit lines approved by the European Stability Mechanism and the European Investment Bank, the Support to mitigate Unemployment Risks in an Emergency (SURE) scheme by the European Commission, and the approval of the Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) for 2021- 27.
    [Show full text]
  • Maquetación 1
    R&D AND INNOVATION IN SPAIN: IMPROVING THE POLICY MIX EDITA Fundación Española para la Ciencia y la Tecnología (FECYT) © OECD, 2007 MAQUETACIÓN Jorge del Barrio IMPRIME Lettergraf DEPÓSITO LEGAL M-25962-2007 FECHA DE PUBLICACIÓN 15 de Mayo de 2007 La traducción de este documento se ha realizado bajo la responsabilidad de la FECYT. FOREWORD This peer review of Spain’s “policy mix for R&D and innovation” is the second such review carried out by the OECD Working Party on Innovation and Technology Policy (TIP) as part of its effort to assess the policy mix for research and innovation policies. This review, requested by the Spanish authorities, complements the larger OECD country reviews of innovation policy underway in the TIP’s mother committee, the Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy (CSTP) as well as the recent OECD Economic Survey of Spain 2006 which contained a special chapter on innovation. The report reflects the findings that emerged from meetings in Madrid between an international panel of experts and the key stakeholders in the areas of R&D and innovation policy on 6-9 November 2006. It also draws on and reflects the input from a background paper commissioned by the Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology (FECYT), on behalf of the Spanish government. The background paper is attached as an annex to the main report. A first draft of this report was discussed at a meeting of OECD’s Working Party on Technology and Innovation Policy at The Hague, the Netherlands in December 2006 and was subsequently reviewed by policy makers and other stakeholders in Madrid on 22 January 2007.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Promoting University-Industry in Sri LankaPromoting Collaboration Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Human Development Larsen, Bandara, Esham, and Unantenne Larsen, Bandara, Promoting University-Industry Public Disclosure Authorized Collaboration in Sri Lanka Status, Case Studies, and Policy Options Kurt Larsen, Deepthi C. Bandara, Mohamed Esham, and Ranmini Unantenne Public Disclosure Authorized Promoting University-Industry Collaboration in Sri Lanka DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Human Development Promoting University-Industry Collaboration in Sri Lanka Status, Case Studies, and Policy Options Kurt Larsen, Deepthi C. Bandara, Mohamed Esham, and Ranmini Unantenne © 2016 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 19 18 17 16 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpreta- tions, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo.
    [Show full text]
  • Office of the European Union to Hong Kong and Macao 19/F, St
    Office of the European Union to Hong Kong and Macao 19/F, St. John’s Building, 33 Garden Road, Central, Hong Kong Tel: (+852) 2537 6083 | Fax: (+852) 2522 1302 Office of the European Union E-mail: [email protected] | www.delhkg.ec.europa.eu/en to Hong Kong and Macao The European Union: 28 countries*, unlimited resources and opportunities for you! Austria Germany Poland Population: 8.4 million Population: 81.8 million Population: 38.5 million Capital: Vienna Capital: Berlin Capital: Warsaw www.austria.gv.at www.deutschland.de www.poland.pl Belgium Greece Portugal Population: 11 million Population: 11.2 million Population: 10.5 million Capital: Brussels Capital: Athens Capital: Lisbon www.belgium.be www.mfa.gr www.portugal.gov.pt Bulgaria Hungary Romania Population: 7.3 million Population: 9.9 million Population: 21.3 million Capital: Sofia Capital: Budapest Capital: Bucharest www.government.bg www.ekormanyzat.hu www.guv.ro Croatia* Italy Slovakia Population 4.3 million Population: 59.48 million Population: 5.4 million Capital: Zagreb Capital: Rome Capital: Bratislava www.vlada.hr/en www.esteri.it www.foreign.gov.sk Cyprus Ireland Slovenia Population: 0.8 million Population: 4.5 million Population: 2 million Capital: Nicosia Capital: Dublin Capital: Ljubljana www.moi.gov.cy/pio www.irlgov.ie http://e-uprava.gov.si/e-uprava/en/portal.euprava NETHERLANDS Czech Republic Latvia Spain Population: 10.5 million Population: 2 million Population: 46.1 million BELGIUM Capital: Prague Capital: Riga Capital: Madrid www.czech.cz www.mk.gov.lv
    [Show full text]
  • University Development Co-Operation Models of Good Practice
    Pablo Beneitone, Susan Höivik, Nadia Molenaers, Andreas Obrecht, Robrecht Renard University Development Co-operation Models of Good Practice HumanitarianNet Thematic Network on Humanitarian Development Studies University Development Co-operation Models of Good Practice University Development Co-operation Models of Good Practice Edited by Pablo Beneitone Susan Höivik Nadia Molenaers Andreas Obrecht Robrecht Renard Series technical editor Almudena Garrido 2003 University of Deusto Bilbao We would like to thank Julia Gonzalez, Coordinator of HumanitarianNet, for her overall vision of the project, and Robert Alcock for proofreading the book. The editors No part of this publication, including the cover design, may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by and means, whether electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical, recording or photocopying, without prior permission or the publisher. Publication printed on ecological paper Illustration of front page: Xabi Otero © Universidad de Deusto Apartado 1 - 48080 Bilbao I.S.B.N.: 978-84-9830-510-4 Contents Introduction: Some ideas about University Development Co-operation Pablo Beneitone (University of Deusto) . 9 Models of Good Practice of International Co-operation - Austria Margit Franz (Johannes Kepler University Linz) . 17 Intitutional University Co-operation in Flanders. Nothern Principles versus Southern Realities. Nadia Molenaers and Robrecht Renard (University of Antwerp) . 35 Finland Reijo Keurulainen (University of Jyäskylä) . 55 International Co-operation in the French University System Bernard Guesnier (University of Poitiers) . 67 University Development Cooperation in Germany Wilhelm Löewenstein (Ruhr-Universität Bochum) . 81 Italy Gianni Vaggi (University of Pavia), Costanza Ventura and Maura Vie- zzoli (CISP) . 91 Models of good practice of international co-operation. The case of Norway Odd Inge Steen (University of Bergen) .
    [Show full text]
  • Spanish Science, Technology and Innovation Strategy 2021-2027
    EECTI Spanish Science, Technology and Innovation Strategy 2021-2027 SPANISH SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION STRATEGY 2021-2027 Publication included in the publishing program of the Ministry of Science and Innovation. General catalogue of official publications https://cpage.mpr.gob.es The General Secretariat for Research is responsible for this publication. The Secretary General acknowledges the work of the Secretary General for Innovation, the Directorate General for Research Planning and the Technical Office of the Secretary General for Research in the preparation, coordination, and review of this document. Edited by: Technical General Secretariat of the Ministry of Science and Innovation. Design and layout: FECYT – Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology. e-NIPO: 83120021X Cover Icons: Adobe Stock This license allows third parties to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes and only so long as attribution is given to the creator. If you remix, adapt, or build upon the material, you must license the modified material under identical terms. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode.es SPANISH SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION STRATEGY 2021-2027 SPANISH SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION STRATEGY 2021-2027 PROLOGUE ............................................................................................ 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................ 5 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Com 322 1 Annex En.Pdf
    EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 16.6.2021 COM(2021) 322 final ANNEX ANNEX to the Proposal for a Council Implementing Decision on the approval of the assessment of the recovery and resilience plan for Spain {SWD(2021) 147 final} EN EN ANNEX SECTION 1: REFORMS AND INVESTMENTS UNDER THE RECOVERY AND RESILIENCE PLAN 1. Description of Reforms and Investments A. COMPONENT 01: SUSTAINABLE, SAFE AND CONNECTED MOBILITY SHOCK PLAN IN URBAN AND METROPOLITAN ENVIRONMENTS This component of the Spanish recovery and resilience plan addresses challenges concerning air quality, which mainly affect major metropolitan areas, and have led to more than 20 000 premature deaths in Spain in 2018. The overarching objective of the reforms and investments in this component is to transit towards a clean, safe and smart urban mobility. The specific objectives pursued by this component are the following: accelerate the implementation of low-emission zones in all municipalities with more than 50 000 inhabitants and the capitals of the provinces, and the penetration of electric mobility; promote active mobility, as well as other measures to help reduce the use of private cars; the digital and sustainable transformation of the public transport sector as a real alternative to the use of private vehicles; improving the quality and reliability of the short-distance railway services to increase its effective use in metropolitan environments, to the detriment of the private vehicle; optimising traffic management and facilitating decision making to promote cleaner mobility. The component addresses the Country Specific Recommendations on promoting public and private investment and fostering the green transition (Country Specific Recommendation 3 2020), promoting investments in innovation and in energy efficiency (Country Specific Recommendation 3 2019), as well as on strengthening cooperation across level of governments (Country Specific Recommendation 4 2019).
    [Show full text]
  • EUI Activity Report on 2020
    EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE EUI ACTIVITY REPORT 2020 Report on calendar year 2020 Published in May 2021 by the European University Institute © European University Institute, 2021 The European Commission supports the EUI through the European Union budget. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. CONTENTS Introduction ......................................................................... 5 Highlights from 2020 ........................................................... 6 EUI in Numbers ................................................................... 8 Training Early Stage Researchers .........................................10 Excellence in Research ........................................................ 13 Training of Current and Future Policy Makers ..................... 16 Engaging Globally .............................................................. 18 Support Services: Key Contributions .................................. 21 Budget Figures .................................................................... 23 Leadership, Faculty and Governance ................................. 27 Online Resources ................................................................ 32 INTRODUCTION The year 2020 was a year like no other for the Insti- strating an ability to formulate timely and informed tute. One key element in the EUI’s identity is its truly responses to pertinent and unexpected challenges unique international
    [Show full text]
  • Your Scholarship in Europe
    А COMPREHENSIVE GUIDEBOOK OF SCHOLARSHIPS PROVIDED BY THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS MEMBER STATES TO RUSSIAN STUDENTS YOUR SCHOLARSHIP IN EUROPE 2008-2009 To download this brochure electronically please go to the website of the Delegation of the Euro- pean Commission to Russia: http://www.delrus.ec.europa.eu/ For more information on the European Union educational policies and initiatives please see: http://www.ec.europa.eu/education/programmes/programmes_en.html Delegation of the European Commission to Russia 119017, Moscow, Kadashevskaya nab., 14/1 Tel.: +7 495 721 20 00 Fax: +7 495 721 20 20 e-mail: [email protected] Manuscript completed September 2007 © European Communities, 2007 Reproduction is authorised provided source is acknowledged Printed in Moscow А COMPREHENSIVE GUIDEBOOK OF SCHOLARSHIPS PROVIDED BY THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS MEMBER STATES TO RUSSIAN STUDENTS YOUR SCHOLARSHIP IN EUROPE 2008-2009 Your Scholarship in Europe 2008-2009 DEAR STUDENTS, I am pleased to draw your attention to the third edition of the Guidebook of scholarships. Here you will fi nd relevant information about scholarships funded by the European Union (EU) and its 27 Member States. These scholarships will offer you a great opportunity to continue your study in Europe, to meet new people and to learn new languages. The European Union is currently promoting mobility of students and academic staff in Rus- sia and worldwide through programmes such as Tempus, Erasmus Mundus and Erasmus Mundus External Cooperation Window. The EU funded programmes are additional to the EU Member States’ own scholarships pro- grammes. It is very important that this information has been gathered in one Guidebook: this makes it easier for you to choose the most appropriate scholarship programme.
    [Show full text]
  • Spain Your Partner in Europe
    Document's content 1 Spain: a highly internationalized economy 2 Global Market Access Business Climate 3 • Setting up a business • Infrastructure and Technology • Incentives and Taxes • Human capital: Productivity Skilled Labour Force Competitive Costs • Immigration • Quality of life: Expat setting up 4 Business Opportunities 5 ICEX / Invest in Spain 1. Spain: a highly internationalized economy GDP comparison of major economic regions, USD trillions WORLD: 87.55 EUROPE: 21.62 NORTH OCEANIA: 1.59 AMERICA: 24.53 ASIA AND PACIFIC: 32.04 Australia: Germany: 3.86 USA: 1.39 Japan: 21.43 France: UK: 5.01 Canada: Mexico: 2.72 2.83 MIDLE EAST 1.74 1.23 Korea: REGION: 2.99 Italy: Spain: 1.65 2.00 1.39 CENTRAL/SOUTH ASEAN-5: AMERICA: 5.13 2.73 AFRICA: 2.43 BRICS: 22.57 China: Brazil: 1.84 14.40 Russia: Sub Saharan 1.70 Africa region: 1.76 India: 2.87 Source: International Monetary Fund, 2020. Data Referred to 2019. 1. Spain: a highly internationalized economy Spain in the World GDP Trade in Goods Trade in Services Tourism 2019 data* FDI Stock GDP Population per capita $Billion $Billion Income $ Tourist Nº $Billion RK Country $Billion RK unit $ RK Millions RK Exports RK Imports RK Exports RK Imports RK Billions RK Millions RK Inward RK Outward 1 United States 20.932,8 5 63.416,0 3 330,1 2 1.431,6 1 2.407,5 1 705,6 1 460,3 1 214,1 3 79,3 1 10.802,6 1 8.128,5 2 China 14.722,8 63 10.483,9 1 1.404,3 1 2.591,1 2 2.055,8 4 280,6 2 381,1 11 35,8 4 65,7 4 1.918,8 3 2.351,8 3 Japan 5.048,7 23 40.146,1 11 125,8 5 641,4 5 634,5 10 160,3 7 184,5 7 46,1 11 32,2 28 243,0 5 1.982,1 4 Germany 3.803,0 16 45.732,8 19 83,2 3 1.380,0 3 1.170,8 3 310,7 3 308,8 9 41,6 9 39,6 10 1.059,3 6 1.977,2 5 United Kingdom 2.711,0 22 40.406,3 21 67,1 12 403,3 4 634,7 2 342,4 6 204,7 5 52,7 10 39,4 3 2.206,2 4 2.055,4 6 India 2.708,8 148 1.964,9 2 1.378,6 21 276,2 14 371,9 7 203,3 10 153,9 12 30,7 23 17,9 21 480,3 29 191,3 7 France 2.598,9 24 39.907,1 22 65,1 9 488,3 7 582,4 6 245,6 5 231,7 3 63,8 1 * n.a.
    [Show full text]