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Truth About Camps | W imię prawdy historycznej (en) https://en.truthaboutcamps.eu/thn/german-camps/15608,German-Camps-on-Occupied-Polish-Territories-during-1 9391945.html 2021-09-28, 09:03 German Camps on Occupied Polish Territories during 1939−1945 The First Camps With its invasion of Poland in September 1939, Nazi Germany planned to destroy not only the Polish state, but also the Polish nation. The Poles who acted for the benefit of Poland were to be murdered while the rest of the nation was to be turned into slaves. To execute the plan the occupier began to set up camps on Polish territory from the very beginning of the war. The first ones — the so-called provisional concentration camps — were established as early as October 1939. Arriving in Poland at that time, the German Security Police (Sicherheitsdienst, SD) opened such camps in Poznań (Konzentrationslager Posen — Fort VII) and in Łódź-Radogoszcz (Konzentrationslager Radogosch). The Poles detained there had organized or had been suspected of organizing Polish civilian resistance against the German invader. Almost simultaneously the German police was setting up camps for the detention of Poles: transit camps for Polish civilian prisoners of war and camps for the interned. Such camps were established for example in Inowrocław (Übergangslager in Hohensalza), Działdowo (Durchgangslager für polnische Zivilgefangene in Soldau), Gdynia (Internierungslager Gotenhafen), Gdańsk (Übergangslager Danzig-Victoria), Sztutowo (Zivilgefangenenlager Stutthof), and Bydgoszcz (Internierungslager Bromberg). Over 100,000 Poles were detained during the few months of the functioning of the three kinds of camps (provisional concentration camps, camps for Polish civilian POWs, and camps for the interned). -
On the Threshold of the Holocaust: Anti-Jewish Riots and Pogroms In
Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 11 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Szarota Tomasz On the Threshold of the Holocaust In the early months of the German occu- volume describes various characters On the Threshold pation during WWII, many of Europe’s and their stories, revealing some striking major cities witnessed anti-Jewish riots, similarities and telling differences, while anti-Semitic incidents, and even pogroms raising tantalising questions. of the Holocaust carried out by the local population. Who took part in these excesses, and what was their attitude towards the Germans? The Author Anti-Jewish Riots and Pogroms Were they guided or spontaneous? What Tomasz Szarota is Professor at the Insti- part did the Germans play in these events tute of History of the Polish Academy in Occupied Europe and how did they manipulate them for of Sciences and serves on the Advisory their own benefit? Delving into the source Board of the Museum of the Second Warsaw – Paris – The Hague – material for Warsaw, Paris, The Hague, World War in Gda´nsk. His special interest Amsterdam, Antwerp, and Kaunas, this comprises WWII, Nazi-occupied Poland, Amsterdam – Antwerp – Kaunas study is the first to take a comparative the resistance movement, and life in look at these questions. Looking closely Warsaw and other European cities under at events many would like to forget, the the German occupation. On the the Threshold of Holocaust ISBN 978-3-631-64048-7 GEP 11_264048_Szarota_AK_A5HC PLE edition new.indd 1 31.08.15 10:52 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 11 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Szarota Tomasz On the Threshold of the Holocaust In the early months of the German occu- volume describes various characters On the Threshold pation during WWII, many of Europe’s and their stories, revealing some striking major cities witnessed anti-Jewish riots, similarities and telling differences, while anti-Semitic incidents, and even pogroms raising tantalising questions. -
When a Nation Is Being Murdered” – the Secret Biological and Chemical War Against the Third Reich
Zeszyty Naukowe AON nr 2 (103) 2016 ISSN 0867–2245 HISTORIA WOJSKOWOŒCI ”WHEN A NATION IS BEING MURDERED” – THE SECRET BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL WAR AGAINST THE THIRD REICH Robert PETERSEN, Ph.D. Centre for Biosecurity and Biopreparedness, Denmark Abstract During the Second World War, the Polish resistance movement used chemical and biological weapons (CBW) against the Nazi occupation in Poland and inside the Third Reich. This subject is under growing scrutiny in modern-day Poland, but remains largely unknown outside the country. By using a wide range of sources (including Polish and German wartime records) this paper attempts to reconstruct what happened. Key words: chemical and biological warfare, Home Army, second world war Introduction The Second World War in Europe began with the German invasion of Poland in 1939. Over the following six years, the Poles were victims of severe persecution and genocide, thereby losing six million citizens (or 22 percent of the population). Half of the victims were Polish Jews1. While suffering at the hands of foreign occupiers, the Poles also developed one of the most sophisticated resistance movements during the war. The first named ZWZ (Związek Walki Zbrojnej, Union of Armed Struggle) and renamed AK (Armia Krajowa, Home Army) in 1942 was meant to be a secret Polish army loyal to the Polish Government-in-Exile. At its peak in 1944, the AK probably had about 380,000 members, although only a small percentage of them were properly armed2. A significant part of the AK perished during the Warsaw Uprising in August-October 1944, when they tried and failed to liberate the Polish 1 Richard C. -
Bibliography: Volume 2
BIBLIOGRAPHY: VOLUME 2 Abse, D. (1973). The dogs of Pavlov. London: Vallentine, Mitchell. Adam, U. D. (1989). The gas chambers. In F. Furet (Ed.), Unanswered ques- tions: Nazi Germany and the genocide of the Jews (pp. 134–154). New York: Schocken Books. Allen, M. T. (2005). Introduction: A bureaucratic Holocaust—Toward a new con- sensus. In G. D. Feldman & W. Seibel (Eds.), Networks of Nazi persecution: Bureaucracy, business, and the organization of the Holocaust (pp. 259–268). New York: Berghahn Books. Alvarez, A. (1997). Adjusting to genocide: The techniques of neutralization and the Holocaust. Social Science History, 21(2), 139–178. Aly, G. (1999). Final solution: Nazi population policy and the murder of the European Jews. London: Arnold. Aly, G. (2006). Hitler’s benefciaries: Plunder, racial war, and the Nazi welfare state. New York: Metropolitan Books, Henry Holt and Company. Aly, G., & Heim, S. (2002). Architects of annihilation: Auschwitz and the logic of destruction. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. Anderson, T. B. (2007). Amazing alphabetical adventures. Auckland, NZ: Random House. Angrick, A., & Klein, P. (2009). The “fnal solution” in Riga: Exploitation and annihilation, 1941–1944. New York: Berghahn Books. Arad, Y. B. (1987). Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard death camps. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Arad, Y. B. (1993). Operation Reinhard: Gas chambers in Eastern Poland. In E. Kogon, H. Langbein, & A. Rückerl (Eds.), Nazi mass murder: A docu- mentary history of the use of poison gas (pp. 102–138). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019 301 N. Russell, Understanding Willing Participants, Volume 2, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97999-1 302 BIBLIOGRAPHY: VOLUME 2 Arad, Y., Gutman, I., & Margaliot, A. -
The Tormentor from Toruń's Fort VII, Karl Friedrich Strauss, On
Historia i Polityka No. 28(35)/2019, pp. 111–123 www.hip.umk.pl ISSN 1899-5160, e-ISSN 2391-7652 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/HiP.2019.019 Sylwia GROCHOWINA Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of History, Toruń, Poland The Tormentor from Toruń’s Fort VII, Karl Friedrich Strauss, on the Defendant Bench Kat toruńskiego Fortu VII, Karl Friedrich Strauss na ławie oskarżonych • Abstrakt • • Abstract • Artykuł poświęcony jest procesowi Karla Frie- The paper focuses on the trial of Karl Friedrich dricha Straussa, który od końca października Strauss, who from the end of October 1939 1939 do stycznia 1940 roku pełnił funkcję until January 1940 served as the administrative komendanta administracyjnego toruńskiego commandant of Fort VII in Toruń, which host- Fortu VII, w którym funkcjonował obóz dla ed an internment camp for civilians (Zivilin- internowanych osób cywilnych (Zivilinternie- ternierungslager). Strauss also participated in rungslager), a ponadto uczestniczył w egzeku- executions of Poles in the Barbarka forest near cjach Polaków w podtoruńskim lesie Barbarka. Toruń. The Strauss trial was a trial by jury which Proces Straussa odbył się w czerwcu 1969 roku took place in June 1969 in the West Berlin przed sądem przysięgłych w zachodniober- district of Moabit. The legal proceedings were lińskiej dzielnicy Moabit. Był on szeroko ko- widely commented on in the pages of the Po- mentowany na łamach pomorskiej prasy i jest meranian press, and these press articles serve as to podstawowe źródło, na podstawie którego the main source material for the present paper. powstał niniejszy artykuł. Proces Straussa to The Strauss trial is one of numerous examples of jeden z licznych przykładów klęski denazy- failure of the denazification process in post-war fikacji w powojennych Niemczech. -
1942 Other Victims of Nazi Crimes Scenario
OTHER VICTIMS subject OF NAZI CRIMES Context8. According to the Nazi ideology, Jews into two categories: ‘worthy’ individuals constituted the greatest threat to Ger- (enjoying full civic rights) and those man society and racial purity. For this rea- ‘useless’ not only denied equal rights, but son, their rights were gradually limited with primarily the right to live. isolation in designated areas after the war broke out. Then, they were murdered in death Several months after the Nazis gained power, camps and other murder sites. a law was enacted on 14 July 1933 ‘to prevent the birth of offspring with hereditary diseases’. However, Jews were not the only group persecuted Over time, that regulation was used to forcibly by the Nazis. Even before the Second World War sterilise people with mental illnesses and those had begun, they sought to ‘purify’ German society suffering from epilepsy, deafness, blindness and from all ‘racially different’ groups (to which Sinti physical deformities. That group also included and Roma belonged, alongside Jews), as well as alcohol addicts, who were subject forced persons with physical disabilities, mental-health sterilisation. According to estimates, between difficulties and ones considered to be anti-social. 200,000 and 380,000 persons underwent the The last-mentioned group included homosexuals treatment pursuant to that law by 1938. However, and prostitutes and, given their nomadic lifestyle, no attempts were made to murder them before Sinti and Roma. Political opponents (mainly the Second World War. A certain type of exception socialists and communists as well as various and impulse toward adopting such a decision later union and social activists opposed to the Nazis) in the autumn of 1939 was a certain Kretschmar constituted a separate category. -
Bottger on Friedlander, 'The Origins of Nazi Genocide: from Euthanasia to the Final Solution'
H-Holocaust Bottger on Friedlander, 'The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution' Review published on Monday, May 1, 2000 Henry Friedlander. The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. xxiii + 421 pp. $34.95 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-8078-2208-1. Reviewed by Joerg Bottger (Independent Scholar) Published on H-Holocaust (May, 2000) Mass Murder for the Sake of the Volksgemeinschaft For a long time, historians have scrutinized Nazi Germany's policy of annihilation(Vernichtungspolitik) primarily with a focus on the mass murder of European Jews. Since the early 1980s, however, historical research has expanded our knowledge by taking a closer look at other victim groups which the Nazis targeted for decimation and extermination.[1] Henry Friedlander's award-winning monograph can be rightly considered the first thorough and systematic analysis of the origins of Nazi Vernichtungspolitik from a broader perspective. Whereas earlier works have viewed the mass murder of the handicapped, the so-called euthanasia program, and the mass murder of Jews as distinct and different phenomena, Friedlander argues that "euthanasia was not simply a prologue but the first chapter of Nazi genocide"(p.xii). Friedlander places particular emphasis on linkages and similarities between the mass murder of the handicapped and the subsequent genocidal killings of Gypsies and Jews. "I realized that the Nazi regime systematically murdered only three groups of human beings: the handicapped, Jews and Gypsies"(p.xiii). The ideological underpinnings of the annihilation of the handicapped, Jews and Gypsies as well as the mass killings of Slavic populations in German-occupied eastern Europe were based on widely accepted theories of the inequality of races. -
List of Nazi Concentration Camps from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history List of Nazi concentration camps From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Navigation This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2009) Main page Contents This article presents a partial list of more prominent Nazi concentration camps set up across Europe during World War II and the Holocaust. A Featured content more complete list drawn up in 1967 by the German Ministry of Justice names about 1,200 camps and subcamps in countries occupied by Nazi Current events Germany,[1] while the Jewish Virtual Library writes: "It is estimated that the Nazis established 15,000 camps in the occupied countries."[2] Most Random article of these camps were destroyed. Donate to Wikipedia The later camps, built by the Third Reich mostly between 1939 and 1942, were intended to hold large groups of prisoners without trial or judicial process, including Jews, gypsies, Slavs, prisoners of war and many others, seen as undesirable by the occupation administration. In modern Interaction historiography, the term refers to a place of mistreatment, starvation, forced labour, and murder. Some of the data presented in this table originates from The War Against the Jews by Lucy Dawidowicz.[3] Help About Wikipedia Contents Community portal 1 Table Recent changes 2 See also Contact Wikipedia 3 References 4 Bibliography Toolbox 5 External links What links here Related changes Table [edit] Upload file Extermination camps are marked with light red, Concentration camps are marked with light blue, Labour camps are marked with gray, while Special pages Transit camps and Collective points remain unmarked. -
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In Germany and occupied Austria, people with disabilities were the first to fall victim to National Socialist mass murder, propa- IHRA gated under the euphemistic term of “euthanasia”. For racist and economic reasons they were deemed unfit to live. The means and methods used in these crimes were applied later during the Holocaust— perpetrators of these first murders became experts in the death camps of the so-called “Aktion Reinhardt”. International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (Ed.) Over the course of World War II the National Socialists aimed to exterminate people with disabilities in the occupied territories of Mass Murder of People with Western Europe, and also in Eastern Europe. This publication presents the results of the latest research on Disabilities and the Holocaust these murders in the German occupied territories, as discussed at an IHRA conference held in Bern in November 2017. Edited by Brigitte Bailer and Juliane Wetzel Mass Murder of People with Disabilities and the Holocaust the and Disabilities with People of Murder Mass ISBN: 978-3-86331-459-0 9 783863 314590 us_ihra_band_5_fahne.indd 1 11.02.2019 15:48:10 IHRA series, vol. 5 ihra_5_fahnen Nicole.indd 2 29.01.19 13:43 International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (Ed.) Mass Murder of People with Disabilities and the Holocaust Edited by Brigitte Bailer and Juliane Wetzel ihra_5_fahnen Nicole.indd 3 29.01.19 13:43 With warm thanks to Toby Axelrod for her thorough and thoughtful proofreading of this publication, and Laura Robertson from the Perma- nent Oce of IHRA for her support during the publication procedure. ISBN: 978-3-86331-459-0 ISBN (E-Book): 978-3-86331-907-6 © 2019 Metropol Verlag + IHRA Ansbacher Straße 70 10777 Berlin www.metropol-verlag.de Alle Rechte vorbehalten Druck: buchdruckerei.de, Berlin ihra_5_fahnen Nicole.indd 4 29.01.19 13:43 Content Declaration of the Stockholm International Forum on the Holocaust .......................................... -
ZESZYTY GDYŃSKIE NR 12 Tożsamość Kulturowo-Cywilizacyjna Gdyni
ZESZYTY GDYŃSKIE NR 12 Tożsamość kulturowo-cywilizacyjna Gdyni Wyższa Szkoła Komunikacji Społecznej w Gdyni ZESZYTY GDYŃSKIE NR 12 Tożsamość kulturowo-cywilizacyjna Gdyni pod redakcją Mirosława Gawrona i Heleny Głogowskiej Gdynia 2017 Rada programowa: Prof. zw. dr hab. Andrzej Chodubski Ks. prof. zw. dr hab. Wojciech Cichosz Prof. zw. dr hab. Tadeusz Stegner Prof. zw. dr hab. Andrzej Romanow Ks. prof. dr hab. Janusz Szulist Recenzenci: prof. dr hab. Jacek Knopek Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu prof. dr hab. Janusz Mieczkowski Uniwersytet Szczeciński w Szczecinie prof. dr hab. Jan Waskan Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy Redakcja techniczna i skład: Mirosław Gawron Mikołaj Iwaszko Korekta w języku angielskim: Michał Tuszyński Projekt okładki: Konrad Niżnik Zdjęcie na okładce: fot. Tadeusz Urbaniak <[email protected]> Sponsorem Zeszytu jest Zarząd Morskiego Portu Gdynia S.A. Wydawca: Wyższa Szkoła Komunikacji Społecznej w Gdyni ul. Armii Krajowej 46 81-365 Gdynia tel./faks +48 58 661 89 55 e-mail: [email protected] ISSN 1896-3463 Spis treści Helena Głogowska Słowo wstępne..........................................................................................................................................7 Andrzej Chodubski Wartości patriotyzmu lokalnego gdynian...........................................................................................15 Gracjana Dutkiewicz Rola lokalnych elit politycznych w kształtowaniu samorządu terytorialnego w latach 2010-2014 ....... 25 Julian aleksander Michaś Obóz Zjednoczenia -
The Fate of Polish Psychiatry Under German Occupation in World War II
FRIEDRICH LEIDINGER AND ANDRZEJ CECHNICKI The Fate of Polish Psychiatry under German Occupation in World War II Friedrich Leidinger, PhD, 1 and Andrzej Cechnicki, PhD 2 1 LVR Klinik Viersen, Viersen, Germany 2 Department of Community Psychiatry, Collegium Medicum Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland of the truck and shot in the back of the head. After that, the liquidation of the children’s barracks ABSTRACT began. The children were excited at the chance to travel Polish psychiatry was since its origin deeply influenced in a truck, but they, too, were shot. The children were by German (Austrian) and Russian psychiatry. As a larger murdered in the following manner. First they were all part of the Polish territory had belonged to Germany sent out into a field, and there they were shot at as if it or Austria before 1918, many institutions and staff in were target practise” (1). mental health had a German or Austrian history. During This episode took place during the first few days of the occupation nearly all mental hospitals were taken the Second World War in a small village on the river over by the Germans, sometimes all the patients, Vistula between Warsaw and Danzig: soldiers from the SS sometimes part of them were murdered, and often the division Wachsturmbann Kurt Eimann forced their way staff members were shot together with their patients. into the psychiatric hospital in Świecie (2). They took the Jews were separated from non-Jews and killed. Some medical director, Dr. Józef Bednarz, prisoner. The patients institutions continued to work under German rule and were divided into three groups: Jews, those unfit to work with German directors. -
Monografie 12 (2011) : Political Migrations on Polish Territories
MONOGRAFIE INSTYTUT GEOGRAFII I PRZESTRZENNEGO ZAGOSPODAROWANIA IM. STANISŁAWA LESZCZYCKIEGO PAN http://rcin.org.pl POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES STANISŁAW LESZCZYCKI INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION MONOGRAPHIES, 12 Piotr Eberhardt MIGRACJE POLITYCZNE NA ZIEMIACH POLSKICH (1939–1950) WARSZAWA 2011 http://rcin.org.pl POLSKA AKADEMIA NAUK INSTYTUT GEOGRAFII I PRZESTRZENNEGO ZAGOSPODAROWANIA IM. STANISŁAWA LESZCZYCKIEGO MONOGRAFIE, 12 Piotr Eberhardt POLITICAL MIGRATIONS ON POLISH TERRITORIES (1939–1950) WARSZAWA 2011 http://rcin.org.pl Redakcja / Editorial Board: prof. dr hab. Leszek Starkel prof. dr hab. Teresa Kozłowska−Szczęsna prof. dr hab. Piotr Korcelli Oryginał / Polish original: Migracje polityczne na ziemiach polskich (1939–1950) Instytut Zachodni, Poznań 2010 Recenzenci / Reviewers: prof. dr hab. Tomasz Kaczmarek prof. dr hab. Zbigniew Mazur dr hab. Andrzej Rykała Tłumaczenie / Translated by: Jan Owsiński Ilustracja na okładce / Cover illustration by: Monika Trypuz PL ISSN 1643−2312 ISBN 978- 83- 61590- 46- 0 Technical editors: Ludmiła Kwiatkowska Aleksandra Deręgowska © Copyright (English edition) by Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego PAN, Warszawa 2011 Druk i oprawa / Printed by: Drukarnia Klimiuk 00−719 Warszawa, ul. Zwierzyniecka 8a http://rcin.org.pl To Adam http://rcin.org.pl http://rcin.org.pl Contents Preface for English edition (L.A. Kosiński) .................................................. 9 Foreword (A. Sakson) ................................................................................