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Srbija U XII I XIII Veku Srbija u XII i XIII veku NASTANAK DINASTIJE Srednjevekovna Srbija je svoj vrhunac dostigla za vreme vladavine dinastije Nemanjić. Dinastija Nemanjič vladala je id 1166. godine do 1371. godine. Osnivač dinastije Nemanjić je veliki župan Stefan Nemanja. On je zaslužan za ujedinjenje srpske srednjevekovne zemlje Raške, njeno proširenje i osamostaljivanje. Poreklo porodice Nemanjić je iz Zete. Pretpostavlja se da se Stefan Nemanja rodio tu oko 1133. godine. Njegov otac Zavida je bio prognan iz Raške tokom borbi za vlast. Sredinom XII veka je veliki župan u Rasu zauzeo Tihomir I, sin Zavidin, koji je bio u vazalskom odnosu sa Vizantijom. Ostala tri Zavidina sina, Stracimir, Miroslav i Stefan Nemanja, dobili su titulu udeonih kneževa. VELIKI ŽUPAN STEFAN NEMANJA (1166-1196) 1166. godine zbacio je s pozicije velikog župana svog najstarijeg brata Tihomira. Tihomir je zajedno sa braćom i vizantijskom vojskom pokušao da se povrati na presto. U bici kod Pantina usledeo je poraz i Tihomir je tu izgubio život. Nakon ovog, braća Stracimir i Miroslav priznaju Nemanjinu titulu velikog župana. Stefan Nemanja pokušao je da osamostali državu od Vizantije. Manojlo I Komnin ga je porazio i odveo u Carigrad kao zarobrenika. Tamo je Nemanja napravio sporazum da ga Komnin oslobodi i vrati na presto. Za uzvrat, Nemanja bi bio u vazalnom odnosu. Nakon smrti Manojla I Komnina 1180. godine, Nemanja se udružuje sa vizantijskim neprijateljima, Mađarima i Normanima. Nemanja zauzima Zetu i pokušava da osvoji Dubrovnik. Nakon neuspešnog pokušaja osvajanja, sklapa sa Dubrovnikom mir. Tokom Trećeg krstaškog rata 1189. Nemanja sklapa dobre odnose sa Fridrihom Barbarosom, kome je u Nišu napravio svečani doček. Pokušao je da sklopi ugovor sa Nemačkom protiv Vizantije, ali nije uspeo. Stefan Nemanja je osvojio mnoge teritorije ratujući sa Vizantijom poput dolina Morave, Kosova, Metohije, severnu Albaniju, Duklju, Travuniju i Zahumlje. 1190. godine Nemanja je u bici protiv Vizantije poražen. Primoran je da prizna vrhovnu vlast vizantijskog cara, ali zadržava osvojene teritorije. Odnosi između Srbije i Vizantije učvršćeni su Nemanjinom ženidbom princezom Evdokije, čime je dobio titulu sevasatokratora. Nemanja je bio ktitor. Podigao je mnoge zadužbine od čega su najznačajnije Đurđevi Stupovi, Studenica, manastir Sv Nikole i Hilandar. U njegovo doba nastaje Miroslavljevo Jevanđelje. 1196. na saboru u Rasu se Nemanja dobrovoljno odrekao prestola - abdicirao – u korist drugorođenog sina Stefana. On je smatran sposobnijim od starijeg brata Vukana, a izabran je za vladara jer je bio oženjen vizantijskom princezom. Nakon povlačenja sa prestola Nemanja se zamonašio i dobio ime Simeon. Zajedno sa sinom Savom obnovio je Hilandar. Umro je u Hilandaru 1199. godine. Nakon Nemanjine smrti, Sava prenosi njegove mošti u Studenicu. Uspostavljen je kult Sv Simeona. Po uzoru na Nemanju su drugi članovi loze nastavili da budu ktitori. STEFAN PRVOVENČANI (1196-1228) Stefan Prvovenčani je naslednik trona Stefana Nemanje. Međutim, pošto je bio drugi sin, došlo je do sukoba sa prvorođenim Vukanom. Zbog toga je izbio građanski rat koji je trajao nekoliko godina. Vukan je pomoću Ugarske uspeo da zavlada Raškom u periodu od 1202. do 1204. godine. Ishod građanskog rata bila je velika glad i pustošenje. Prvovenčani je uspeo da povrati vlast nad Raškom 1204. uz pomoć Bugarske. Braću je izmirio Sveti Sava nad Nemanjinim moštima u Studenici. Nakon pada Cargirada u Četvrtom krstaškom ratu, Nemanjić se povezuje sa Mletačkom republikom kako bi od pape dobio kraljevsku krunu. Razveo se od vizantijske princeze Evdokije i oženio se Anom, unukom mletačkog dužda. Stefan Nemanjić dobio je krunu od rimskog pape. Krunisan je 1217. godine u manastiru Žiča i tada je nazvan prvovenčani – prvi krunisani kralj Srbije. Ovim je Srbija dobila međunarodno priznanje kao država. Sveti Sava je za vreme Prvovenčanog omogućio srpskoj pravoslavnoj crkvi autokefalnost – samostalnost i proglašen je prvim srpskim arhiepiskopom. Sava je otišao u nikeju, gde su bili vizantijski car i partijarh. Vaseljenski patrijarh je 1219. odobrio osnivanje samostalne srpske arhiepiskopije. Sedište je u početku bilo u manastiru Žiča. Ova arhiepiskopija sastojala se iz 11 episkopija. Radi upravljanja crkvom, Sava je preveo Nomokanon – zbirku crkvenih pravila sa grčkog jezika. Nakon smrti 1236. proglašen je za sveca – kanonizovan. Stefan Prvovenčani je bio ktitor, sagradio je Žiču. KRALJ RADOSLAV (1228-1234) Stefan Radoslav kratko je vladao. Bio je oženjen ćerkom epirskog despoda, na čiju se porodicu oslanjao. Održavao je bliske veze sa Ohridskom arhiepiskopijom, što je ugrožavalo autokefalnost crkve. Nakon poraza u bici protiv Bugara, izgubio je presto. KRALJ VLADISLAV (1234-1243) Bio je zet bugarskog kralja. U njegovo vreme su Mongoli upali u Evropu. Kada je Sveti Sava umro u Bugarskoj, Vladislav je preneo njegove mošti u Mileševu. Nakon slabljenja vlasti Bugarske, Vladislava je sa trona svrgnula vlastela i dovela na tron trećeg brata, Stefana Uroša I. KRALJ UROŠ I (1243-1276) . Uroš je uspostavio čvrste veze sa zapadnoevropskim zemljama. Oženio se Jelenom Anžujskom, koja je bila rođaka francuskoj i napuljskoj kraljevskoj porodici. Za vreme Uroša I razvilo se rudarstvo u Srbiji. Tada su se naselili nemački rudari Sasi koji su doneli umeće kopanja i prerade ruda. Otvoreni su mnogi rudnici. Desetina prihoda je pripadala vladaru, što mu je ojačalo moć . Razvoj rudarstva pokrenuo je privredne i trgovačke veze sa Jadranom i Italijom. Za razvoj ove trgovine značajni su dubrovački trgovci. Uroš je upadao u sukobe sa Dubrovnikom i Ugarskom. Veza sa Ugarskom ojačana je tako što je njegov stariji sin Dragutin oženio ugarsku princezu. Sem toga, preuzeta je titula mladog kralja koju je prvi poneo Dragutin. Kralj Uroš je bio ktitor, sagradio je manastir Sopoćane. Njegova žena Jelena sagradila je Gradac. KRALJ DRAGUTIN (1276-1282) Uroš I je izbegavao da svom sinu, mladom kralju Dragutinu preda presto. Zbog toga se Dragutin pobunio i uz podršku ugarske vojske zbacio oca sa vlasti. Kralj Stefan Dragutin se tokom svoje vladavine oslanjao na podršku Ugarske. On je delio vlast sa majkom Jelenom i mlađim bratom Milutinom. Dragutin je 1282. godine pao sa konja i povredio nogu. Na saboru u Deževu je 1282. godine presto predao bratu Milutinu. Tada je dogovoreno da presto nakon Milutina naslede Dragutinovi sinovi, koji kasnije nije poštovan. Dragutin je nakon abdikacije nastavio da vlada delovima severne Srbije pa se zato nazivao sremskim kraljem. Dobijo je od Ugarske i Mačvu, severnu Bosnu i grad Beograd. Dragutin je bio ktitor, podigao je manastir Svetog Ahilija, gde je sahranjen. KLJUČNI POJMOVI Veliki župan Abdikacija Jelena Anžujska Stefan Nemanja Kult Sv Simeona Sasi Pantina Prvovenčani Titula mladog kralja Evdokija Autokefalnost Sopoćani Ktitor Sveti Sava Gradac Đurđevi Stupovi Nomokanon Sabor u Deževu Studenica Žiča Sabor u Raškoj Hilandar Kralj Radoslav Sremski kralj Miroslavljevo Kraljl Vladislav Sveti Ahilije jevanđelje Uroš I .
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