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Geoscientist Analysis of the volcanic evolution of Nevado del Ruiz from the last eruptive period to the current state, using multispectral images provided by the group of satellites SENTINEL 1-2-3 Undergraduate thesis submitted to the department of Geosciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Geoscientist Carlos Daniel Robayo Reyes Director Ph.D. Jillian Pearse Universidad de los Andes Science Faculty, Geoscience Department Bogotá, Colombia 2019-II Analysis of the volcanic evolution of Nevado del Ruiz from the last eruptive period to the current state, using multispectral images provided by the group of satellites SENTINEL 1-2-3 Carlos Daniel Robayo Reyes Submitted to the department of Geosciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of: Geoscientist Remote Sensor Research Director: Presenter: Ph.D. Jillian Pearse Carlos Daniel Robayo Reyes Universidad de los Andes Science Faculty, Geoscience Department Bogotá, Colombia 2019-II Abstract The analysis of satellite images produced by remote sensors, are a great tool for the identification of a range of ground cover and topsoil to the identification of particular lithologies and rock configurations regionally. The main objective is to evaluate the ability of Landsat and Sentinel satellites to define lithologies and types of volcanic flow and with them to carry out a hazard analysis. The particular features that are going to be analyzed correspond to: lava flows, lahars, ash, volcanic gases, volcanic rocks, erosion, snow, vegetation cover as well as other features such as slopes and water sources of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano. The information has been collected through an analysis that includes a multitemporal period from the last eruptive period to the present. In addition, images of past years to this last eruptive period were analyzed, where the peaks with the highest volcanic activity were recorded, in order to complement the results obtained. The justification for the acquisition of these results lies in creating volcanic geology mapping of ash, lava flows, pyroclasts, snow and lahars flows that clearly demonstrate the dangers that the volcano represents to nearby populations and avoid tragedies such as the one that happened in the municipality of Armero in the year of 1985. Resumen El análisis de imágenes satelitales producidas por sensores remotos es una gran herramienta para la identificación de un rango de cobertura del suelo y capas superficiales del suelo para la identificación de litologías particulares y configuraciones de rocas a nivel regional. El objetivo principal es evaluar la capacidad de los satélites Landsat y Sentinel para definir litologías y tipos de flujo volcánico y con ellos realizar un análisis de peligros. Las características particulares que se analizarán corresponden a: flujos de lava, lahares, cenizas, gases volcánicos, rocas volcánicas, erosión, nieve, cubierta vegetal, así como otras características como pendientes y fuentes de agua del volcán Nevado del Ruiz. La información se ha recopilado mediante un análisis que incluye un período multitemporal desde el último período eruptivo hasta el presente. Además, se analizaron imágenes de años anteriores a este último período eruptivo, donde se registraron los picos con la mayor actividad volcánica, para complementar los resultados obtenidos. La justificación para la adquisición de estos resultados radica en crear mapas geológicos volcánicos de flujos de cenizas, flujos de lava, piroclastos, nieve y lahares que demuestren claramente los peligros que representa el volcán para las poblaciones cercanas y evitar tragedias como la que ocurrió en el municipio de Armero en el año de 1985. 3 Acknowledgments Quiero ofrecer mi gratitud profunda a mis padres Zulay y Carlos que me han acompañado en todo este proceso constructivo en mi vida, que me han acompañado en las buenas y en las malas y que me han tenido paciencia en todo momento. Quiero agradecer también a todos los profesores con los cuales tuve la fortuna de compartir. Ellos trasmitieron su conocimiento para que yo creciera un poco cada día más como persona y como profesional. Quiero agradecer especialmente a Jill, mi directora de Tesis, la cual estuvo muy atenta y me brindo toda la ayuda que pudiera servirme para poder lograr este proyecto. A mis amigos, con los cuales he compartido varias experiencias en mi paso por la Universidad. “The people who are crazy enough to think they can change the world are the ones who do.” Steve Jobs 4 Objectives General Objective Historical analysis of lava flows, pyroclastic flows, lithologies since the last eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz Volcano until today using multispectral optical images of the SENTINEL 1-2-3 group. Specific Objectives 1. To create volcanic geological cartographic that give evidence of the behavior that Nevado del Ruiz volcano has maintained. 2. To compare old multispectral optical images of the LANDSAT group together with recent images of the SENTINEL group 1-2-3. This in order to evaluate the improvement that the images of the new group of satellites can offer. 3. To process satellite images that provide information on factors that characterize the volcano as: lava flows, pyroclastic flows, lahars, volcanic rock, volcanic gases (past flow patterns and eruption product types) and thus be able to establish potential hazards in the populations. 5 Table of Contents 1.Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Preliminary Context ....................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 Motivation ...................................................................................................................................... 9 2. Geological Framework .......................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Localization .................................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Geomorphology .............................................................................................................................. 10 2.3 Local Volcanic Geology .................................................................................................................. 11 2.3.1 Glacial Ice ............................................................................................................................... 12 2.3.2 Glacier Deposits (Qg): ............................................................................................................. 12 2.3.3 Pyroclastic Deposits (Qto):...................................................................................................... 12 2.3.4 Volcanic Andesites (NgQa): ..................................................................................................... 12 2.3.5 Batolito el Bosque (Pgbd): ...................................................................................................... 12 2.3.6 Cajamarca Complex: ............................................................................................................... 12 2.4 Regional Geology ........................................................................................................................... 13 2.4.1 Cajamarca Complex ................................................................................................................ 13 2.4.2 Quebradagrande Complex ....................................................................................................... 13 2.4.3 Granitic Milonite of the Guacaica ............................................................................................ 13 2.4.4 Stock of Manizales................................................................................................................... 14 2.4.5 Regional Faults ....................................................................................................................... 14 3. Methodology ....................................................................................................................................... 14 3.1 Bibliographic Review ..................................................................................................................... 15 3.2 Laboratory Methodology (Image processing) .................................................................................. 15 3.3 Flow Chart .................................................................................................................................... 16 4. Results ................................................................................................................................................ 16 4.1 Uniband Results ............................................................................................................................ 22 4.2 Composite Bands Results ............................................................................................................... 23 4.3 Supervised Classification ................................................................................................................ 25 5. Discussion ........................................................................................................................................... 27 5.1 Uniband Classification ..................................................................................................................
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