Thepedestrian.Pdf

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The Pedestrian Lesson Plan

Materials and Time: 1. Roughly 2 to 3 hours of class time. 2. The Pedestrian text by Ray Bradbury and The Pedestrian Worksheet. 3. Graphic organizers for the literary terms being taught and Peer Evaluation Handout. 4. Optional: Projector for Powerpoints.

Objectives: 1. Students will be able to identify the elements of theme. 2. Students will practice reading fluency. 3. Students will practice higher level thinking skills: predicting, inference, analysis, synthesis. 4. Note: This story is great to use to teach theme and writing style, but can also be used with most of the other literary Powerpoints or graphic organizers if you are focusing on a different literary element.

Instruction: 1. Defining Terms – Use the Theme or How to Find Theme Powerpoints (found in the “Powerpoints” folder) to introduce terms and definitions, while students take notes. If no projector is available, write the terms on the board. 2. Anticipatory Set – Ask students to discuss the following statement in pairs or small groups: Technological advancement is always a good thing. After students have had time to generate ideas, lead a class discussion. Point out some of the negative impacts of technology such as reduced privacy due to cell phones, video game addiction, television replacing social interaction, or other ideas that you can come up with. 3. Preview Text (only applies if using resource with a textbook or anthology) – Have students preview the text by looking at the title and pictures. Have them make a prediction in the “Previewing Texts” section of the worksheet. Begin filling out the “K” and “W” boxes of the K-W-L chart with the students and have them complete it on their own. 4. Pre-reading Vocabulary – Give students the definitions for the words in the “Pre-reading Vocabulary” section of the worksheet. Do not have them write their sentences yet (that will be saved for independent practice). 5. Guided Practice a. Read the text with the students using the Oral Cloze technique. Use Choral Reading occasionally with shorter paragraphs to practice fluency. i. Oral Cloze is when the instructor reads to the students and leaves out strategic words, which the class is expected to fill in. This gives students a task of accountability and encourages them to listen to the instructor’s fluency and intonation. While reading, the instructor should give “hints” as to which words will be omitted by slowing down and using voice inflection. This discourages passive listening. ii. Choral Reading is when the whole class reads a passage in unison. This is effective for building fluency and confidence. However, it is not recommended to read an entire text chorally, as it can be time consuming and difficult for students. b. Stop to answer the questions in the “Questions For Thought” section of the worksheet accordingly. i. For appropriate questions, have students use the write-pair-share technique to maximize student engagement. (Page 2 is a step-by-step instruction on how to implement an outstanding write-pair- share!) Use this strategy for inference and opinion questions rather than fact based questions. ii. Discuss some questions in more depth, depending on student responses. 6. Group Work – Have students break into groups or work in pairs to complete the Theme Chart or the Author’s Purpose Graphic Organizer (found in the “Graphic Organizers” folder). If you focused on a different literary element, use the appropriate graphic organizer if it is offered.

Independent Practice: 1. Have students complete the “Literary Focus” section of the worksheet on their own. 2. Have students complete the writing assignment in the “Critical Thinking” section of the worksheet on their own. 3. Have students go back to the “Pre-reading Vocabulary” section of the worksheet and write sentences correctly using the vocabulary words in context.

Homework/Assessment: 1. Any of the independent practice activities can be assigned as homework. They can also serve as assessments.

Reflection: 1. The next day have students conduct peer evaluations of the writing assignment in pairs or groups using the Peer Evaluation Sheet. 2. Have students complete the “L” box from the K-W-L chart. 3. Review literary terms.

Write-Pair-Share Step-By-Step

WPS is an engagement routine that will get all of your students involved. Here is the procedure:

1. Assign students numbers: 1’s and 2’s. 2. Write – Give students time to write their answers in complete sentences. As they are writing, walk around the class and quietly tell specific students what you like about their answers. Tell some of those students that you have nominated them to share their answer to the class later. Tell them that they can read their answer directly off of their worksheets. a. If a nominated student has mechanical errors in his answer, help to correct them so that he does not read the errors to the whole class later on. 3. When students begin to finish, tell them to read their answer back to themselves and to make sure that they do not have any mistakes. This helps to keep quick finishers occupied. 4. Pair – Have 1’s and 2’s face each other respectfully and begin their pair share: a. Tell them who is going to read the question first and who will answer first. They will switch after. i. “Ones you’re going to read the question and twos you’re going to answer. When you are finished, then please switch.” b. Point out that, “What did you get?” is not an appropriate way to pair share. Point out that reading the question is important for learning how to communicate with fluency. 5. Share – When most students are finished, ask the question to the class and use your nominees from step 2 to jump start the discussion. a. Start this step before the last few pairs finish, to avoid any classroom management issues caused from dead time and to avoid awkwardness for the last few pairs. b. Tell students to use a loud “classroom voice” so that everybody can hear. c. Point out that students should read directly off of their papers. d. Point out that if a student has a similar idea to something that has been shared, they should acknowledge the person who shared the idea instead of saying, “He took my answer!” or “I was going to say that!” Write this sentence starter on the board: i. “My idea is similar to ______’s idea in that…” This helps to decrease the anxiety of students who have their answers “taken” by a peer. It also encourages paying attention and validating one another. e. Give immediate and specific praise for student responses. At the least, point out how you liked how the participant answered in a complete sentence instead of giving a typical one-word student response (if they read off their papers, they will answer with complete sentences). Things to specifically praise: i. Insightful answers ii. If a student acknowledges a peer iii. Use of a good academic word or a vocabulary word iv. A student who speaks loudly and fluently

Advantages of a pair share:

• Students who normally do not participate in class discussions will be empowered because they will have 100% certainty that they have a right answer when nominated to share. The student will also be able to read directly off of the worksheet to avoid the embarrassment of blanking out. Also, the student would have already practiced reading the correct answer with a partner. • Students will answer in fluent complete sentences. They will learn how to restate questions instead of giving one-word answers. • The teacher has an opportunity to give public praise to students who normally do not receive it. During the paired portion, students are set up to succeed during the class discussion. • Every student has a task that requires engagement. They cannot be passive observers. • When other students hear you specifically praise one of their peers, they will consider how they can model the skill in their own answers.

Name: Pre-reading Vocabulary Date: Directions: Write the definition next to each of the following words. Next, write Period: a sentence that properly uses each word in context.

The Pedestrian 1. Manifest: to become evident

By: Ray Bradbury

Previewing Texts

1. Preview the text by looking at the pictures and reading the captions. What do 2. Intermittent: you predict this story will be about?

3. Ebbing:

2. Fill out the first two boxes of the K-W- L Chart below. Now that you’ve previewed the 4. Antiseptic: text, write down what you know about the topic in Box #1. Write down what you want to find out in Box #2. When you finish reading the story, write what you’ve learned or discovered in Box#3.

What I KNOW now What I WANT to find out What I LEARNED Box #1 Box #2 Box #3 5. Regressive:

1. 1. 1.

2. 2. 2.

Questions For Thought 3. 3. 3. Directions: Answer the following questions in complete sentences. Be sure to

proofread your answers and be prepared to share. 4. 4. 4. 1. What is the setting of the story? The setting is a silent city at eight o'clock in the evening. The story takes place in the future. The

general mood is calm but also foreboding.

2. What is strange with the way that Leonard Mead passes his time? 9. When Mead says that he is a writer the voice responds by saying, “No Mead passes his time by walking for miles down random streets. While walking may not seem strange profession.” What can you infer about the culture of the city?

It seems that people read less and less. Combined with how nobody goes out and Mead's comments to us, it seems that in this story's setting, the streets are completely abandoned. to the homes indicates that this is a city that is obsessed with television.

3. Why does Mead wear sneakers?

Mead wears sneakers to be less conspicuous. The reader may wonder about the need for dogs in 10. The voice is shocked that Mead does not have a viewing screen. What does this tell you about the people in the city? Intermittent squads. The reader may wonder if walking at night is illegal or dangerous. This confirms that people are controlled by their viewing screens. It seems that in Mead's world, a viewing screen is part of a person's identity. 4. Why does Mead talk to the houses? What do you think Ray Bradbury is trying to emphasize about the environment? 11. The car is taking Mead to a psychiatric center simply for walking. What can you Mead talks to houses because it is amusing to him. he asks about what people are watching. This infer about the culture of the time? We discover that Mead is not committing any crime at all. The fact that he is considered crazy simply emphasizes how strange it is for Mead to be out at night. for walking shows that Mead's world has become completely obsessed with screens and technology. 5. The text says that in ten years Mead has never met another person walking. What does this suggest about the setting of the story? Literary Focus The reader can infer from this that people simply do not go out at night. The reader is left to wonder why. From the way Mead talks to houses, it might be that people are all to busy watching screens. Directions: Answer the following questions about the following literary terms.

It is also possible that being out at night is somehow illegal or dangerous. 1. How does Ray Bradbury use setting to emphasize the message of the story?

Bradbury uses setting to emphasize how the protagonist's world is ridiculous. This relates to his

6. The author contrasts the streets in the day to the streets at night. What is message, that people should be careful how they regard technological and societal "advancement." Bradbury trying to emphasize? The reader discovers that the city is very busy during the day. This further emphasizes how strange it 2. What is the mood of the story? is to be out at night. The mood of the story is one of anxiety. Though Mead feels completely safe while walking, the reader

may feel anxious because of the diction, such as the mention of phantoms and tomb-like buildings. 7. What happens that takes Mead by surprise? Mead is surprised by a police car. The reader discovers that in a city of millions, it happens to be the only 3. What is the theme of the story? What do you suppose Bradbury is trying to police car. communicate about human “advancement?” It seems that Bradbury is warning society to be careful about its understanding of human

advancement. For instance, in Mead's world, though there is no crime and people enjoy viewing 8. The text says that there is only one police car. What does this suggest about screens, they also are controlled by technology. the city that Mead lives in? This suggests that the city has no need for police. We also know that there was virtually no crime in the city. The reader's natural response would be to wonder why there is no crime.

Critical Thinking

Directions: As the world becomes more urban people seem to be more and more preoccupied with the business of life. Ray Bradbury uses setting to make a point about the growing impersonal nature of society. In “The Pedestrian,” the protagonist is tagged as insane simply for going out to take a walk. Even the police car that stops him is unmanned. Do you agree that the world is growing too impersonal? Why or why not? Use specific examples to support your answer.

Author’s Purpose Analyzing the Text

Establishing the author’s purpose for writing a particular text is often the key to Directions: Choose three quotes from the text and use textual analysis to make understanding the text’s significance. In order to understand the meaning behind a inferences about the message that the author is communicating. text the reader must pay close attention to several elements. Quote: Tone, Voice, Diction: Analysis: Choose a quote from the text and What is the tone of this quote? Why do you think the author Questions about the author: write it in this column. Is there anything particular includes this quote in the text? 1. What is the background and context of the author’s life? about the word choice? Is there anything particularly Is there a particular mood that is telling about the way that this 2. Did this particular author experience any milestone events? being established? quote is written? Is this a 3. Is there a hidden or manifest agenda? reoccurring theme?

Questions about the text:

1. What is the tone and voice of the piece of writing? 2. Is there a reoccurring lesson? 3. How is the main conflict resolved?

Questioning the Author

Directions: Fill out the graphic organizer and analyze the factors that might have influenced the author.

Author being analyzed: ______

Background Information: Milestone Events: Possible Agenda: What is the author’s lifestyle Were there any major events Does the author have anything to like? What are some of his or that may have greatly influenced gain or anything to lose? her influences? this author?

Now that you have analyzed the author and the text, what do you think is the author’s purpose?

Name: ______Date:______Per: ______Characterization Chart

Figurative Language Characterization is the way an author develops characters in a story. Sometimes authors use direct characterization, where they directly tell the reader what a character is like. Other times they use indirect characterization, where they give the Term Definition Example reader hints or clues about a character through the way the character acts in different Allusion A reference to something from history, The manager thought that he situations. literature, current events, or popular was more powerful than Julius culture Caesar! Directions: Complete the following graphic organizer by recording examples from the text and then record what can be inferred about the character based on the example. Pun Using words that have more than one Sir Lancelot once had a very meaning for a humorous effect bad dream about his horse. It Characterization Example from text What can be inferred from was a knight mare.

method the example? Cliché A phrase that has become overly No pain, no gain familiar or commonplace Hyperbole Big exaggeration, usually with humor So hungry I could eat a cow Character’s Idiom Language that is peculiar to a group of She sings at the top of her actions people, or readily understood to pertain lungs. to a specific context

Metaphor Comparing the qualities of two unlike Her hair is a blond cascade. things to achieve a creative effect

Personification Giving something human qualities. The song reached out and Character’s grabbed a hold of me. appearance Simile A figure of speech comparing two Her smile was like the sun. unlike things that is often introduced by like or as

Directions: Give your own examples for the following types of figurative language.

Allusion Character’s Pun conflicts

Cliché

Hyperbole

Metaphor Character’s Personification responses

Simile

More from QTP

Name: Historical Analysis Chart Date: Period: The historical context of the time often greatly influences what an author writes and The Image in My Mind… how it is written. By using a biographical approach, a reader is better able to understand a piece of writing by analyzing the historical period. Fill out the graphic The title of this text is: ______organizer below by: The author if this text is: ______

1. Identifying the historical period: (ex. World War II era) Effective readers pay attention to the images that are being developed by an author. Use the graphic 2. Identify the Author’s background: (ex. Grew up in New York, impoverished) organizer below to sketch the images that you are picturing in your mind. Write a short description of 3. Explain how the historical period might affect the work: what is occurring and record a quote that reflects the situation. When you are completed, write down what you feel is the general mood of the text. 4. Explain how the author’s background might affect his work: Picture: Picture Description: Quote:

Historical Period: How the historical period might influence

the text:

Author’s background: How the author’s background might affect the text:

What is the overall mood of the text?

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Reading for Detail

Title of Story: ______

Author: ______ Reading for detail will help you to record important information in a text. While reading, be ! " sure to ask important questions such as who, what, when, where, why and how.

Directions: Fill out the details in the boxes below, then write a short summary about the story.

Who? What?

Where? When?

Why? How?

Write a short summary of the story:

Name: Name:

Date: Date:

Period: Period:

Analyzing Setting Writing Styles

Title of Story: ______The title of this story is: ______

Author: ______The author if this story is: ______

Questions about the setting: Responses from the Story: Writers sometimes use a distinct style in order to create a particular mood or “feel” for their writing. They often do this in order to enhance a theme or simply to create a more entertaining piece. Some 1. What is the setting? writers use vivid imagery to create a strong setting. The chart below includes some elements that make √ What is the time period? up a writer’s style. Fill in the chart with examples from the story that you have just read. Then, describe √ What does the environment look how that particular element contributed to the text. Finally, describe the overall mood. like? Element of Style Example from the story Effect on the story √ What are some details that tell

you about what the setting is Diction: the writer’s like? choice of words. √ Does the author use words 2. Are the characters in conflict with with a negative or positive the setting? connotation? √ What do the characters want? √ Does the author √ Does the setting keep them exaggerate certain things? from getting what they want? Figures of Speech. √ Does the author use figurative language? √ 3. What does the setting tell us about Does the author draw any analogies? the characters?

√ How do the characters respond to the setting? Images √ What senses are appealed to? √ Does the author use vivid 4. How would you describe the imagery? atmosphere or mood created by the setting? √ What are some specific words or phrases that indicate the mood? What is the overall mood of the text?

Name: Allegory and Symbolism Chart Date: An allegory is a story that has a hidden or symbolic meaning. They are often used in Period: order to teach a particular lesson. In the top graphic organizer, list three symbols from Symbol Chart the story and explain what they represent. Next, write down the literal meaning of the story, along with its symbolic meaning and the story’s message. The title of this story is: ______Symbolism The author if this story is: ______Symbol: Explanation of what it represents: Writers often use symbols in the forms of people, places, things, and events. These symbols stand for both themselves and something beyond themselves. Fill out the graphic organizer below to gain a better understanding of how the author uses symbols to convey meaning in the story. First, copy a short passage from the story into the first column. Next, locate a key symbol from the passage and write it in the second column. Lastly, write the meaning of the symbol in the third column.

Passage from story Symbol Meaning

Allegory

Literal Meaning:

Symbolic Meaning:

Lesson: What is the overall message of the story?

Theme Diagram Tone and Mood Diagram

A Theme is the central idea or message in a story. Themes are usually expressed as Tone is the writer’s attitude about a particular topic. It is determined by author’s use generalizations about life. Universal themes are lessons or ideas that apply to different of diction, or word choice. Mood is the general feeling that the reader has, as cultures, places and time periods. influenced by the author’s tone.

Directions: Use the diagram to determine the theme of the text. First, record what Directions: Use the diagram to determine the tone of the text. First, record three the topic or subject of the text is. Next, answer the following questions and determine quotes and analyze how the diction lends to the tone of the text. what the theme is. Selection Title: ______Author:______Selection Title: Topic: Quote: Analysis and interpretation. What does the

diction suggest?

How does the protagonist change throughout the story?

Quote #1

How is the story’s main conflict resolved?

Quote #2

What does the title of the story suggest?

Quote #3

Statement of the theme: Overall tone and mood:

Date:

Period: Title: ______Author: ______Compare and Contrast Venn Diagram Authors often follow a similar plot structure in order to pull the reader along and to make stories more interesting. Fill in the Climax Directions: Use the following diagram to compare and contrast two things. Fill in the similarities and differences and graphic organizer with the appropriate events or elements. What write what you think the key difference is. do you think is the author’s message or theme? Item #1: ______Item #2 ______

Rising Action Differences Differences Similarities

Conflict Resolution

Exposition

Cast of Characters Message or Theme

The main difference is that: ______

______

(c) Justin Lim 2017 1. Characterization Characterization Characterization Meaning – Characterization is the way How does detailed characterization help Who is that person? writers develop characters in a story make a story better? It seems to me that detailed characterization helps to make a story better because… Two types – ◦ Direct Characterization ◦ Indirect Characterization

2. Direct Characterization 3. Indirect Characterization Direct vs Indirect Characterization Meaning – when the writer directly tells Meaning – When the writer gives the Why do you think it might be harder to the reader what a character is like reader clues about the character by understand indirect characterization than describing how the character acts and direct characterization? Example thinks. It seems to me that it might be harder to understand indirect characterization than direct ◦ Sherlock Holmes is clever and resourceful. The writer allows the reader to decide characterization because… ◦ Dracula is an evil vampire. how to view the character.

(c) Justin Lim 2017 4. Protagonist Protagonist 5. Antagonist Meaning – the main character Who is the protagonist of your favorite Meaning – the character that the protagonist book, movie, or story? struggles against ◦ The “bad guy” Example My favorite protagonist is the character ______. Example: ◦ Alice from Alice in Wonderland ◦ Captain Hook from Peter Pan ◦ Tarzan fromTarzan ◦ The Big Bad Wolf from The Three Little Pigs ◦ Cinderalla from Cinderella

Antagonist 6. Subordinate Characters 7. Motivations Who is an antagonist who you greatly Meaning – characters who do not play Meaning – the reason why a character dislike? major roles in a story does something One antagonist who I greatly dislike is ______, Example: Example because ______. ◦ The evil step-sisters from Cinderella ◦ In Cinderella, the prince’s motivation for ◦ Backup characters in movies searching for the owner of the glass slipper is love.

(c) Justin Lim 2017 8. Round Characters Round Character 9. Flat Characters Round characters are well developed In your opinion is a round character more characters. The author tells the reader a likely to be a protagonist or a subordinate Flat characters are not developed. lot about the character. character? Readers know very little about them. In my opinion, a round character is more likely to ◦ Usually a minor character be a ______.

Flat Character 10. Dynamic Dynamic In your opinion is a flat character more Dy-na-mic Why do bosses like to have dynamic likely to be a protagonist or a subordinate (adjective) – describing word workers? character? Meaning – changing; able to do many It seems to me that bosses like to have dynamic In my opinion, a flat character is more likely to be a things workers because… ______. Example ◦ Dynamic students are able to get good grades in many of their classes. ◦ It is good for teachers to be dynamic, so that they can help their students with many subjects.

(c) Justin Lim 2017 11. Dynamic Character 12. Static Static Meaning – a character who changes Sta-tic If a student has bad grades, what is one during the course of story. (adjective) – describing word way to make sure that his scores do not Often the change involves learning a Meaning – not changing remain static? If a student has bad grades, one way for him to major lesson Example make sure that they do not remain static is to… Example: ◦ If employees do not work hard, they will ◦ Ebenezer Scrooge in A Christmas Carol learns remain static in their careers. to be more generous. ◦ If you are getting bad grades and you do not turn in make-up work, your scores will remain static.

13. Static Character 14. Dialogue Meaning – A character who does not Meaning – Conversations that characters change during the story have among each other.

Usually indicated by quotation marks.

(c) Justin Lim 2017 1. Irony Examples Meaning – When the audience expects something 1.A politician is elected because he is known as an to happen and the opposite occurs. honest man, but is later caught stealing. There are three types of Irony. Irony and Ambiguity? 1.Verbal Irony 2.A boxer who gets knocked down gets back up 2.Situational Irony Surprises, Twists, and Mysteries and says “I’ve got you right where I want you!” 3.Dramatic Irony

3. Situational Irony 4. Dramatic Irony Meaning – An event that is not just surprising, but actually Meaning – When the audience or reader knows 2. Verbal Irony contrary to what the reader or audience should expect what will happen to a character, but that Meaning – Verbal Irony is used when someone character does not says one thing but means the opposite. Example Example A scary movie where a victim runs upstairs because she does not know that the monster is • The big bad wolf tells the three little pigs, “I would love to have you over for dinner,” but hiding there. really means “I would love to have you over for (my) dinner.”

(c) Justin Lim 2017 5. Ambiguity Meaning – when there are several different meanings or possible outcomes to an event in a story

(c) Justin Lim 2017 Narrator and Voice 1. Narrator 2. Omniscient Point of View Who’s Talking? Meaning – The narrator is the person Om-ni-scient telling the story. The story is told from Omniscient means all knowing his point of view. The narrator is not one of the characters. The narrator knows and sees everything ◦ Point of view is the way that you see about the story and characters. something.

3. First-Person Narrator 4. Third-Person-Limited Narrator 5. Diction The narrator is a character in the story A third-person-limited narrator knows Dic-tion who is experiencing the events first-hand. everything (like an omniscient narrator) Meaning – Diction is the writer’s word He refers to himself as I or me. and is not a character in the story, choice. however, the narrator limits his focus to a The words that an author chooses Some first-person narrators are credible, single character. creates a certain or believable. Others are unreliable, “feel” to the story. meaning they cannot be trusted.

(c) Justin Lim 2017 6. Tone 7. Voice Meaning – Tone is the writer’s attitude in Meaning – The writer’s overall style based the story. on his tone and diction. A story’s tone can be: Questions? ◦ Cheerful ◦ Scary ◦ Sad ◦ Angry ◦ Humorous

(c) Justin Lim 2017 Conflict Types of Conflict Conflict is the struggle between two forces in a story. External Conflict – a conflict that is Plot Structure observable Breaking down stories…

Internal Conflict – a conflict within a characters mind; a difficult decision

Plot Components Types of Linear Plots The Three Little Pigs Climax: the turning point, the Plots can be told in The first little pig built his house out of straw most intense moment—either Once upon a time there were three little pigs mentally or in action andbecause the timeit was came the easiestfor them thing to leave to do. home Chronological order Theand secondseek their little fortunes. pig built Before his house they out left, of their sticks.mother This told was them a little" Whatever bit stronger you do, than do a it the Complication: the series of Flashback best that you can because that's the way to conflicts and crisis in the story straw house. that lead to the climax get along in the world. Flash Forward The third little pig built his house out of bricks.

Foreshadowing Exposition/Basic Situation: Resolution/Denouement: the start of the story, the the conclusion, the tying situation before the action together of all of the threads Exposition – background information starts

(c) Justin Lim 2017 One night the big bad wolf, who dearly loved to eat fat little The wolf then came to the house of bricks. "Let me in , let piggies, came along and saw the first little pig in his house of me in" cried the wolf "Or I'll huff and I'll puff till I blow your straw. He said "Let me in, Let me in, little pig or I'll huff and I'll house in." "Not by the hair of my chinny, chin chin," said the puff and I'll blow your house in!" "Not by the hair of my chinny pig. Well, the wolf huffed and puffed but he could not blow chin chin", said the little pig.But of course the wolf did blow the down that brick house. But the wolf was a sly old wolf and house in and ate the first little pig. he climbed up on the roof to look for a way into the brick Complication The struggle house.

Exposition Opening of a story / background The little pig saw the wolf climb up on the roof and lit a The wolf then came to the house of sticks. "Let me in ,Let me roaring fire in the fireplace and placed on it a large kettle of in little pig or I'll huff and I'll puff and I'll blow your house in" water. When the wolf finally found the hole in the chimney "Not by the hair of my chinny chin chin", said the little pig. But he crawled down and KERSPLASH right into that kettle of the wolf blew that house in too, and ate the second little pig. water and that was the end of his troubles with the big bad wolf.

The next day the little pig invited his mother over . She Climax The most exciting said "You see it is just as I told you. The way to get part of the story along in the world is to do things as well as you can." Fortunately for that little pig, he learned that lesson. And he just lived happily ever after! Complication The struggle

Climax The most exciting part of the story

Exposition Opening of a story / background Complication The struggle Resolution/Denouement The ending Exposition Opening of a story / background

(c) Justin Lim 2017 1. Symbol 2. Public Symbols Meaning – something that functions in a way one would expect, but also represents something else Meaning – Symbols that are culturally recognized Usually stands for something abstract

What do these public symbols represent? Symbolism and Allegory Signs of something more…

4. Fables 5. Parable 3. Allegory

Meaning – A story in which characters and places Meaning – A type of allegory that uses animal Meaning – A type of allegory that uses an ordinary stand for virtues and vices (good and bad). Almost characters to teach a practical lesson everyday situation to teach a moral lesson every element has meaning beyond the literal level. Example: Examples: Examples: Animal Farm – a political allegory about Communism The Tortoise and the Hare The Good Samaritan The Pilgrim’s Progress – a cultural allegory about What was the lesson? Christianity The Boy Who Cried Wolf What was the lesson?

(c) Justin Lim 2017 Why use symbols? Identifying Symbols 1. Symbols are often visual. Symbols are used to move the reader. Ex. The different types of houses in The Three Examples: Little Pigs The Good Samaritan Cinderella’s glass slipper 2. Symbols often appear throughout a story. Ex. The White Rabbit from Alice in Symbols are easily remembered or recognized. Wonderland Examples: Flags 3. Symbols are a form of figurative language.

4. Symbols often relate to the story’s theme.

The subject is just the topic (which can usually be Does the main character change in some way? stated in a single word, such as love.) Does the main character realize something that he The theme is the lesson about the subject. A theme or she did not know before? should be expressed as a statement. How to Interpret Example: How does Ebenezer Scrooge Change in A Christmas Carol? Example: How does Marlen change in the movie Theme Finding Nemo? IDEAS ABOUT LIFE…

4. Does the title hint at 5. Test your statement of the 3. How is the conflict resolved? something? theme.

The way a story’s major conflict is resolved usually is The title is often a hint for a major lesson in the story. Does your statement of the theme apply to the related to the major theme or message. whole piece and not just one part? Example Example: How is the conflict resolved in The Tortoise What is a possible theme for The Boy Who Cried Wolf? Does it apply to multiple characters? and the Hare? Is it contradicted? If so, it may not be a major theme.

Knowing about an author’s background often The best literary works often have more than one allows the reader to better understand that author’s theme. message. A complex story is likely to have many lessons. How did the author grow up? People can have different opinions about theme Did the author have any traumatic experiences? (and that is perfectly fine). Does the author have any strong beliefs? Ultimately, an interpretation of theme depends on how well one can argue a position.

(c) Justin Lim 2017 1. Theme 2. Universal Themes Meaning – The general idea about life that is Meaning – Themes that can be found in stories in Theme revealed in the text. any culture, place or period.

The lesson to be learned IDEAS ABOUT THE WORLD… Example Be kind to others if you want them to be kind to you. A theme of a story about suffering might be: hard work pays off.

A theme of a love story might be: love can conquer any obstacle.

3. Literary themes 4. Subject 5. Generalization Meaning – A generalization is a statement that Meaning – A statement that a piece of writing Meaning – The subject is the topic of the text; what applies to many people or situations. They do not makes about a subject. the text is about have to be true all of the time, but they are Let me normally true. teach you Ex. Studying hard generally leads to good grades. a lesson… Usually the subject can be stated in a single word such as: love, war or innocence. Themes are expressed as generalizations.

(c) Justin Lim 2017 6. Genres 7. Analogy Meaning – Genres are different forms of texts. Meaning – An analogy compares the relationship between two pairs of words. Examples of Literary Genres: Drama - plays Examples Fiction - Novels Big : Small :: Happy : Sad Opposites Poetry - Sonnets Puppy : Dog :: Kitten : Cat Age Non-fiction – Newspaper articles

Ice : Cold :: Fire : Hot Defining Qualities

Short Story Materials: • A Coward • Rain, Rain, Go Away • The Most • A Dark Brown Dog • Raymond’s Run Dangerous Game • A Day’s Wait • Rikki tikki tavi • The Moustache • A Man Who Had No • Seventh Grade • The Necklace Eyes • Stolen Day • The Open Window • A Mother in • Stop the Sun • The Pedestrian Mannville • Ta-Na-E-Ka • The People Could • A Rose for Emily • Thank You M’am Fly • A Secret for Two • The All-American • The Ransom of Red • A Sound of Thunder Slurp Chief • Aaron’s Gift • The Bass, the River, • The Scarlet Ibis • An Occurrence at and Sheila Mant • The Scribe Owl Creek Bridge • The Bet • The Sniper • After Twenty Years • The Bracelet • The Storyteller • All Summer in a Day • The Cask of • The Summer of the • Ambush Amontillado Beautiful White • American History • The Circuit Horse • Amigo Brothers • The Cold Equations • The Tell-Tale Heart • Beethoven Lives • The Dinner Party • The Third Wish Upstairs • The Dog of Pompeii • The Treasure of • Beware of the Dog • The Drummer Boy Lemon Brown • Born Worker of Shiloh • The War of the Wall • By Any Other Name • The Emperor’s New • The White Umbrella • By The Waters of Clothes • There Will Come Babylon • The Fun They had Soft Rain • Catch The Moon • The Gift of the Magi • Three Skeleton key • Charles The Gold Coin • Through the Tunnel • Contents of the • The Golden Kite, • To Da Duh in Dead Man’s Pocket The Silver Wind Memoriam • Cranes • The Interlopers • Too Soon a Woman • Dogstar • The King of Mazy • Tuesday of the • Eleven May Other June • Hearts and hands • The Lady or the • Two Kinds • Lamb to the Tiger • War Party Slaughter • The Landlady • What Do Fish Have • Liberty • The Leap Anything To Do • Lob’s Girl • The Masque of Red With It? • Marigolds Death • Where Have You • Miss Awful • The Medicine Bag Gone Charming • Nadia the Willful • The Monkey’s Paw Billy? • Night Calls • Zlateh the Goat

(c) Justin Lim 2017 Poetry Materials • A Dream Deferred • After Apple Picking • Annabel Lee • I Too • Mother to Son • Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening • The Bells • The Raven • The Road Not Taken • The Weary Blues • Theme for English B

Dynamic Design Novel Guides • Lord of the Flies • To Kill a Mockingbird

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