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POLYMNIA Studi Di Storia Romana 1 POLYMNIA Studi di Storia romana 1 Polymnia Collana di Scienze dell’antichità fondata e diretta da Lucio Cristante _________________________________________________________________________ Studi di Storia romana a cura di Gino Bandelli e Giovannella Cresci Marrone - 1 - COMITATO SCIENTIFICO INTERNAZIONALE Élizabeth Deniaux (Paris), Hartmut Galsterer (Köln), Andrea Giardina (Roma), Juan Santos Yanguas (Vitoria), Claudio Zaccaria (Trieste), Giuseppe Zecchini (Milano) RESPONSABILE DI REDAZIONE Simona Ravalico I testi pubblicati sono liberamente disponibili su: http://www.openstarts.units.it Chiabà, Monica Roma e le priscae Latinae coloniae : ricerche sulla colonizzazione del Lazio dalla costituzione della repubblica alla guerra latina / Monica Chiabà - Trieste : Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2011. - XX, 242 p. ; 24 cm. (Polymnia : studi di storia romana ; 1) ISBN 978-88-8303-361-2 1. Lazio – Colonizzazione romana – Sec. 5.-4. a.C. 937.6 (ed.22) © Copyright 2011 - EUT EDIZIONI UNIVERSITÀ DI TRIESTE Proprietà letteraria riservata I diritti di traduzione, di memorizzazione elettronica, di riproduzione e di adattamento totale o parziale di questa pubblicazione, con qualsiasi mezzo (compresi i microfilm, le fotocopie o altro), sono riservati per tutti i Paesi Autore e editore hanno operato per identificare tutti i titolari dei diritti delle illustrazioni riprodotte nel presente volume e ottenerne l’autorizzazione alla pubblicazione; restano tuttavia a disposizione per assolvere gli adempimenti nei confronti degli eventuali aventi diritto non rintracciati Monica Chiabà ROE PRISCAEMA E L LATINAE CO LONIAE Ricerche sulla colonizzazione del Lazio dalla costituzione della repubblica alla guerra latina indicE Prefazione VII Introduzione IX I. Roma e l’invio di ‘colonie’ fra la caduta della monarchia e la stipulazione del foedus Cassianum 1. Σιγνούριον-Σιγνουρία 1 2. Pometia et Cora 5 3. Fidenae 9 4. Signia 12 5. Velitrae 14 6. Sistema gentilizio e sistema ‘statale’ in rapporto alla ‘colonizzazione’ arcaica 16 7. La condizione giuridica delle ‘colonie’ anteriori al foedus Cassianum 19 II. I rapporti tra Roma e i populi Latini fra il declino della monarchia e gli esordi della repubblica 1. Le fasi che precedono la stipulazione del foedus Cassianum 24 1.1 Il bosco di Ferentina 26 1.2 La battaglia di Aricia 33 1.3 Il lucus Dianius in nemore Aricino 34 2. Il foedus Cassianum 38 III. La tradizione sulla formazione dell’ager Romanus antiquus e la questione 47 delle più antiche tribù rustiche IV. Priscae Latinae coloniae 1. Le colonie dedotte fra la stipulazione del foedus Cassianum e l’incendio gallico 1.1 Velitrae (492) 59 1.2 Norba (492) 66 1.3 Antium (467) 71 V 1.4 Ardea (442) 81 1.5 Fidenae (428, supplemento) 90 1.6 Labici (418) 91 1.7 Bola (?) 96 1.8 Vitellia (prima del 393) 99 1.9 Circeii (rifondazione del 395 o del 393) 101 2. Le colonie dedotte fra l’incendio gallico (390) e la guerra latina (340-338) 106 2.1 Satricum (385) 109 2.2 Setia (382) 119 2.3 Sutrium (383) 122 2.4 Nepet (fra il 383 e il 373) 126 3. Crisi nei rapporti romano-latino-ernici e cessazione della colonizzazione 129 federale Conclusioni 131 Bibliografia 149 Indice delle fonti letterarie 227 Indice delle fonti epigrafiche, numismatiche e papirologiche 235 Indice dei nomi di persona e di divinità 236 Indice geografico ed etnografico 238 Indice delle cose notevoli 242 VI PRZ EFA IONE Il volume che, nella collana Polymnia delle Edizioni dell’Università di Trie- ste (EUT), inaugura la nuova serie di storia romana è, da un lato, espressione della Scuola triestina di Storia antica, poiché da studentessa di Lettere classiche l’autrice ha frequentato le lezioni e i seminari di Filippo Càssola, nostro comune Maestro; dall’altro, nasce da una tesi elaborata nel vivace contesto del dottorato di Storia antica dell’Università di Roma La Sapienza, unita in consorzio, negli Anni Novanta, con quelle di Padova, Venezia e Trieste, dove la studiosa, tutore il sottoscritto, ha potuto avvalersi di cotutori quali Filippo Càssola, Ruggero Fauro Rossi, l’altro decano della Scuola triestina, e Domenico Musti, uno dei Maestri di quella romana. Ma la versione finale di questo lavoro deve molto anche all’aiuto e al consiglio di Giovannella Cresci Marrone, Hartmut Galsterer e Claudio Zaccaria. Ben al di là del titolo del suo contributo, Monica Chiabà propone un riesame complessivo delle fasi iniziali del processo di espansione di Roma (dall’ultimo periodo monarchico ai foedera con i Latini e con gli Ernici e alla Guerra latina), fermo restando che l’analisi più sistematica riguarda lo strumento fondamentale del processo medesimo, cioè, appunto, la colonizzazione. Conscia delle aporie che, al riguardo, manifestano la tradizione e la storio- grafia antica e del conseguente scetticismo di esponenti, anche autorevolissimi, della storiografia contemporanea, l’autrice ha voluto comunque affrontare il problema, sulla base di una completa rassegna delle testimonianze classiche e di un’imponente ricognizione bibliografica. La conclusione cui essa perviene è che un’adeguata esegesi per linee interne delle fonti letterarie e un confron- to dei suoi risultati con le acquisizioni della ricerca topografica e archeologica, quantitativamente e qualitativamente sempre più notevoli, e con i dati epigra- fici, ancora scarsi ma talvolta d’importanza straordinaria, permette non sola- mente di confermare lo sviluppo diacronico e geografico del fenomeno ricava- bile dalle fonti stesse, tanto per la sua declinazione viritana, quanto per quella rappresentata dalla creazione di comunità urbane, ma anche di coglierne taluni VII aspetti giuridici (ruolo dei magistrati con imperium e del senato), prosopografici (composizione dei collegi triumvirali attestati) e politici (significatività di talu- ne presenze nei collegi suddetti). Tenuto conto di ciò, è con soddisfazione e fiducia che, insieme con Giovannella Cresci Marrone, sottopongo il volume al giudizio della comunità scientifica. Gino Bandelli VIII IntrODUZIONE* Nel processo di crescita dello stato romano gli autori antichi, accanto alle semplici annessioni territoriali seguite dalla adsignatio viritana di parte dei terri- tori confiscati, attribuiscono un ruolo determinante all’istituto della colonia1. In particolare, Dionigi di Alicarnasso si riferisce alla colonia in questi termini2: τρίτον ἦν ἔτι Ῥωμύλου πολίτευμα, ὃ πάντων μάλιστα τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἀσκεῖν ἔδει, κράτι- στον ἁπάντων πολιτευμάτων ὑπάρχον, ὡς ἐμὴ δόξα φέρει, ὃ καὶ τῆς βεβαίου Ῥωμαίοις ἐλευθερίας ἦρχε καὶ τῶν ἐπὶ τὴν ἡγεμονίαν ἀγόντων οὐκ ἐλαχίστην μοῖραν παρέσχε, τὸ μήτε κατασφάττειν ἡβηδὸν τὰς ἁλούσας πολέμῳ πόλεις μήτε ἀνδραποδίζεσθαι μηδὲ γῆν αὐτῶν ἀνιέναι μηλόβοτον, ἀλλὰ κληρούχους εἰς αὐτὰς ἀποστέλλειν ἐπὶ μέρει τινὶ τῆς χώρας καὶ ποιεῖν ἀποικίας τῆς Ῥώμης τὰς κρατηθείσας, ἐνίαις δὲ καὶ πολιτείας μεταδιδόναι. Il tema della colonizzazione ha sempre suscitato un grande interesse fra gli studiosi, ma in un settore della ricerca così vasto e complesso la tendenza più diffusa è quella di studiare il fenomeno coloniario dopo lo scioglimento della lega latina (338), quando la pratica di inviare colonie assume un nuovo significato3. *Per quanto riguarda le datazioni, esse seguiranno la cronologia ‘lunga’ o ‘vulgata’ [secondo cui fra gli anni contrassegnati da magistrature collegiali (consoli o tribuni militari consulari potestate) vanno inseriti quattro anni dittatoriali e quattro o cinque anni di anarchia], accolta da Broughton 1951, 1952, 1960, 1986. Circa gli altri sistemi cronologici noti e le difficoltà derivanti dagli autori che li fanno propri, vd. Càssola 1982 = Càssola 1994, 319-378. Le date prive di indicazione diversa devono intendersi a. C. 1 Liv. I-V (passim) e Dion. Hal. II-XIV (passim). 2 Dion. Hal. II 16, 1. 3 In generale, sulla colonizzazione attuata da Roma in seguito allo scioglimento della lega latina: Pais 1923; Toynbee 1965, I, 178-189, 249-258 = Toynbee 1981, 186-187; Salmon 1969; Bernardi 1973; Misurare la terra 1983; Salmon 1985b; La colonizzazione 1988; Bandelli 1988a; Bandelli 1988b; Coarelli 1992; Bandelli 2002a; Bandelli 2002b; IX introduzione Nelle monografie di Edward Togo Salmon «Roman Colonization under the Republic» e di Aurelio Bernardi «Nomen Latinum», a tutt’oggi indagini sistematiche basilari sulla colonizzazione romana e latina di età repubblicana, gli autori dedicano dei brevi capitoli alle fondazioni anteriori allo scioglimento della lega latina, ma tralasciano gran parte delle questioni spinose e di difficile risoluzione inerenti a tali colonie4. Nel tracciare una storia della colonizzazione romana nel suo insieme e nel ricostruire le fasi di tale processo non si può ignorare che la tradizione ricor- da una fase di colonizzazione arcaica nel Lazio meridionale, fra la cacciata dei Tarquini e la stipulazione del foedus Cassianum (493), da collocare in un quadro a metà fra il sistema gentilizio ed il nuovo sistema ‘statale’ repubblicano; e che, in seguito alla sottoscrizione del trattato di Cassio (493) e alla stipula del foedus Hernicum (486)5 la ‘federazione’ romano-latino-ernica promuove alme- no tredici iniziative coloniarie, tra deduzioni, supplementi e ricolonizzazioni, contribuendo a dar vita ad un modello politico-istituzionale che verrà, dopo il 338, gradualmente applicato dalla sola Roma al resto d’Italia6. Sull’opportunità, quindi, di un riesame complessivo della colonizzazione romana più antica non ci sono dubbi. In base al duplice e fondato presupposto che i dati cronologici e prosopo- grafici ricavabili dalla tradizione siano, nel complesso, attendibili,
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