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Vegetation and Succession on Piedmont Granitic Outcrops of Virginia

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Vegetation and Succession on Piedmont Granitic Outcrops of Virginia W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1974 Vegetation and Succession on Piedmont Granitic Outcrops of Virginia James D. Berg College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Berg, James D., "Vegetation and Succession on Piedmont Granitic Outcrops of Virginia" (1974). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539624847. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-3tr5-jp86 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. VEGETATION AND SUCCESSION ON PIEDMONT GRANITIC OUTCROPS OF VIRGINIA A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Biology The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by James D. Berg 197U ProQuest Number: 10625312 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10625312 Published by ProQuest LLC (2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 - 1346 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Author Approved, August 197^- M l Stewart A. Ware Hall Martin C. Mathes SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer wishes to express his deep appreciation to Dr. Stewart A. Ware for his guidance and inspiration throughout the course of this study. The writer also is indebted to Dr. Gustav W. Hall and Dr. Martin C. Mathes for their critical review of the manuscript. In the course of accumulating the information in this paper, invaluable assistance was provided by several other people who deserve special mention. Dr. Alton M. Harvill of Longwood College provided valuable aid in locating study sites; his extensive herbarium proved a valuable source of information. Mr. Leonard J. Uttal, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, and Dr. Gwynn Ramsey of Lynchburg College also provided locality, information. Thanks also are due to Mr. Lewis Deaton, Mr. Gerald Roe, and others who made the long hours of driving more enjoyable through their company. Appreciation must be shown to Mr. and Mrs. C. M. Baldock and Dr. M. de la Burde for permission-to study the Fine Creek Mills outcrop on their respective properties. Thanks also to my wife Sarah whose knowledge of grammar and punctuation made the preparation of this paper a less difficult task than it would otherwise have been. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES...................................................vi INTRODUCTION.................................................... 2 METHODS ......................................................... 7 DESCRIPTIONS OF OUTCROPS......................................... 12 Fine Creek M i l l s ............. 12 Rock Stable................ I k Rock Mill............................... ' .................. l b Marshall Granite Outcrop.................................... 18 Falls-of-the-Nottoway............................. 20 Gas burg..................................................... 22 VEGETATION....................................................... 2 k Successional Vegetation Patterns............................ 27 Bare Rock (North Carolina)............... 27 Bare Rock (Virginia). ................... 33 Dry Depressions (North Carolina).......................... 38 Dry Depressions (Virginia)................................ 39 Moist Depressions (North Carolina). ............ 39 Pools (North Carolina). ........ ..... U3 Pools (Virginia)......................................... 1+6 Marginal Vegeta.tion......................... 1+8 Plant Species Comprising the Vegetation...................... 1+9 Plant species common to outcrops of Virginia and the southern Piedmont. .................. 5>0 Plant species common to flatrocks of the southern Piedmont but not found on Virginia outcrops. ...... 6l DISCUSSION....................................................... 67 CONCLUSIONS..................................................... 69 SUMMARY ............................................... 70 iv Page LITERATURE CITED............................................... 71 APPENDIX....................................................... 73 v LIST OF FIGURES Dry depressions; Fine Creek Mills................. h Overview; Gas burg................................... 5 Map of study sites................................... 10 Overview; Fine Creek Mills ......................... 13 Overview; Fine Creek Mills ......................... 13 Overview; Rock Stable....................• ......... 15 Vegetation mat; Rock Mille » . ...................... 16 Overview; Rock Mill................................. 17 Overview; Marshall Granite ......................... 19 Overview; Falls-of-the-Nottoway...................... 21 Overview; Gasburg................................... 23 Diagram; Mat on bare rock, North Carolina............ 30 Mat on bare rock; Gasburg....................... 31 Successional web; Bare rock, Southern Piedmont . • . 32 Grimmia mat; Fine Creek Mills........................ 3U Grimmia mat; Gasburg............................... 35 Successional web; Bare rock, Virginia. • . .......... 36 Selaginelia band; Mat at Fine Creek Mills............ 37 Cladonia; Moist depression, Gasburg............. Uo Successional web; Moist depressions, Southern Piedmont l+l Successional web; Moist depressions, Virginia.. 1+2 Diagram; Pool succession........................... 1+1+ Successional web; Pools, Southern Piedmont .......... 1+5 Talinum; Pool at Fine Creek Mills.................... 1+7 vi ABSTRACT While knowledge regarding tie fforistic s ve get. at ion ail s and successional a,speeds of granite outcrops of the Piedmont includes Georgia and the Carolinas, it currently ends abruptly at the Virginia- North Carolina line. This study extends knowledge northward through the Piedmont of Virginia. Because of the essential absence of the endemic pi am species so characteristic of the flatrocks of the Piedmont further south s there is a great difference in the physiognomy of the shallow soil outcrop communities of Virginia. The absence o.i Sedum smallii^ Cyperus g r an it ophilus 3 Cyperus aristatus, Pimbri sty I? s spi). , and Port ulorrs sir will i from dry depressions leaves these depressions essentially unvege fiat ed s since there does not appem to be any increase iri the numbers, of Tali nun caret i A;!:' urn. individuals occupying dry depressions in Virginia. The potential voi.d generated by the absence of Sedum species in Grimmia. mats are occupied in part by a slight j r.crease in Tallnum plants in these areas» be spi we one strong aspect dif:;\ senees ci\ ..tied by tlie ah ienc. of endemic species such as Sedw.: smajlii 5 that absence does not af ect the basic successional patterns on granitic outcrops. Pi orb succession on rook, outcrops in. Virginia is basically identical to succession oo oil ;i outcrops in the Piedmont regions of the southeastern United States. VEGETATION ANN SUCCESSION ON PIEDMONT GRANITIC OUTCROPS OF VIRGINIA INTRODUCTION Knowledge regarding the floristic, vegetational, and successional aspects of granitic outcrops of the Piedmont includes Georgia and the Garolinas hut currently ends abruptly at the Virginia- North Carolina, state line. At this writing there are no previously published reports of the occurrence in Virginia of the endemic plant species so characteristic of the flatrocks of the Piedmont from Georgia to North Carolina. V.H. Murdy (1968) shows the center of endemism for the flatrock endemics to be in Georgia with the number of endemic species found on granite outcrops dwindling to three in 1 North Carolina: Portulaca smallii, Cyperus granitophilus McVaugh, and Juncus georgianus. The three endemics found in North Carolina were not reported in either Massey’s Flora of Virginia (1961) or Harvill’s Spring Flora of Virginia (l970)« Perhaps the apparent absence is due to climactic differences; perhaps other species present in Virginia out-compete the endemics to the extent that they become extremely rare or vanish; perhaps there has been insufficient time for the endemics to spread into Virginia; or perhaps all three are true. Specific experimental studies might be done concerning these flatrock endemics and other vegetationally important species regarding specific delineation of factors which may limit the northward extension of these species. ^Nomenclature follows the Manual of the Vascular Flora'of the Carolines (Radford, Allies, and Bell, 1968*7 except where authorities are given. 2 3 However, of immediate interest are two questions: (l) which plants, if any, replace or encroach upon those areas which apparently would "be occupied by granite
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