Is This Lady-Like? the Portrayal of Women's Relationship with Food in American" Working Girl" Sitcoms Between 1966 and 2017
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IS THIS LADY LIKE? THE PORTRAYAL OF WOMEN’S RELATIONSHIP WITH FOOD IN AMERICAN “WORKING GIRL” SITCOMS BETWEEN 1966 TO 2017 A thesis submitted to the Kent State University Honors College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Departmental Honors by Tristan Davis May, 2020 Thesis written by Tristan Davis Approved by _____________________________________________________________________, Advisor ____________________________________________, Chair, Department of Sociology Accepted by ___________________________________________________, Dean, Honors College ii Thesis written by Tristan Davis Approved by _____________________________________________________________________, Advisor ____________________________________________, Chair, Department of Sociology Accepted by ___________________________________________________, Dean, Honors College TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES…..…………………………………………………………………....iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……………………………………………………………......vi CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION…………….………………………………………….1 Media Today……………………………..……………………………….2 Gender and the Media……………………………..……..……………….3 American Foodways……………..……..………………………………...4 History of working women on television………………………………...7 The current study………………………………………………………..10 II. Methods/Analysis…………………………………………….…………12 Show Selection……………………………..……………………….…..12 Procedure……………………………..………………………………....12 Sample Characteristics…………………………………………………..13 Measures………………………………………………………………...14 III. Results…………………………………………….……………………..16 Heuristic Observations……………………..………………………..…..16 Food Prevalence………………………..………………………………..17 Prevalence of Junk/Snack Foods……………………………..………….19 Eating Behaviors……………………………..………………………….21 Dining Locations……………………………..………………………….22 iii IV. Discussion/Limitations…………………………………………….……25 REFERENCES….............................................................................................................32 APPENDIX A. Plot Synopses and Food Notes From Shows……………………………35 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Description of Sample…………………………………………………………..15 2. Percentage of Episodes: No Eating.…………………………………………….17 3. Percentage of Episodes in which “Junk” Food or Snack Food is Eaten……….19 4. Representation of Group Eating Vs. Eating Alone (N%)……………………...21 5. Where Does The Main Character Eat?*……………………………………….24 v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deepest thanks and gratitude to my thesis advisor, Dr. Susan Roxburgh, who without this would not have been possible. I am thankful for her support and guidance for not only the thesis, but the trials I have undergone in my undergraduate career. You have been a mentor to me and a role model for where I hope to be in the future as a professor, and as a researcher. I am thankful for the accountability you held me to, but also the graciousness and your willingness to work with me through life changes and mental health ups and downs. I have now been able to do research with your guidance, research we will continue, and I have taken a class from you in what I want to specialize in. I always feel like I learn from you, and your pictures of Gimli and Maggie and your garden keep me going. I would like to thank the members of my defense committee: Dr. Christopher Dum, Dr. Dave Kaplan, and Dr. Kimberly Winebrenner. I am thankful for your guidance and suggestions on how to make this better. I am also thankful for your willingness to work with me through this peculiar semester and having to set everything up twice. It was a pleasure hearing your thoughts and having your questions really challenge my knowledge of the subject. I am glad I got to share this milestone with you all. I would also like to thank other members of the Department of Sociology at Kent State University. Dr. Christopher Dum, Dr. Clare Stacey, Dr. Gregory Gibson, Dr. Richard Adams, and Dr. Zach Schiller. Without all your contributions to my journey, I would not be where I am today. Everyone named above has helped to curate my sociological imagination and hone my skills and interests. Dr. Dum, who helped me vi conduct my first research project, and helped reign in my ambitious ideas (ideas that I hope we can revisit someday). Dr. Richard Adams for showing me the ropes in another study and working with me intensively over eight weeks in the Summer Undergraduate Research Experience to help me write a full-length paper and learn how to use SPSS and Stata. Dr. Gibson, for allowing me to intern and later work in the Survey Research Lab and always being in my corner through the difficulties. I have learned so much about survey research methods and various other topics from our discussions. Dr. Clare Stacey, who brought me into Sociology Scholars on a whim and cultivated my passion and ideals for research. Dr. Zach Schiller as well, for teaching theory and political sociology at the same time, and always encouraging us to look deeper at everything we see and understand how sociology can view it. I must express my thanks to the McNair Scholars program at Kent State University for taking me in and giving me professional resources and monetary resources to allow me to focus on research for an entire summer. Dr. Liz Piatt and Siobhán Hicks and Imani Reynolds for dealing with me in trips for an entire summer and helping me navigate the crazy world of graduate school and getting in with a good funding package at a school of my choice. The last thanks I have to give are to family and friends, who have always supported me and listened to me stress about this for two years. Family and friends for even sitting through Zoom meetings as I practiced the presentation, and my mom for sitting through the presentation multiple times over the years as the study developed. My deepest thanks go to my future wife, as we got engaged last summer, for always vii supporting me and reminding me that it is okay to take breaks and that my mental health is just as important as my research. My housemates for reminding me to take some time off from time to time to play music and games. Also my cat, who kindly likes to remind me that I need to eat so that she can to. She keeps me company and gets excited when I take breaks because it means play time. viii 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION/LITERATURE REVIEW Media has profoundly altered the way we interact with and learn about the world. Electronic versions of media have an even more profound effect, especially in the way we are socialized to understand the world. Socialization plays a prominent part in our lives in defining our self-concepts, behaviors, habits, and perceptions of the world. Television is a form of media, one of the significant four sources of socialization in the modern era and a significant influence on gender socialization (Sink & Mastro, 2017; Ray 2007; Oakes & Slotterbeck, 2004). Media teaches and reinforces what each gender should do, and how one should navigate the world. Rules and customs around food consumption play an important role in how humans construct their social reality. Focusing on food can uncover societal stigmas, social norms, and attitudes. Throughout the world, food has always been a source of power and food choices increase independence and can reinforce one's place in the social hierarchy. Food practices and customs can vary by culture and country, but they all serve the same focus. Food is used to mark social class and define families, networks, friendship groups, religions, ethnic identification, and other social institutions (Anderson, 2005). Anderson (2005) suggests that food is second only to language as a system of social communication. In any food instance, choosing food to serve, who sits where, who takes what portions, and even condiment placement on the table sends subtle social 2 messages we intuitively notice. Engendering food occurs in nearly every culture; different cultures depict different food customs and certain foods for men and women. The focus of this research is to assess the portrayals of women relating to food in television media. To do this, I turned to the situation comedy. Situation comedies have the highest number of food instances per episode relative to other show formats such as crime-dramas, cooking, or nature shows (Ray, 2007). Situational comedies have 4.95 food instances per half hour of programming. They often emulate real life by taking place in commonplace settings (i.e., lounge spaces and restaurants), thus making them more relatable to real life. (Avery, 1995, Ray, 2007). In their 2007 article, Ray had suggested that all modern programming can be grouped into two different camps: sitcoms and anti- sitcoms. Ray's distinction illustrates how prominent the sitcom has become on television today. Media Today Television is an important medium worthy of analysis because it has become pervasive in the modern era, and with the advent of streaming services and video platforms online, even more so today. Indeed, researchers contend that television is so pervasive and influential that it is virtually impossible to avoid its influence (Figueroa, 2005). In 1995 Americans spent an average of 40% of their free time watching television (Avery et al. 1997). In 2017, a report revealed that 78% of households had a computer, 75% had a smart phone or tablet, and among that subset of respondents, 77% had an internet subscription (Ryan & Lewis, 2017). Individuals can stream virtually any content, 3 especially with the rise of streaming services such as Netflix and Hulu, and the increase in connectivity to the internet. The ability to stream virtually any content has led to Americans now watching, on