British Columbia Historical Federation ORGANIzED 31 OcToBER, 1922

MEMBER SOCIETIES

ALBEIUsII DIsTRIcT HISTORICAL SOCIETY NANAIM0 HIsTomcL SoCIE] The British Columbia Box 284 P0 Box 933, STATIoN A Historical Federation is PORT ALBERNI NANAIM0 BC 5N2 9RV an umbrella organization BC 9VY 7M7 NIC0LA VALLEY MUSuEM & ARCHIvEs embracing regional ALDER GROVE HERITAGE SOCIETY P0 Box 1262, MERRITT BC ViK jB8 societies. 3190 - 271 STREET NORTH SHORE HISTORICAL SOCIETY ALDERGR0vE, BC V4W 73H 1541 MERLYNN CRESCENT Questions about ANDERSON LiviE HISTORIcAL SOCIETY N0RTHVANC0uvER BC V7J 2X9 membership and Box 40, D’ARCY BC VoN iLo NORTH SHusWA.p HISTORICAL SOCIETY affiliation of societies should be directed ARRow LAxs HIsToRIcAL SOCIETY Box 317, CELI5TA BC VoE iLo to Nancy M.Peter, RR#i, SITE iC, C0MP 27, PRINCEToN & DISTRICT MUSEUM & ARCHIVES Membership Secretary, NAxuSP BC VoG iRo Box 281, PRINCETON BC VoX iWo BCHistorical Federation, ATLIN HISTORICAL SocIErY QUALICUM BEACH HIsT. & MUSEUM SocIErY #7—5400 Patterson Box iii, ATUN BC VoW LAO 587 BCH ROAD Avenue, Burnaby, BOuNDALY HIsToRIcAL SOCIETY QuAuCuM BEACH BC 9VK i K’ BC V5H2M5 Box 58o SAT..TSPRING ISLAND HISTORICAL SoCwrY GIuD FORKS BC VoH i Ho 129 MCPHILuP5 AvENuE B0wEN ISLAND HISTORIANS SAri SPRING ISLAND BC V8K 2T6 Box 97 SIDNEY & NoRTH SAANICH HISTORICAL SOC. B0wEN ISLAND BC VoN iGo 10840 INNWOOD RD. BuRNALY HISTORICAL SOCIETY NORTH SAANICH BC V8L 5H9 6501 DEER LAICEAVENUE, SILvERY SLOc HISTORICAL SOCIETY BuRNABY BC VG 3T6 Box 301, NEW DENVER BC VoG iSo CHEPvIAINUSVALLEY HIsTOIUCAL SoCIETY SuluEY HIST0IucAL SOCIETY Box 172 Box 34003 17790 #10 HWY. CHErvIAINu5 BC VoR iKo SuIuEY BC V3S 8C4 CowIcHAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY TExADA ISLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY P0 Box 1014 Box 122,VANANDA BC VoN 3K0 DuNCAN BC V9L 3Y2 TiIL HISTORICAL SOCIETY DISTRICT 69 HISTORICAL SOCIETY P0 Box 405,TRAIL BC ViR 74L Box 1452, PALKSvILLE BC V9P 2H4 VANCouvER HISTORICAL S0CWIY EAST K00TENAY HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION P0 Box 3o71,VANC0UVER BC V6B 3X6 P0 Box 74, CJ’rBRooK BC ViC 4H6 VICTORIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY GuLF ISLANDS BI&NCH, BCHF P0 Box 43O35,VICTORIA NORTH C/O A. L0vERIDGE, S.22, Cii, RR#i VICTORIA BC V8X 3G2 GALIANO BC VoN iPo HEDLEY HERITAGE SOCIETY Box 218,HEDLEY BC VoXiKo AFFILIATED GROUPS KuviLooPS MUSEUM ASSOCIATION K00TENAY LAKE HISTOfficAI SOCIETY 207 SEYMoUR STREET Box KASL0 BC VoG IM0 KiLooPs BC V2C 72E 537, LASQuETI ISLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY K0K5ILAN SCHOOL HISTORICAL SOCIETY C/O P FORBES 5203 TNs CANADA HIGHWAY LASQuETI ISLAND BC VoR 2J0 KoKsILii BC VoR 2C0 NANAIMO AND DISTRICT MUSEUM SOCIETY K00TENAY MUSEUM & HISTORICAL SOCIETY 100 CArvIER0N ROAD 402 ANDERSoN STREET NANAIM0 BC V9R 2X1 NELSONBC ViL 3Y Please write to the OxANAGAN HIsTorncL SOCIETY LANTzvILLE HIsToRIcAL SOCIETY Editor for any changes to Box 313,VERNON BC ViT 6M3 C/O Box 274, LAirzvILLE BC VoR 2H0 be made to this list. BRITIsH CoLuMBIA Volume 32, No. 2 Spring 1999 $5.50 HIsTolucAt NEWS ISSN 1195-8294 Journal of the British Columbia Historical Federation

Thank you 2 Captain Vancouver & Pt by B. Guild Gillespie When you read this publication, do you ever think 4 “Vancouver Sunday” about the editorial decisions made to make it all byjE. (Ted) Roberts possible? Naomi Miller has been the volunteer editor of British Columbia Historical News since her inaugural 30 The Declining North Point issue in the Fall of 1988. She has nurtured this by Leornard W Meyers publication with tender loving care for just over ten years or 42 issues! 10 When the Ditch Runs Dry Right from the start Naomi solicited “articles on by George Richard any aspect of British Columbia history.” She always acknowledged receipt of each submission and, once published, sent a thank-you letter along with sev 18 The diary of Edward Marriner eral complimentary copies to the author. Under by Jack A. Green her guidance BC Historical News grew in size from 32 pages to its current 40. 20 Historic Echoes of the North Shore Mountains Mailing this journal from the East Kootenays byA. C. Rogers became a growing challenge, particularly with the ever increasing rules and regulations imposed by the postal authorities. Fortunately Naomi and her 24 Against a Tide of Change: Simma Holt helpmate/husband, Peter, had both the patience by Laura Duke and the stamina to make certain that the quarterly deadlines were met and the journal delivered in time.This feat itself deserves a heroic medal. 30 The Story of Estella Hartt We are grateful to the Millers for their faithful by Rosemarie Parent service to the British Columbia Historical Federa tion and, particularly, to the British Columbia His- 31 BOOK REVIEWS torical News. Although she bids farewell as editor, Naomi will maintain her link with this journal by assembling the News and Notes column. 38 NOTES AND NEWS It is no surprise that Naomi passed on a very detailed list of procedures to her successor. I am 39 FEDERATION NEWS certain Fred Braches will continue to maintain the high professional standard she established.We thank Naomi (and Peter) very much and wish them a well deserved retirement.

Any country worthy of a future Ron Welwood should be interested in its past. President. British Columbia Historical Federation W. Kaye Lamb, 1937

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING 1999

2 J999 SPRING NEWS BC - HISTORICAL

1969. Eng as to as couth are occupied. keep men Most

in the moon from Earth seeing to equal impact lusty and young got boats, 145 you’ve equipped

an had which known, were the world of a to poorly limits of dozen these got half work.You’ve

the history, in recorded first time the For planet. get the down let’s basics, to down we’re that Now

the on coastline of miles 10,000 intricate most begun. barely Getting Don’t—we’ve worried?

the chart to boats small he his summers, used this. than better looks Anything

short In three he accomplished: what here’s and months. eating been for you’ve which

up with, put Vancouver George is This what and sauerkraut, biscuits, bug—infested saitbeef, got

ship. in another you no can You’ve gather. what except food, fresh

China to him for a ride arrange you until years, have of tools.You but Get cooking basic all rid

three day for you, every for life makes difficult He on shore.

way. a crazy in popular, and He’s it tents handsome in boat canvas or in tarps the under sleep

author like doesn’t Pitt, you’ll -waiting,Thomas Lord-in cosy and cabin; your fibres Remove oilskins.

teenage This home. back everyone important natural with clothing hi-tech your all Replace

to related who’s one full-blown but a chopath, dies. the to wind when get around them

psy of sort Joe any not just and board, on path need and oars oarlocks—you’ll Add some sail aid,

a psycho Put the ringer. Well, here’s difficult? and power modern every motor, your Chuck

a little now; a tight little seeming Are things get there. to you months take would it that miles

sure. for rebel or they’ll pleasures, their fere with many for so it know you as with civilization tion

inter don’t but women, native with in love fall no communica radio. There’s six your Deep

them let Don’t it. knows crew and whole your accurately. none

before, years three mutinied was Bligh Wiffiam noted, features few geographic other a and Elias,

your friend where as Tahiti, as seductive are which St. Mt. Sound, Nootka San Francisco, Diego, San

Islands, Hawaiian on the your winters only Spend with coast, of the sketch a with them place

down. you slow this let don’t but to death, close Re one. last every your charts, all burn Now;

you’re times, Several worse. getting and disease nook. little your in rough dangerously getting

mysterious a with sick dog way, you’re By the it’s and storm, a in rollicking you’re a Soon, gale.

stop. every at specimens collect botanical to get up, then comes wind for miles.A around no one

for don’t And instructions. without assignment a evening.There’s pleasant on cove a snug into put

this complete and Spaniards, occupying lem with device.You safety and amenity every You have

prob diplomatic a pressing solve to takes it as long sailboat. 25-foot a in up coast you’re Imagine

as for Sound at Nootka stay time, same the At waters. and ground miliar

you must. if please—three, fa from today, from starting shoes, in his selves

summers two in n do and it equipment, reliable our put let’s To understand, wrong? went what

un with Do it Passage. Northwest navigable no And do? Vancouver George did exactly What

is

there that all for and once Prove Anchorage. bear. could he than ache

present-day to Diego San from shoreline nental heart more for it earned yet much, so complished

conti

the Chart chore. little your here’s Now, He’d ac on him. hard been had years vening

years. for together civilly working and living inter The spirit. and of health broken died he

all

them to keep got you’ve but company, the 1798, 12th, May on later, six years Less than

one—quarter with a week after ship

jump would and Valdes. Galiano Captains

sailor

modern them.A in by jowl

cheek packed and Spanish natives welcoming of company the

C

you’re

and

tubs, cranky leaky, they’re but home,

in breakfast hearty ate a He 1792. 22nd, Coquitlam. in lives

call

to ships

of wooden

couple a have You June on Grey, Point off just birthday and illustratot writer

mules. as

to work keen

as and fans football lish 35th his spent Gillespie, Guild Brenda GeorgeVancouver APTAIN

B. Gillespie Guild by

1998 May on 12th, Dead Years 200

Vancouver: George Captain Vancouver kept his men so healthy that only this incident,Vancouver lost hope of acceptance This text, previously six died in nearly five years of sailing—far more by his beloved country and, with it, his desire to published in The than would have lived had all stayed safely at home. live. Vancouver Sun, May 9th, 1998, is reproduced here They didn’t adore their captain,but their respect, Camelford reeled from disaster to disaster, elud with kind permission of measured by their unprecedented accomplish ing charges of mayhem and murder of a fellow the author. ments, was obvious. officer only because of his title and connections. Vancouver got King Kamehameha to cede He died at age 29 in a duel with his best friend Shown below is Brenda Guild Hawaii to Great Britain, a tidy gift for King over a strumpet. Gillespie’s drawing of Captain Vancouver’s George III, if he wanted it. didn’t.) (He George Vancouver’s journal was an instant grave at St. Peter’s Vancouver didn’t complete his diplomatic mis bestseller, although the English continue, to this Churchyard in Petersham. sion—how could he?—but he didn’t botch it day, to underrate him. His birthplace at King’s An illustration from her book On Stormy either. It got deferred. His botanist brought back Lynn was torn down in the 1960s for a shopping Seas, The Triumphs and Torments a ton of New World plants, plenty to satisfy old mall. His of grave at Petersham is little better tended Captain George Vancouver. Farmer George, the King, although another ton than those around it. Enquiries at the National would have been nice. But then again, charting Maritime Museum are often as not greeted with, every river and island on the coast would have “Oh him. He’s not important.” been nice too. Some things would require a re He came from an enlightened family, with two turn trip or two, but so what? Look at what did brothers who advocated progressive agriculture get done. and social policies. Camelford particularly hated To Thomas Pitt, none of this mattered. He Vancouver’s treatment of native peoples—far too despised the man who, as captain, held all others’ accepting and concerned about their well-being life and death in his hands. Back in England, the for blueblood tastes.Vancouver had unusual sen tables turned.There, Pitt became Lord Camelford, sitivity for women too, with no condescension Baron of Boconnoc, and took his seat in the evident in his writings and a liberal bestowing of House of Lords. Now he could harass Vancouver women’s names on geographic features. at whim, with impunity No Peer of the Realm Now he’s out of fashion, just another old had ever been charged with or convicted of un white—guy explorer/exploiter. Pity, because he was doing a commoner, which Pitt had firmly in too modern for his times, which got him into mind. trouble then, and he still can’t get an even break. Vancouver’s last few years were grirn.The Ad miralty (formerly headed by Camelford’s cousin Lord Chatham) delayed paying him. The gov ernment (under Prime Minister and cousin William Pitt theYounger, with Secretary of State and brother-in-law Lord Grenville) refused to honour his achievements. Camelford hounded Vancouver and kin relentlessly.Vancouver’s cries for help and justice went nowhere, critical docu ments disappeared, and creditors pounded on his door.

Vancouver knew that redemption lay in pub --‘ lishing his journal. 1-le worked to his last breath -r-- I’ completing the official report of his voyage. It’s L dry reading, but his first concern was for sailors LL1 who might live or die by its accuracy and com 7 ,we t pleteness. Had he lived, he planned to publish more entertaining accounts for armchair geog— raphers, based on his extensive shipboard notes. p %w’,* These vanished. Very little exists in Vancou at ( .T ver’s handwriting today. No official portrait f4 was I 34 commissioned, and the only certain image we have is a caricature of him being beaten in a Lon don street by an enraged Lord Camelford. After

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING iç 3

4

BC NEWS

SPRING HISTORICAL

1999 -

couver to truly day a Sunday”

remember.

Vancouver as being “pig-headed and stupid”,

est seamen and we make to surveyors, hope “Van

of writers history. One historian has described

work acknowledge

the of

ofEngland’s one great

charges were, as though accepted fact by many

ing a

the few

in day moments to year one

during

ily of Thomas to and Pitt note how these false

through

schools the by and the in

province, tak

ine the charges against him brought the by fam

of George

his Vancouver

work. and

Working

view Vancouver’s character and to briefly exam

is to the correct

distortions

life concerning the

The service provided an opportunity to re

The

aim primary the of of

Friends Vancouver

tion ofVancouver’s actions.

facts, the of the a being result complete vindica

the facts speak dence o themselves.... for

...

has lumbia, been the a for cause re—examination

pointless shred a needless without and evi of

...

tion,

uncovered

at

University

the of Co British

pages numerous fact with

are errors

that of both

have ans gone

unchallenged, but new informa

good he has taste [Bowering] bespattered his

...

the distorted remarks by expressed histori many

scant historical of only .taking facts account and

2nd became

Baron

Camelford. Until recently, very puffed-up read: They Bibliography.

one

his of

midshipmen,youngThomas who Pitt, out on context, 406, page last page the of the

bered

primarily

for

unfortunate

the conffict with Lamb’s Dr. with and placed, alone remarks with

and

historians fiction of and writers remem is out but hung leaves dry to Lamb Dr. Bowering

ceptions, Vancouver been has poorly by served of competence reviewers questionable historical

at held

services

Petersham.With ex one two or of remarks carries cover work this from adulatory

service

which was in patterned, part, previous on Bowering’s Water. earlier back The Burning effort,

FRIENDS VcouvER Victoria sponsored the OF Dr. from on Lamb, Kaye ments reflecting

and Vancouver of an appreciation the work, his A ereprints he com wherein History, Swashbuckling

an In a effort stimulate to in greater interest B.C., of Bowering’s his in book, men latest worthy

Canada the and from United Kingdom. assassination continues character his Bowering

by is ice visiting observed, attended dignitaries all in the defies Council, logic. that act an Canada

a of date death, the serv his ‘Vancouver Sunday’ of has recognition the and been support given

and suburb the to Sunday every closest on year, who are Bowering author by totally out-gunned

of Peter’s churchyard in St. London Church that Seas its Stormy On some and research, on solid

12, May buried 1798.Vancouver quiet the is in based is it Though life. account Vancouver’s of

who on Petersham, in Vancouver

Surrey, died yet sensitive fictional, a On Seas, Stormy written

George death the 200th Capt. of of anniversary

has Gillespie, Guild Brenda trast, novelist, another Q

to the commemorate BC dral,Victoria, con In merit. ing worthy as literary of public

at Church was Christ ice Cathe held read the on foisted been has which and suffers

a 1998, serv 10, May special Sunday, N author that which ering whatever-it-is from the

of cov fact ing has veneer barest which the Water

novel in Burn Bowering’s found are George ter

charac Vancouver’s of distortions worst The BC of News. Historical

issue reviewed this in seaman. and explorer great

A Dicovery Journal a of evaluation unfair a present and totally today

J.E. Roberts published schools our in used in sources expressed are inents

Maritime

Museum.

These senti— slack.” and careless unforgivably

by

the Victoria

was Fraser the find to his that failure sisting

“...

painting loan on given

in

rivers”, “missing about bling Vancouver’s on

well-known Vancouver

bab more, one and potatoes” small “pretty was

copy a the of alongside

as went,Vancouver that us explorers other telling

Church Cathedral

an

yet have

unbend”.We to ability the “lacked shown Christ at here

and “narrow-minded” has us given another while Roberts, J.E.(Ted)

by J. Roberts E.

Victoria Sunday” in “Vancouver The journals of the Discoveryc and Chathams Left: A detail of the officers are strangely silent about deliverance, even painting shown on the after escaping the possible loss of Discovery in a frant cover alleged to grounding in Queen Charlotte Strait in August represent Captain Vancouver of 1792, when the only words of thanks that I Dr. Kaye Lamb reminds us “that there is have found are in the journal of young midship considerable evidence to man Thomas Heddington of the Chatharn, who suggest that the portrait at age 16 in 1792, was the youngest in the squad may well be authentic.” ron. He was moved to write: (The Voyage of George Here the Discovery hung until the early hours of Vancouver, p. 1612) Monday August 6, when at 2AM, the rising tide A copy of this painting is floated the ship free and as Providence directed in the collection of Victoria she was hove off. Maritime Museum. The The record shows that much asVancouver was original is at the National a stickler for adhering to the rules of the Navy; a Portrait Gallery, London. study of the various journals shows that in one respect he paid slight heed to the Articles ofWar. Article 1 of these regulations required that: All commanders, captains, and officers, in or be longing to any of His Majesty’s ships or vessels of TEXT OF AN ADDRESS BY J.E. ROBERTS GWEN ON war shall cause the public worship ofAlmighty God, VANCOUVER SUNDAY AT CHIUsT CHURCH according to the Liturgy ofthe Church ofEngland CATHEDnL,VICTo1uA, BC, MAY 10, 1998 established by law, to be solenmly, orderly, and rev erently performed in the respective ships; and shall take care that prayers and preaching T would be nice to tell you that GeorgeVan by the chap lain in holy orders of the respective ships, be couver was a particularly godly man and that per formed diligently; and that the Lord’s day be ob he loved his Lord, but there is nothing in the I served according to law. historical record to substantiate this idea. How The Discovery did not carry a Chaplain and ever, when we consider that in his relatively short there is no record of divine service being held lifetimeVancouver had circumnavigated the globe regularly on board ship, only the occasional ref three times, he would have seen more of the erence to prayers being said to the men assem wondrous beauty of God’s world and more of its bled for muster. terrors than most men of his time, or since, and We do know that George Vancouver was an he could not but have been aware of the power emotional man who often wore his heart on his and mystery of creation. sleeve and expressed himself in a manner not One would never know this from his writ commonly associated with officers in the Royal ings, for there are few references to Providence Navy The most poignant example was when he in his journal, other than the more or less obliga witnessed the destruction ofone ofthe ship’s boats tory inclusion of thanks to the Almighty at its as it was being hoisted in after returning from end. On this occasion, when referring to the men another ship in the convoy they were in, en route lost during the voyage, he wrote: home to England from St. Helena at the end of The unfortunate loss of these five men from the the voyage. He wrote: Discovery produced in me infinite regret, but I do not recollect that my feelings when I averted to the very dangerous service in ever suffered so much on any occasion of a similar which we had been so long employed, and the nature, as at this moment. The cutter was the boat that I many perilous situations from which we had had con stantly used; in her I had travelled very many providentially been extricated with all possible miles; in her I had repeatedly escaped from danger; adoration, humility, and gratitude, I offered up my she had always brought me safely home; unfeigned thanks to the Great Disposer of all Hu and although she was but an inanimate conveniency, man Events, for the protection which thus, in his to which, it may possibly be thought no affection unbounded wisdom and goodness he had been could be at tached, yet I felt myself under such pleased, on all occasions, to vouchsafe unto us, obligation for her services, that when she was and which had now happily restored us to our dashed to pieces before my eyes, an involuntary country, our families, and our friends. (emphasis emotion suddenly seized my breast, and I was compelled to added) turn away

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING 1999 5 “Here the Discovery hung until the early hours of Monday August 6...” Part of an Etching from Vancouveri Voyage.

to hide a weakness (for which, though my own grati burthen with a complement of 100 men and with tude might find an apology) I should have thought a few features which were “state of the art” for improper to have publicly manifested. her time. She had a raking stem, not found on During the last 10 years of his life,Vancouver ships of this period and had straight sides with a was not a well man and he died in Petersham on slight outward flair, making her a very dry ship. May 12, 1798, of what has now been diagnosed The Discovery was one of the earliest ships fitted as kidney failure. The charts prepared under his with a quadrant on her tiller and she is the first direction during his great survey of the North ship in the Navy that I can find a record on of West coast of America have slight errors in lati carrying a small boat at her stern, though this tude and longitude, caused primarily from errors was common practice with East Indiamen. in the Nautical Almanac that was used to reduce Her crew may be said to have been typical of the thousands of observations taken byVancou her time and Vancouver and his officers worked ver and his officers.This problem remained with them up into a small, but efficient group of men Vancouver, even after his death, when the head who were able to rise to any challenge. It must and foot stones to his grave were moved with be noted that the average age of Discovery ‘i crew the result that he is not where he thought he was less than 22 years, including a few 15 and 16 was. year olds. Where Vancouver stood out, was in On the side of the Register, under date of that he accompanied many of the boat parties December 17, 1892, the Vicar made this addi engaged on the actual surveys. He did notjust sit tion: back on board while the others laboured, but he N.B.The head and foot stone over the brick was out on the water, sharing the hardships of grave in which the remains of Capt. George Van bad weather and short rations with his men. couver lie were in my presence lifted, raised six It may be argued that the commander was the inches and drawn six inches aside to the south. weakest link and here I feel that he is being so The consent of the Agent-General of British Co lumbia and two church-wardens of this parish rated only because of his abrasive personality His having been previously obtained in order to effect qualifications as a surveyor are unchallenged, de an improvement to the churchyard and to place a veloped from his experiences with Cook on two rail to the Tollemache tomb. voyages around the world, during which time he I have not found a reference to the stones be learned how to deal respectfully with all manner ing replaced to their original position. of indigenous peoples. His leadership qualities Vancouver’s voyage was the longest continu were well founded from his service as l’ Lieu ous Journey ever undertaken under sail and its tenant in the Europa, a ship with a crew of 700 success was due entirely to the interaction of their men operating in the foul climate of the Carib commander, the ship and its crew. All had to be hean.What, then, went wrong? first rate and the failure ofone would have meant During the course of the voyage, it had been the failure of all. necessary for Vancouver to send a young mid Probably the fittest of the three was the ship, shipman, Thomas Pitt, son of Baron Camelford, the Discovery, a ship-rigged, sloop-of-war, 300 tons back to England because of a series of infrac

6 BC HISTORICAL NEWS SPRING 1999 tions that included the charges of purloining, breaking the glass in the compass, sleeping on his c 4/ taf’ watch and theft of ship’s stores.The hot-headed €.r- 74A... youth, on his return to England challenged Van couver to a duel and in a chance encounter in L.. the street, attacked Vancouver and his brother, 14% Charles, with his cane. This became the subject of a cartoon, entitled “The Caneing in Conduit Street” which depictedVancouver as a despot and ) L detailed his alleged mistreatment of his crewThe A 4z_ incident soon subsided and was forgotten by all ‘ø4 ‘JOr.) but Lady Camelford, young Thomas’ mother, / 7 who was determined to get her pound of flesh i‘ ,t from the man who had abused her dear son. ‘. , Lady Camelford turned to Archibald Menzies, %i ai*/r’7 the botanist who served on the voyage, and asked him to compile a record of all of the instances Ad €k where her son had suffered at his Captain’s hand. - Menzies apparently decided that he alone was 9)44 not going to be the only tattler, and contacted E7 ( CiL if Joseph Whidbey, the Discoverys Master for cor / -/ ¼4 roborating evidence. This pathetic record is in the Banks’ Correspondence in the British Mu tQ ç/ seum and has served as the only basis for histori ans’ charges against Vancouver. In it, the charges against Pitt noted previously, were trivialised and resolved. It was shortly after this episode that Pitt Above: “The answer was dismissed as the actions ofyoung men in general. was sent home. found in a scrap of a letter In fact, they were all very severe and worthy of a The answer was found in a scrap of a letter held in Special Collec true flogging to any man who lacked the protec placed in a 2nd edition copy of Vancouver’s Voy tions at the University of tion of the noble name of Pitt. Vancouver age held in Special Collections at the University British Columbia...” See attemped a bit of psychology with his punish of British Columbia which reads: alsoj E. Roberts’ article “The Camelworth ments of young Thomas and tried to embarrass I am very credably informed that Capt.Vancouver Controversy” in BC him before his peers, and instead of a real flog was never again employed because he flogged Mr. Historical News, ging, had him bend over a gun in the cabin and Pitt afterward Lord Camelford. Now the story is Spring 1995, Volume. 28 take a whipping. It must have been quite a sight this: the Captn nussing some sheets of copper cd not learn who had No. 2 to see this big lad being whipped in a cabin with taken them he therefore tied up the Boatswain during the flogging less than six foot head room under the beams. the boat swain feeling the pain said Oh Mr Pitt how can Any physical pain that Pitt felt would have been you see me thus used, CaptV perceiving that mr minimal and Vancouver hoped that putting him Pitt had taken the copper ordered the boatswain in this position would have him change his ways. to be released & Mr P take as many lashes as the Again, when Pitt was punished for falling asleep boatswain had recd, I think Mr Vancouver’s con on his watch, instead of a flogging, he was put in duct very manly and those who disrespected him irons with the common seamen and lost all privi for it very unmanly I wish I cd take him [byj the leges of his rank. hand for it but alas he is dead. Vancouver’s soft treatment of Pitt came to a It is small wonder that no one would admit to shuddering halt in an incident that has gone un remembering this incident.Those who knew the recorded for nearly 200 years. It involved pun facts chose to remain silent, or what is worse, ishments inflicted aboard the Discovery in August concocted stories to discredit Vancouver. It has of 1793 which Menzies recorded in his journal taken all of these years to learn the truth of what were of such an unpleasant nature, that, “on seeing happened and I thank you for your interest and which all the natives left the Bay” This involved the support of our efforts to clear the name of a truly theft of some copper sheets that could not be great explorer and seaman, Captain George Vancouver..

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING ig9 7 Stylized Arrows and Compass Roses: The Declining North Point by Leonard W. Meyers

Left; North arrows Leonard Meyers lives compiled by the author in Vancouver from hundreds of British Columbia land surveyors’ w-4 plans prepared over the past one hundred years. A N

‘1 NORT H ON //

‘dl )

Graphics by Leonard Myers

HE NORTH POINT is taken for granted. It antiquity But it is probable that the ancient Egyp is ignored for it is always there. It is gen tians used some sort of a symbol to directionally T erally treated with indifference until, orientate their land areas, cities and structures such suddenly it is required, and it is not around, nor as the pyramids. And to redefine property lines anywhere to be found.Then, and only then, is its after each subsequent flooding of the Nile. The true worth recognized. And how futile is one’s father of the first true north point—certainly the sense of direction without it. For, without the first classical one—might well have been the familiar and faithful north point, the subject lit Greek geometer and astronomer Eratosthenes erally takes off in all directions, yet secured to who measured, for the first time, a meridian arc none. in 230 B.C.. But the north point didn’t come into The north point, like a poor relative or a man its own until the discovery of the magnetic com without a country, has no status of its own. It is pass and the subsequent arrival of the days of sea not an island unto itself. It does not educate or travel, exploration and navigation, and the gen interpolate. It is always an adjunct. Almost a sec eral acceptance that the earth was round and re ond thought—even an afterthought—when the plete with magnetic poles. rest of the plan has been completed in all its el As the north finally became defined, it was a egance and technical perfection. But the north simple matter for the early chart and mapmakers point can point the way to an island, and the lay to superimpose on their product a facsimile of of the land.Without it any map or chart is almost an elaborate compass point, indicating the north. as meaningless and ineffectual as a ship without a And, for the first time the explorers and naviga rudder. tors knew where they were going. And they’ve The exact origin of the north point is lost in been going ever since. And the north point was

8 BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING ic here to stay. It has been used and relied upon by waste time on it. There were instances where he Below: Part of a chart of cartographers, surveyors, engineers and drafting expended more valuable time executing an elabo Rye Harbour drawn at the firms. rate north point than on the entire plan. end of the 17th century by During the period of exploration and coloni As a consequence, today, what with the dou Captain Greenville zation, when the use of projections became uni ble coffee break and all, certain interests would Collins. versal, cartography work was done by experts. In like to abolish the north point altogether. And it fact, for several hundred years, map drafting was isn’t as though certain cartographic firms haven’t considered one of the foremost professions. already. In particular those, whose maps are ori Ever since the early sea chart renderers be ented so that the top of the map is always north. came enamoured of their profession it was the But its complete abandonment is not likely. No custom to embellish the charts. They were pro self—respecting artist or draftsman would permit duced individually by hand, and were elaborately it.The north point would go over his dead body. decorated and coloured, showing mythical crea He would see it as his epitaph first! And with tures representing the winds, as well as other dem good reason. The average draftsman, unlike his zens of the ocean. Marine masterpieces with lav professional superior, is an artist and in many in ish and outlandish illustrations of mythological stances a dedicated one. However, in deference creatures: seahorses, King Neptune complete with to the dollar—and—cents attitude of his employer, trident, mermaids, and devious denizens and de he reluctantly will agree to cut the frills. He will mons of the deep. The north point did not es prune his plan to the bone until he is left with cape attention. In fact, more often than not, it little else but skinny lines and gaunt lettering. was the focal point of the inspired chart artist’s Even his figures are not much more than mere creative zeal. Nor did the land plan, or map, es skeletons of a once proud and rococo past. And cape this early artistic adornment. many draftsmen have already become expend This practice prevailed, with certain modifi able with the advent of the map rendering com cations, for centuries, culminating, finally, in a puter, which turns out a sterile product, to say grand flourish of swirls, whorls, curlicues, flow the least, compared to the talented artist—draftsman ers and filigree ornamentation symbolizing the of yesterday. frilly fashion of the Victorian era. But, like eve The north point is the draftsman’s last stand. It rything else in this changing world it, too, was is the last remnant of his creativity and original subject to change, to revision, to pruning and ity. The only part of his plan that he can take streamlining. It had to come. The north point liberties with, and take artistic licence with. He was getting out of hand. It was getting altogether knows full well he can do it up and doctor it in too ornate and elaborate. It had to be brought any way he likes, for no one pays the slightest down to earth again. attention to it—until he inadvertently forgets to Even as early as a half century ago the hand put it on. writing was on the wall. The axe was about to And thus the decline of the once proud, florid, fafl.A technical chronicler of the times was moved and garishly embroidered north point is under to remark on the excesses of the north point way. It is now only a thin shadow of its former which, in many instances, even contained two self. It has seen a better day. But it is still in there heads - one pointing to the magnetic, the other pitching and pointing the way. to the astronomic north. In his words: “I have seen the plans of noblemen’s estates got up with such elaboration that they were almost pictures! For instance, the north points were painted to represent lilies of the valley and other beautiful flowers, evidence of the artistic skill of the draughtsman Then came the twentieth century. And the lacy, excessively embellished north point, like the garish hairdo, hat and burgeoning bloomers had to go! The modern engineer, architect, surveyor Left: Compass rosefrom an early map and cartographer simply would not expend the of the city of New Westminster prepared time on it. Nor did he want his draftsman to for Colonel Moody.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING 9

10

SPRING NEWS HISTORICAL - BC

1 needed the in 860s Colonial government the by Series, RGIO,Vol. 6. 4010,

February 9, natives 1859, BC for were Black in out that staked lands reserve its it take to usual when it course land. 4 his leaves

Colonies

E.B. Lytton, but to obligation subject property of the allowing all vision, a Douglas’ of As result Governor

of

State Secretary

for

the

whole space the the course its within through of

for reserve land agriculture.

to 6 james Douglas

whose

is

by land

crossed use may such

stream it

use their of native and peers insinuating are his

4.

same by to right belongs. those He whom it

he refers “self—supporting”, to Douglas When essay, (Unpublished 1980),

such as to manner the of the not prevent exercise

Western States”. the and as upon

Colony. 6 burdens outcasts thrown

of

as passes,

it the in but of for it land, utility this

Law and Institutions the in being of instead render them

self-supporting,

forming of part use domain, the make may public of Development Irrigation

will property, and of being from

their despoiled

He a land whose not running borders Duane stream, on Thomson, “The

them and protect Indian the will population,

Calgary,

1988), 48.

ownership:

on a benefit confer great will as their it approval,

(Calgary: University

of

to of possession

is

land water linked adjacent

with meet I may and esty’s Government trust it

Water Indian Rg1its.

are Riparian rights law wherein rights common of Maj Her in be

views will the accordance

with

Aboriginal to Title 14/ater and

water rights sidered nature. in be to riparian proposed the measure that doubt have I little but of Canada:A Study

on 1858, land: the con after, support natives sure the shortly themselves could Crown and British Rights Aborçinal in Water

in Richard Bartlett, make to wanted colony. the a British Douglas across in became Columbia Before serves colony

Code; document provided

re

native for ized.

managing

arrangements

making

in 2613

Civil Article

was Douglas 1859 James when access four water Governor early marginal for further decades,

5. 1997,

in colony British Columbian already native newly-developed restricted suffering from farmers, Negotiations,August 7,

the Treaty Westbank the within existed still mindset The left riparian misguided tenure policy Indian and Affair’s

Governments

Interested

in

of reserves. on abandonment natives. worked Ottawa’s against

to Given Local

natives affecting law water as also definitive the native apply reserves tenure on on land position

Summary Report

would which to Crown

British it the

from herited government’s gave federal tawa up.The eventually 16, KelownaJune 1993.

in had believed it government federal the Ot tem however, on reserves, natives tenure their for Aboriginal Peoples in

Royal on Commission sys riparian this is system. It the riparian under water to some years over secure forty vain in for

Sacldleman addressing the

user “natural” the of detriment the to never try did ever,

Affairs Indian of Department The federal

spokesman

Albert

how well, as the use resource could users tion) resource. this of to all precious control termination

ofB.C.,” Rights

(irriga of “Artificial” use water. de ral” dogged (domestic) through

Victoria’s right ince this lost Indian Water “Canadian

2

unlimited “natu

269,190, had C10172. Reel owners prosperity. Riparian prov the across peers their natives and Okanagan

4040,

File RG10,Vol. or comfort one’s increases which one is use cial” to Eventually, to water. hold their right on

E Series, 1909, Black in

use. “Artifi domestic as

defined is

use

“Natural” to struggled have natives interior, lumbia’s

official, March Affairs

15,

artificial. and usage—natural water riparian Co British

1850s late

in the in earnest Department of Indian

of

forms two allowed law common English in began settlement European since Federal lawyer VER advising

BC. in teacher

and Lakeview” 3 Westbank Kelowna, within cormnunities

as high a

school

on effect devastating a will area have land claim Nation] First in [Westbank supply the water

to tries

find He

work

the to access of loss potential .The Province... the of area this in resource the important most is “Water

in Kelowna. Secondary

people.” 2 Nations on mercy no First shown far so has which province

KLO at

studies)

a with deal to try to Nations First for difficult very makes this so province, the by handled are it rights

(social

geography

water hand, other the On people. the to Native trust responsibility who fiduciary full have government

teaches

history and

federal the by up set were the reservations that in place hard a a and rock between ourselves find “We

He University College.

adjustment.”

at

degree

Okanagan

of final way the in difficulties and complications the be will the drag greater is to allowed matter the

history his received

longer the because at taken once be should this in connection to action me seems It rights. Water Indian

Richard

George

to as decision definite a secure to been done has nothing apparently [question] but long standing a is “It

Richard by George

Commons no of the Tragedy

and Rights, Water Natives, Okanagan

Dry: Runs Ditch the When to display not oniy potential for agriculture but British Columbia, not being the site of an exist Winning essay submitted they had to have access to water. In one letter to ing or proposed town or auriferous land available for the 1998 British the colonial office,J. Turnbull writes about one for mining purposes, or an Indian Reserve or set Columbia Historical piece of unnamed reserve land tlernent) Federation Scholarship along Okanagan competion. Natives living on reserves then—and still to Lake suggesting “the whole of the flat may be Recomending Professor: this considered eligible for agricultural purposes as it day—cannot hold title of land in fee simple. Dr. DuaneThompson, can be irrigated with very little trouble.” 7Years This shortcoming led to complications for na Okanagan University later, stipendiary magistrate of the Colony re tives in trying to acquire water tenure in the fu College sponded to a Lytton missionary justif,ring the ture. A third and fourth piece of legislation placement of a certain reserve saying it was “in further In 1997 George Richard dispensable that the reserve should be well sup entrenched the colony’s power over water. In won the Burnaby plied with wood and water.”8 There is no ques 1865, the government’s land ordinance set out Historical Society tion the colonial government endeavoured to new rules for diverting water: Scholarship ensure natives across the colony and the Okanagan Every person lawfully occupying and cultivating lands may divert any Valley had ample water on their reserves. This unoccupied water from the natural channel of any stream, lake or river being said, it is just as obvious the creation of adjacent to or passing through such land for native reserve land before Confederation by the agriculture and other purposes, upon obtaining Colonial Office was never of great importance the written authority of the Stipendiary when compared to the needs and demands of Magistrate of the district... 12 non-native settlers.While surveyors mapped out For the first time in the colony, a person who the future home of the Okanagan nation, the owned property away from a stream or river bed Colonial Legislature passed a number of statutes and possessed a water licence issued by the colony which changed water tenure and abandoned had more legal authority to use that water than a 7lbid., 13. riparian use of water. property owner who lived beside the same creek Stipendiary Magistrate 11 The first of this series of legislation was the and did not have a licence. Five years later, the O’Reilly to Reverend TB. Good, March 4, 1871, in Gold Fields Act of 1859. With non-native gold land ordinance would be amended with addi Black Series,VoI. 4010, miners streaming into the interior 14. of the colony, tional clauses. One of these clauses dictated “pri Gold Fields Act, Section Governor Douglas realized he had to act quickly ority of right to any such water privilege, in case VI,August3l, 1859, B.C. to ensure some form of colonial regulation to of dispute, shall depend on priority of record.” Archives, File NW346 B862, 2. mitigate potential water and stream-bed disputes In essence, the legislation mandated no matter °Tracy St. Claire, between miners. The legislation compromised how long someone had lived beside a water “Economic Diversification riparian rights: source, the first person to register a water licence of the Penticton Reserve: Any person desiring any exclusive ditch or water had the first priority to the water. Pre—settlement to 1920.” privilege shall make application to the Gold By the time British Columbia joined Con (M.A.Thesis, Simon Fraser Conunissioner. stating the name of every appli University, 1993), 62. federation in 1871, its water laws were explicit II cant, the proposed ditch head and quantity of wa B.C. Land Ordinance and uncompromised by any other governmental ter, the proposed locality of distribution, and if Law, paragraph III, August jurisdiction in the land. All colonial water laws 27, 1861, in Black Series, such water shall he for sale, the price at which it is Vol. 4010, Section Two, proposed to sell the same, immediately became provincial legislation ipso the general nature of 13-14. facto. However, all matters dealing with natives the work shall be completed; and the Gold Corn 2 An Ordinancefor had now been transferred nussioner shall enter a note of all such matters as a to Ottawa under Arti Regulating the Acquisition of record.9 cle 13 in the Terms of Union: Land in British Columbia, For the first time, a licensing system had been The charge of the Indians, their trusteeship and Section 44,April 11, 1865, established where the colony “could grant ex management of the lands reserved for their use B.C. Archives, File NW346 B862, 5. clusive rights to the use of defined quantities and benefit, shall be assumed by the Dominion of An Ordinance Government.. to carry out such a policy, tracts of to Amend water—not necessarily for use by a riparian and Consolidate the Laws land of such extent as it has hitherto been the owner.” 10 Affecting Crown Lands in practice of the British Columbia government to The next step was to ensure property rights British Colunthia, Section appropriate for that purpose, shall.. .be conveyed 32,June for new settlers.The colonial government incor 1,1870, B.C. to the Dominion Government in trust for the Archives, File NW346 porated fee simple legislation giving an individual use and benefit of the Indians on application of B862, 1866-71, 7. right to own title to land: the Dominion Government... 14 ‘ British ColurnbiaTerzns British subjects and aliens.. may acquire the right There is no mention of water rights in Article of Union,Article 13, document to hold and purchase in fee simple, unoccupied 13 or in any of BC’s Terms of Union. However, in Bartlett, and unsurveyed and unreserved Crown Lands in Aboriginal Water Rights in one legal scholar suggests water rights are im— Canada, Appendix.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING 1999 11 “Ibid., 45. plied with the use of the phrase “tracts of land”. tives could not obtain water records. It cited that 16 St. Claire, “Economic Richard Bartlett believes “to deny water rights since reserve natives did not own land in fee sim Diversification on the to lands appropriated under Article 13 would ple, they could not obtain a licence. 21 Conse Penticton Reserve,” 62-63. ‘ ‘ Smith to Powell, defeat its intent.” quently, Indian Agent J.W. MacKay gathered all December 5, 1884, in The federal government certainly had the im— the water licences and re—applied with changes. Black Series,Vol. 4010, 18. pression water rights were granted along with The Indian Agent, on behalf of the federal gov IS Powell to Smith, the tracts of land for natives. When establishing ernment, now became the applicant for the wa December 9, 1884, Ibid., reserves while touring the province in 1877, ter licence with the recipient of the licence’s rights 19-20. new 19 St. Claire, “Economic Indian Reserve Commissioner G.M. Sproat was and privileges to be cited on the licence as sim Diversification on the under the assumption riparian rights existed on ply “Indians”. MacKay filed 33 applications from Penticton Reserve,” 63. aboriginal lands. In fact, “Sproat repeatedly as the Okanagan region in June of 1889. 22The 33 20Ibid., 64, sured his superiors.. .that water rights were being claims made by Okanagan natives involved over SI Duane Thomson, “A 16 23 History of the Okanagan: granted on those reserves.” Eventually, Sproat six—thousand “miner inches” of water per Indians and Whites in the would be proven wrong. Neither the settlers nor month. Setdement Era. 1860- the provincial government recognized his author By 1892, these latest water claims were ne 1920,” (University of ity to grant water to natives. BC’s Chief Com gated by the province. Victoria passed the Water British Columbia: Ph.D. missioner of Lands and Works, William Smith, Privileges Act “declaring that no exclusive right Thesis, 1985), 330. 22 Black Series, RG 10,Vol. made his case to the federal Indian Superintend to water could be acquired by riparian owners:’ 3683, File 12669, Reel ent: 24 This effectively made native water records 10120, 1-5. The Indian Commissioners seem to have had not invalid. Adding weight to the province’s case 23 A miner’s inch is an the slightest authority to confer any rights to wa against the natives were the growing number of early British Columbian ter upon the Indians, and their action in assuming measuring water non-natives moving into the valley. As many of term for to do so could be productive of nothing but in volume. This measurement these ranchers took out water licences themselves jury to the persons it was professedly intended to would be taken in a and used stream water for irrigation, it became favour.... If the Indians require water for irrigation miner’s slough box.Water increasingly evident that “there was not enough purposes, let them or the agent who has charge of running in a one-foot water for both sides.” 25 Eventually, these non- wide slough box one inch them apply for a record of a reasonable quantity deep for one hour would and I see no reason why it should not be granted. native water licences would take precedence over constitute one miner’s 17 native water claims because of the 1870 Land inch.A typical water However, I.W Powell said obtaining that record Ordinance declaring priority of right to water record claim by Okanagan like Smith said was not the case.The Indian Su was dictated by valid priority of record. It took natives would be for 100— another five years before both senior levels of 200 miner’s inches a perintendent responded back that natives could month—enough water to not take out provincial water records because BC government were able to work out an acceptable effectively irrigate between water law prevented Natives from doing so. arrangement for natives to once again re-submit 300 and 400 acres of land. Powell added that so long as these legal andju their water records. 24 Bartlett, Aboriginal l44ster continued, native From the time this latest allowance took place Rights in Canada, 175; also risdictional misunderstandings the Okanagan Valley saw tre see St. Claire, “Economic productivity in agriculture would be negatively until World War I, Diversification on the affected: mendous change. Prior to the 1890s, the valley Penticton Reserve,” 64. Until this [legislation] is effected it must be ap was primarily cattle country with ranching the 25 Ibid., 64. parent that little can be done in the way of en mainstay for the non-native economy. However, 26 information, For more couraging [Indians] to put permanent improve these pioneer ranchers were retiring at the same see Duane Thomson, “A ments on and utilizing land. 18 History of the Okanagan,” time the Canadian Pacific Railway spurline was 326-330; also see Cole Powell’s prediction turned out to be true the constructed into the valley.This new transporta Harris, The Resettlement of next year. In the Department of Indian Affairs tion link brought hundreds of people, including British Columbia: Essays on annual report for the Okanagan Valley, some na entrepreneurs such as J. Robinson, to the area. Colonialism and tives were reportedly “greatly impeded” in their Men such as Robinson bought land from aging Geographiall Change, pursuits because of a lack of water Vancouver: UBC Press, agricultural ranchers and sent surveyors into the hills to map 1997, 230-232; see also for irrigation.’9There also were several complaints a course of bringing water down for irrigation. Wayne Wilson, Irrigating the by Okanagans “that settlers were depriving them Peachland (1899), Summerland (1900) and Okanagan: 1860-1920, of their water.” 20 Naramata (1902) were all communities created (Vancouver: UBC Press, Changes would not come until 1888 and even then subdivided the land, 1989). by Robinson. He then, those changes made it more difficult for planted orchards and marketed ten and twenty natives to obtain water rights.The Provincial Land acre plots to single, middle—class Englishmen, Act was amended, however it specified why na many of whom aspired to become gentlemen

12 BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING sç • Left: Three Okanagan “C: natives, Henry Wilson, Johnny Lawrence and Victor Alexande, build a dam for white settlers on Siwash Creek near Vernon. Incidentally Siwash is Okanagan slang for Indian. It is called J/Vhite Mans Creek today.

,‘ 72’” ,%‘77”

26 farmers. streams could be diverted 27 into others. Carpenter Ibid.; also see Vernon It was important for entrepreneurs like found this “practice is a natural development [of News, August 13, 1908, 1; Robinson to attract this class of immigrant be irrigation laws] and in many cases it is to be en also see George Richard, cause these men had access to capital. Since none couraged.” 29 “Price Eliison:A Gilded Man in British Columbia’s of the infrastructure or irrigation works were in By this time, it had become painfully obvious Gilded Age” ,Wasa, B.C.: place, a large amount of money was needed to to Okanagan natives that the playing field and BC Historical News,Vol. 31, establish the new system. For some individuals rules for acquiring water worked against them No. 3, Summer, 1998. and irrigation companies during this era, the cost not just in dealing with the provincial govern ‘ See Richard, “Price was too much and many went insolvent. How ment, but also in dealing with the Department Ellison”, BC Historical News,Vol. 31, No.3, ever, some men like Robinson made a lot of of Indian Affairs. Under SirWilfred Laurier’s Lib Summer, 1998. money.When addressing aWestern Canada Irri eral government, “the central aim of Indian 29 Report of the Irrigation gation Convention inVernon in 1908, Robinson administration.. .was to keep expenses at an ab Commission of British said all orchard land in Summerland six years ear solute minimum.” 30 This meant that trying to Columbia.January 22, 1908, in B.C. SessioHal lier had been worth one hundred thousand dol acquire irrigation infrastructure was out of the Papers 1908, Microfilm, lars, but in that year, the same land with irriga question and natives still had to stick with ob Okanagan University 27 tion was assessed at two million dollars. taming water via an earthen ditch. Considering College, D13. Considering the rapid expansion of irrigated the mass diversion taking place on some creeks ° Sarah Carter, Lost Harvests: land the provincial government decided to cre in the valley in order to provide non-natives with Prairie Indian Reserve Farmers ate an irrigation commission in 1907 to investi water and for orchards, the situation on some reserves Government Policy, gate how its water laws should be amended to became desperate. In 1908 and 1910, the Chiefs (Montreal and Kingston: meet the changing times. The main instigator of the Shuswap, Okanagan and Couteau Tribes McGill-Queens University for this Commission was Okanagan politician wrote to Prime Minister Laurier explaining the Press, 1993), 237. 31 The Chiefi of the Price Ellison. Considering his sizable land hold conditions they were living under on reserve land. Shuswap, Okanagan and ings around the Vernon and Kelowna areas that Among their grievances were water rights as some Couteau Tribes of B.C. to had not yet been set up for irrigation, he cer reserves “had no irrigation water” and in many Laurier,August 25, 1910, tainly had a personal stake in its findings. 28 places, they were “debarred from obtaining wood in Maracle et al.. K’c Cci following year, Commissioner L.G. Carpenter and water.”3’ By 1913, undeveloped agricultural Our Living like Milk front the Land. (The Okanagan recommended changes to the Water Act which native reserve land became very noticeable along Rights Cornmittee:The would see private water rights further solidified. side non-native orchards. The vast amount of Okanagan Indian He based much of his recommendation on the property underdeveloped by a lack ofwater con Education Resource system being used in Colorado where whole cerned the provincial government to a point of Society), 1993/4, 114.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING i 13

14

SPRING NEWS HISTORICAL i - BC

The obe to Provincial had Board formal man- Investigation’s of applications claimed Province

of behalf failure the on but of records, the to be natives. sufficient formalize

dress to more appeared Gazette ever than would BC the be in of rhetoric records lication the the

Royal pub Chair’s Commission assumed re words had Indian of regarding Affairs Department

the

Fairview water district. rights.” the Unfortunately, The water adjudicating Investigation

n 38

ter licences through of the the to a Penticton of in cial precinct Board submission Government

ticularly around by wa applied Penticton, Provin more for the claimed be to were meaningless

number natives of the throughout valley, water] 1889 par but notices reserve “the [Federal Indian

ing system. the the Through Indian a the Agent work its ter completed Royal Commission

pears as though natives followed shortly no through It that af as should trust on surprise come

to water needs.” their 37 With ap those wishes. it tice words, Wetmore’s

the present Jus of conditions Chief to Indians to order in the conform in respect substantially

will as just be have which.. possible, omove to would .will and Board Investigation of the of improve

had doubt “no political will decisions mindset the that given, a certainly it which bejust indicates sion,

Commis Royal end, natives. behalf the In of the testimony he said Wetmore into fore 1913

be was had taken appointed on act a water Board’s the even to issues position lawyer though

licence. Finally, ated water previous the in of in Board provincial allocated handling Investigation

water amount of access the want to cre 36 The too plaints would that true.” “only recently were

municipalities or farmers com tives indicated those and water their non-native rights on feared

probably letter the in na the The by o“parties” to made complaints reference acknowledged many

claims. water consider non-native to willing was some would only redress receive revived.Wetmore

was body political assume the must one interior peers natives second, the in their and Okanagan

issues; water on natives reserve or hope representing that the governments, Columbian British

issues water with involved of Affairs ment Indian and the to Indian to Canadian reserves regard

the Depart want not did it it that made clear with recommendations his Wetmore made Justice

had Board the first, things: three indicates Chief letter Commission Chairman Royal When

this of terseness all” at The matter the it. into for paid they flume him unless near his

42

321. the Okanagan,”

be brought should

why Department the water reason the natives not use would let Okanagan

“A 43 Thomson, of

History

“no saw members Board the case, abandonment North the one in how settler testified even Brown

3. Ibid.,

42

the appeal over an anticipated they J.R. though Agent even Indian upstream. 34 works irrigation Ibid.

that 2. Ibid., Department the informed Board the letter, because a to non-native of reduced trickle now

2.

in the Later Affairs. Indian of Department were the the summer in had well run ades before

51,Vol. File part 11, 9755,

was definitely not it was institution one dec are,

ties

which streams and many springs and how

Series,

RG1O Black

80-1/

par the other who specified not is Although

had it had they water

to

access limited the about DIA,August 4, 1913,

revoked. be should tenure Native’s concerned also were Many natives the for stopped. to Board) (Lawyers

Chochrane and Billings

the licence, this in Indians” the be than land interested off cutting of the practice requested

‘

Archives.

deeply more parties... “other are there that

and in Okanagan the Royal the commission dressing

Museum 1913.

Kelowna

licence his

“abandoned” had Native the ad because chiefs or natives a To person, living. tenance

November 24, Precinct,

that

this case with

determined Board the more, sus their continue help to natives the the reserve records, Penticton

Further waters.” 4 ° the of whatever use Water no Fairview District into

made back went sales these from revenue The

32

Ibid.

[had] “but years 30 over for a licence water had owater. to access of lack a of because productive”

236. 3 <’Ibid.,

Native

a case other nthe in suggested Board “un the

deemed been had off that land sell to started

153. Ibid.

irrigate; to wanted he lands the to title show to had Affairs

of Indian the Department early 1900s, information.

able was not h Native the claimed board the the case, In irrigation. with productive more made for 82, 127 and more 108,

pages see one 15,67, in Evidence, permits: record water two native be celled only can land the second, and to non-natives,

Royal 1913

Commission

can had Department it the also informed It ‘ land reserve off selling

from government federal

OUC Library.

denied.” absolutely

was Indians

water the to lot the stop first, commissioners: the for messages

10,

11, November

1913,Vol.

al—

to “right government’s federal

the that

cally two had

Commission Royal the at testifying

2 Agency, October -

unequivo Affairs Indian of Department the tified natives The Okanagan British Columbia: productive. lands uncultivated these

A/Tairsjbr

the of Province

no Board the meeting, first its After public. tive omake to how see to was province the of part the

Indian

on

Commission Royal

non-na the favour

to order in water rights on ing Commission Royal

the of focus main The

the to

submitted Evidence

of obtain process from the disenfranchised were

fairs.

239. Okanagan,” the

natives that ensure to determined Af seemed date nIndian on Commission Royal a establishing “A of History 32 Thomson, ___

approved by an Order-in-Council. By 1919, there tlement in the Okanagan valley during the 1890s, Deputy Superintendent was still no change in this status. The situation the start date on valid water record permits would General of Indian Affairs frustrated the Department to the point of taking be late “enough to give priority to white set to Prime Minister Arthur Meighen, legal action against the Province.Victoria did not tlers’ records.” “ September 30, 1919, in Black seem too worried about this: Series, Once again, the Department of Indian Affairs RGIO 80-1/51.Vol 11, Mr. Ellis [Chair of the Board of Investigation] sent out an employee to tour the province and File 9755, Part 3, p. 2. stated that he would... take the matter up with the gather updated information on old and existing Ibid. Council for the Province and ascertain what posi 46 Pattullo water records.Within two years, M. Balls was able to DIA, tion the Province intends to take as to the whole November 14, 1919, in to confirm that in the Okanagan valley there were situation.We have not yet heard from Mr. Ellis as Black Series,Vol. 11, Part 58 claims involving to the position which the Province proposes to seventy-five hundred min 4,p.3. take. er’s inches. 45These claims involved all the water 47 Thomson, “A History of running out of Smith Creek on theTsinstikeptum the Okanagan”, 331. This being said, the federal government knew 48 M. Balls, Water Records reserve west of Kelowna.49 Balls was able to bring it would be a difficult court case to win. Even if appurtenant to British Ottawa used Article 13 in the Terms of Union, this information to the IndianWater Claims Royal Columbia Indian the Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Commission which toured the Okanagan in July Reserves. Report #3 Affairs stated that he was “doubtful of our being of 1921 for two days. Okanagan Indian Agency and supplement report. able to succeed in All of the testimony before the Indian Water the courts.” Today, this arti Public Archives Canada, Claims Royal Commission during cle is seen as a key in justification for native wa the two days RG89,Vol. 563, File 557, ter rights in BC. was given by provincial and federal experts on and RG89,Vol. 581, File With the legal avenue closed and continual water and irrigation. For the most part, all ex 985. 49This isWestbank lobbying on the part of federal bureaucrats to perts testified that Okanagan natives needed more Reserve No. 9 today; ibid. ward provincial water officials not going any water even though the amount ofwater available where, the last avenue left was a political solu then would not be sufficient to run any serious tion. Dufferin Pattullo came close to doing this. commercial farming or orchard operating. One Late in 1919, the BC Minister of Lands prom sad example of the consequences of the past fifty ised the Department of Indian Affairs “that the years of water rights legislation involved a spring Indians shall have the same right in respect of tapped by David GellatlyThe son oftheWestbank water, as has the white man in British Colum pioneer built a flume at a spring above a portion bia.”46 However, Pattullo made it clear that only ofWestbank reserve No. 9. With his water per native water records issued since 1897 would be mit, Gellatly was able to divert all water from the recognized.This meant that federal water records spring to his property One native family, who handed out between 1877 and 1897 would still lived beside the spring downstream from the not be recognized. Considering the influx of set- flume and had a water record, was now faced with no water access. M. Balls also noted the long

Left: 7i’o men examinins dam and headgate at Siwash Creek.

-‘P55.. , — ,.e

- -. —

i JLJ_

-

Photo courtesy Historic OKeefe Ranch (Native collection) D:Ft6-1 1, Provenance: Okanagan Indian Band

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING 1999 15

16

iç SPRING NEWS BC - HISTORICAL

the a permit, condition which should seen have the and efit, this both would Department put

next the decade, company could of not use make from ben can the rights no Indians which derive

the acquired permit 1875. in However, the for says felt thesej the that Department “retain[ing

from pioneer rancher Manuel Barcelo had who included Ditchburn several Okanagan licences.

pany succeeded which title the of and land water native 1897 dated water to records which prior

record by held the Similkameen Fruitlands Com government’s the Ditchburn federal surrendered

rejected the and application instead the affirmed of Board Investigation’s Rights Branch, Water

from the province. of The Board Investigation issue a In the to of letter rights. Provincial water

rigation and attempted to a obtain licence water a the and ince new toward attitude developed

valley, Terrabasket to wanted pursue ir modern up gave Prov the on with fight four-decade its

ades. the Seeing orcharding success in of the

1925, the By federal of government the end 56

had

wheat, farmed

hay oats, and potatoes dec for recorded.”

62

No. 6 near Keremeos, a place where father his of of be to quantity excess found water the in

owned Terrabasket acres fifty reserve of on land many of been reserves.., have requirements

volved Similkameen Paul Native Terrabasket. 55 ter “the 1923 in Power water showed Branch

The blatant other justice miscarriage in of by done progress Wa report A h Dominion’s the

the and provincial federal governments. to reserves natives for drop. continued on able

he a had legitimate record listed water with claim avail of the the In water amount meantime,

3661, File 1. 9755-7,

received Pierre compensation never though even

nored

entirely.

61

Black

Series, RGIO,Vol.

ig been have Reserve Commissioners Indian located the immediately property below Pierre’s

Branch, 21, July 1923,

in

by Old of made consent allotments minister. the

to the senior farm experimental government’s Dominion Water Power

the case, the or now is passed, as ders-in-Council by the Investigation send to of Department acre feet 100 Agriculture

Or having in a of way attached, the string been

Indian Water Rights

the nicipality with had Summerland of arranged 62

331. have Ibid.,

always there to

provisions Act that which

61

trees fruit

and had

Mu the Pierre’s died, withered

the Okanagan,” 332. of

the with in provisions are they conformity full

while Claims dian Royal Water

Commission,

“A 60 Thomson, of History except when water for to claims eration Indian

of goes time In it.” ter 1921 the the with By

Evidence,

200.

consid ieany give not will Columbia Government 52

Royal 1913 Commission

a wa amount reserve, ernment of certain a gives

the

for British Act, Water the Columbia British of

178-181.

gov a “when saying riparian believed rights were

the by provisions are we as

bound so indians long

ACC8O-1/51,Vol. 11,

he what he the for on redress that justice us based wanted mission to for [wasj impossible obtain It

Black RG1O Series,

sue: Com 1913 the Royal at testified water. Pierre Royal Commission, in

is over this Victoria with to dealings his see 15; no with leaving him also 1921, respect his the above 1921 creek intake

Records

June Report, in exasperated seemed WE. BC Ditchburn diverted for and was it blocked created, Summerland

Agency Water Indian

Commissioner

Federal Indian ByJune 1925, lier. of the

Municipality water.

However, when

58 M.

Balls,

Okanagan

ear of years Pattullo’s promise to despite of natives inches

miner’s hundred requesting one 1897 332.

any water granting in officially defiant in remained a He licence out water took of Summerland. the of Okanagan”, History

see 178; also government “A Thomson, provincial the 920s, I during that the west Creek Trout along orchard peach plum and

ACC8O-1/51,Vol.

11,

shock a be not should it cases, light these In of cultivated a native a with Penticton was Pierre

in Black Series, RG1O

jailed. and tried arrested, consequently was

Terrabasket.

61

Royal

Commission, 1921

He crops. his save to writ Court

Supreme the Paul and

Pierre Antoine

of claims the include from the 57 Testimony

ignored back.Terrabasket creek the diverting from They owater. to rights natives’ toward specifically 109. Evidence,

Royal 1913 Commission him preventing order restraining a with native injustice, Okanagan of cases notable are other

331.

Ibid., 55

the

slapped

and reserve Terrabasket’s from stream There

pursued be further. not would matter The

51

of

332. the Okanagan,”

up ditch

to Barcelo’s use began company the Province. by the voided that were water records

“A History Thomson, see

1922, By

farmers. non-native to

re-sale through federal of category the in and 1897 fell 1877 and more For information,

money raise to effort an in reserve 143. years Terrabasket the Commission, the between in fell claim natives’ while the

Royal

1921

from acres off four-hundred

cutting discussed ers record water prior a had Gellatly that noted sion ‘

67.

Evidence,

Commission Royal Terrabasket, to unbeknownst Commis

the However, garden. half-acre a rigate

Royal 1913

Coniniission

52

time, this During available. was water”

little ir least at to water get

could enough family

the

138-139. Ibid., 58

what using and taking on

good to “make able was dropped, was flume the if that suggests 11, Balls 137.

50

and /51 ,Vol. ACC8O-1 10 RG orchard fledgling his for Creeks Causton and potatoes.” of rows three irrigate to water ficient

Black in 1921, Series,

Blind on had he water limited the divert to ued suf only is

“there Balls Gellatly told fact, In erty

21, Commission,July

contin

Terrabasket

meantime,

the In prop province. Gellatly’s toward conveyance in the lost was

Royal

Claims

Water Indian

the by cancelled records water to the

water title the

the

of much meant flume the length of from the 50 Testimony Provincial authorities 63 to needless effort and ex National Archives of Canada. Ditchburn to Board of penses.” 63 Certainly expense could be a chief Royal Commission on Aboriginal Affairs: Investigation, November 23, reason for why Ottawa abandoned this fight, but 1993. CD-Rom, OUC Library. 1925, in Black Series, RGIO,Vol. 3661, it could very well be a change of attitude within National File Archives of Canada. Royal 9755-7, 1. the government or the senior bureaucrats within Commission on Indian Water Rights: 1921. the Department of Indian Affairs. More research RG 1OACC 80-1/5lVol.11. will have to be done on this question before a National Archives of Canada. Water Records conclusive answer can be reached. appurtenant to British Columbia Indian In a span of over sixty years, BC and Okanagan Reserves. Report Number 3: Okanagan natives lost their inherent right to water. They Indian Agency and Supplement. March lost that right primarily because of a determined 31st, 1926. M. Balls. RG 89Vol. 563 File provincial government which established their 557 and RG 89 Vol.581 File 985. water laws as a colony and then doggedly held Vernon News, August 13th, 1908. on to them, not only to prevent federal influence Water Records of Penticton Precinct: into an important government jurisdiction but Fairview Water District/1913. Courtesy also to service non—native settlers at the expense Kelowna Museum Archives. of natives and their reservation communities.The

Department of Indian Affairs apparently did want UunLIsHED SOURCES natives to have legal access to water but after four St. Claire, Tracy.” Economic Diversification on decades of taking on the Province, Ottawa gave the Penticton Reserve: Pre-settlement to up the pursuit without a court challenge due to 1920.” SPU: MA Thesis, 1993 the expense and possibly other political reasons. Thomson, Duane. “A History of the As a result, reserve natives throughout the dec Okanagan: Indians and Whites in the ades were further marginalized as they had lim Settlement Era, 1860-1920.” UBC: Ph.D ited or no access to an economically valuable re Thesis, 1985. source. Thomson, Duane. “The Development of Irrigation Law and Institutions in the BIBLIoGIHY Western States.” Essay. 1980.

PiUviRY SOURCES SEcoNDuY SOURCES B.C. Sessional Papers: 1908. Report of the Bartlett, Richard. Aboriginal IVater Rights in Irrigation Commission of British Canada:A Study ofAboriginal Title to Water Columbia. Microfilm: OUC Library. and Indian Water Rights. Calgary: University Evidence Submitted to the Royal Commission on of Calgary Press, 1988. Indian Affairs for the Province of British Carter, Sarah. Lost Harvest: Prairie Indian Reserve Columbia: 1913. Okanagan Agency.Vol. 10. Farmers and Government Policy. Montreal & OUC Library Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press, Gold Fields Act 1859. B.C. Archives. NW 346 1993. B862 1858-63 Harris, Cole. The Resettlement of British Land Ordinance 1865, 1866 & 1870. B.C. Columbia: Essays on Colonialism and Archives. NW 346 B862 1858-1871. Geographical Change. Vancouver: UBC “Local Government Interest in the Westbank Press,1997. Treaty Negotiation: Summary Report,” Maracle, Lee et al. We Get Our Living Like Milk given to Kelowna City Council and the from the Land. Okanagan Rights Central Okanagan Regional District, Comnuttee:The Okanagan Indian August 7th, 1997. CKOV News Archives. Education Resource Society, 1993/94. Living Landscapes Richard, George. “Price Ellison: A Gilded http://www royal. okanagan.bc.ca Man in British Columbia’s Gilded Age” in National Archives of Canada. Black Series: RG BC Historical News, Vol. 31 No. 3, Summer lOVol.4010 File 259,190 Reel C10172;RG 1998. lOVol.3683 File 12669 Reel 10120; RG 10 Wilson,Wayne. Irriating the Okanagan: 1860- 80-1/5 1 Vol.11 File 9755 Parts 2,3 & 4: 1920.Vancouver: UBC Press, 1989. RG1O Vol.3661 File 9755-6 & 9755-7.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING i Edward Marriner Pioneer Farmer of Cowichan An annotated summary of his diaries 1862—1884 by J. A. Green

J.A. (Jack) Green lives DWARD Marriner, the son of a clergyman, big seas washed away a closet and part of the in Duncan, BC. was, born in England, September 10, bulwarks. E 1843. At age nineteen Edward left home On 23 December they entered the Straits of for Vancouver Island on the sailing ship Fr(gate Juan de Fuca, but were held up by adverse winds, Bird, which sailed from England on August 5, so that it was not until 27 December, with the 1862. aid of a steam tug,.that they docked in Victoria. Though the voyage lasted for five months the Edward visited some contacts in Victoria, but ship did not call in anywhere en route for fresh stayed on the ship until 19 January, working as a water or supplies. Despite the stale water, mo stevedore to earn extra money. notonous food and cramped conditions Edward In 1862Victoria was just a minor seaport, with voices no complaint. It was his nature to accept a population ofonly 2,500. Five years before there reality as it came After four months out he men had been a gold rush and 25,000 gold seekers tioned that “another pint of water stopped per passed through the town on the way th their man making two quarts for three quarts”. Two dreams of finding a mother lode. Since then the quarts of water per day, for all needs, is a scanty town had gone from boom to bust, but by 1862 allowance. He appears to have been traveffing it was recovering and was well supplied with sa deck, so would have had better accommodation loons, hotels and restaurants. The Victoria Thea than the steerage passengers. He speaks of sight tre seated 500.There was aVictoria Philharmonic ing a dozen or so ships during the voyage, seeing Society; a Masonic Lodge, a cricket club and horse albatross, whales, porpoises and flying fish, and racing.There were churches, schools, a hospital, a catching a shark by hook. Bonito he found very library and a police barracks. Merchants were fine eating. represented by a Board of Trade, and the many There was some friction among the crew and businesses included the Bank of British Colum passengers. Two men got drunk and were put in bia, and the Bank of British North America. A irons. The mate got into a fight with one of the few streets were paved, but most were still mud crew and the captain had to come to the mate’s and horse droppings,with wooden sidewalks.The assistance. They got the man down, put him in “birdcage” pagoda-like legislative buildings were irons, and proceeded to kick him in the face. being built, and St. Ann’s Academy supplied in When a passenger spoke up for the man the pas struction to young ladies. senger was put in irons for a time. Next the cap With several British naval vessels stationed at tain took over all firearms on the ship, and stopped Esquimalt there was an active social life with for Edward’s diary is short, all drinking of alcohol. Once a small fire broke mal visits, dances, band concerts and parades.The with large gaps, and in the deck, from ashes knocked from a pipe, first of the bride ships, carrying a group of un main a farm record... .My out on typed transcript only but it was easily extinguished. The captain kept married girls seeking family and fortune, arrived covered 75 pages and the absolute control of the ship. in 1862. only things that I omitted There were bad storms. On 31 August a gale On January 20, 1863, Edward started for dissertations were his long broke off the upper masts (topgallant and royal) Cowichan on foot, spending the night in North on the sermons he heard Some sails Saanich. Next day he travelled by canoe to what in church.— on both the main and mizzen masts. were split and some carried away. However the he called Shawnigan Castle—possibly an inn at J.A. Green in a letter to ship carried spare spars and canvas and the dam Mill Bay standing at the terminus of the the Editor, December 15, age was quickly repaired. On 19 September ajib Shawnigan-Mill road. After a day he went on to 1998 away and on 11 October, off Cape Dr. John Chapman Davies’ farm where he spent It is not known where was carried Edward’s original diary is Horn, they lost the spanker. It took sixteen days a few days reading, shooting and meeting local kept today. beating back and forth to round the Horn, and men. On the 28 January he walked to Chemainus

18 BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING The only photograph of the Marrinerfamily we have. From left to riht: Nettie, Arthu Mary, Gertie and Mrs. Augusta Marrinei Edward Marriners wife. Since Arthur looks about 20 years of age in the picture, and he was born in 1881, the photo could be circa 1900. The photo is taken in front of the old Patrick Brennan house, built in 1860, which Augusta Marriner bought in 1894.

Photo courtesy cowichan Valey Museum Archives and J A.Green to find out about available farms, and six days helped. .They [Edward and his later purchased a farm which he describes as be Edward retained his interest in the Anglican brother, Harry Marriner] were in ing near a lake. The farm must have had flat land Church. During his stay in Victoria, and after partnership for quite a few years on the cleared already as he refers to it as the “big prai moving to Cowichan, he attended church regu flats, before any of the flats rie”. Later he would acquire the large farm on larly and participated in church work. He took were dyked.They secured Cowichan flats with which his name is associ his religion very seriously and a large portion of a canal strip from the ated, but the sequence is lost through gaps in the his diary is given over to dissertations on the con government for a building site, the piece between the given during church services. diary. He started construction of a log house on tents of sermons road and the river. Finally, the property, and still found time for community There is now a gap in the diary from April 14, after Edward had been service, helping with the building of a church/ 1863 to March 31, 1864. By April 1, 1864, he married some time, they schoolhouse at Somenos, which started March had his cow shed completed and had acquired a parted, and Harry, the elder brother, bought what 14, 1863. wild heifer. A few days later his cow had a calf. is known as the Clifh, and This church/schoolhouse completed, the Rev. By 4 April he was ploughing and two days later owned by the Wilsons. He A.C. Garrett held services there on his visits from seeding and harrowing. In May he sowed peas lived in a log house,just Victoria, and WH. Lomas opened his school. and carrots and was selling butter which he behind Queen Margaret’s The building stood on the shores of Somenos churned himself. While neighbours helped him School. Edward and his family Lake where the BC Forest Museum is now. In with heavy construction he did his full share in continued to live in the 1869 Mr. Garrett left the area, later becoming helping others. old home on the flats until Bishop of North Texas. There is a three-year gap in the diary from he [Edward] was killed by To obtain his farm equipment Edward hired a May 10, 1864 to June 12, 1867. In June and July, his team. He used to milk quite a number of cows. In arranged with Patrick Brennan (best 1867, Edward was building his dairy. Logs were canoe and fact all the places on the known for his brushes with the law) for the hire cut and floated down the river to his farm. Next flats used to keep more of a scow Using the sco he brought oxen from they had to be hauled to the site and peeled. cows than all the rest of Saanich to Cowichan on 16 March.A week later Edward got cedar shake bolts from William the district. Both the he had finished his “house” and moved in. Edward Duncan (after whom the city ofDuncan was later Marriners were fine men.... Our first was now preparing a farm garden, assisting in named) and split them into shakes. On 29 June celebration of construction of the church, and working part- Duncan and a Mr. Evans helped him raise the Confederation was held time at Dr. Davies’ farm. Living alone he must logs for the dairy. He put rafters in place, laid on the Cowichan flats on also have had to cope with cooking, cleaning, shakes, made and installed a door and completed Marriner’s farm.— John N. Evans, date of tending the oxen and other chores.A busy man! the gable ends.Then the floor and shelving were writing unknown, possibly Five days of snowfall in March would not have put in.A1l this was done with simple tools— saws, February or March, 1929. hammers, wedges, axe, and floe—with human la Provided byJ.A. Green.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING ‘999 19 bour, and the oxen for hauling. VanVolkenburgh, Butcher, Victoria Edward & Augusta A parsonage had been built in Quamichan in D.B. Le Neveu, Merchant, Victoria Marriner’s children preparation for the establishment of St. Peter’s Edward was also hauling wood and renting out Church there. The ReverendWS. his team and wagon. MARY LOUISA Reese arrived 1872—1928 as resident missionary for the large parish which A lot of business was done on credit or by included Cowichan, Shawnigan, Chemainus and barter. Even the natives working for him were EDWARD HA5LEwOOD Salt Spring Island. paid in a variety of ways—cash, groceries, offsets, (HA5LE) 1875—1880 On 7 July Edward attended church and con or by telling them to go to Ordano’s Store and GERTRUDE (GERTIE) firmation service in the parsonage, and Bishop to charge what they needed to his account. Prices 1875—1939 George Hills consecrated the burial ground.The at Ordano’s Store seem low by our standards: Tea Four pounds for HENRIETrA AUGUSTA following day Edward travelled to Victoria on 50 cents Scotch whisky $1.00 per bottle (NErrIE) 1877—1961 H.M.S. Sparrowhawk courtesy of the British navy On his return, though, he had to walk to North Bourbon Fifty cents per bottle EDWARD ARTHUR Boots Saanich and travel by canoe from there. $2.00 per pair (ARTHUR) 1881—1919 Pain killer 3736 cents per bottle Edward Marriner was hauling rails for fencing Knives 3736 cents each and a corral. His hay was cut, turned and cocked Half-cent figures are mentioned frequently, even up. He was killing and butchering his own cattle as amounts put in the church collection, but there and pigs, and seffing the meat. He was harvesting was no coin available in those values. The usage wheat, oats and turnips, as well as hay. All this at was probably based on 12½ cents being half of age 23. two bits (25 cents) or one eighth of a dollar as in There is now a 1336 year gap in the diary, from the old Spanish pieces of eight. June 28, 1868, to December 31, 1881. In this The farm continued to prosper and e5cpand period Edward visited England and married until October 23, 1884, when Augusta Marriner Augusta, a sister—in—law ofWS. Reese, the rector The Mary Marriner made an entry in the diary regarding “My dear of St. Peter’s Church, Quamichan. diaries, of which we have husband’s accident and death.” No detail is given the originals in the At this point Edward’s diary is reallyjust a farm except that it involved a horse and wagon. Edward Cowichan Valley Museum record and cashbook. He only mentions his wife Archives, fill several large was buried in St. Peter’s burial ground on Octo and children when, on an occasional Sunday, he volumes covering the years ber 26, 1884.Three days later Augusta entered in drove them to church. His brother Harry (Henry) 1894—1925... .Her diaries the diary “Sold to Saunders 36 pounds butter.” are a mass of local 1840—1887, who may have been with him on She, with her three daughters, and Arthur, con happenings, plays and the ship coming out, and who was his partner in trips tinued to operate the farm. entertainments, walks, the earlier years, is barely mentioned. to Victoria etc. . . To the Her daughter Mary, a very outgoing person, In 1882 he was employing many natives on best of my knowledge now took over maintaining the diary, and devel paying men 75 cents per day and women nothing has ever been his farm, oped it to provide a detailed description oflife in done to write or publish didn’t attempt to record their 50 cents. Either he Cowichan.This is a valuable and very interesting articles based on the native names, or the anglicized names were more diaries. [I] transcribed the historical record covering the years 1894-1925. commonly used, as we have Canute, Pierre, first volume which is not An important factor in the success of Edward Motlock and so forth, and there are an easy task because of Machiel, Marriner’s farming was his excellent relations writing. I Charlie, Koksilah Charlie, Lac’s reading the many such as: Old with the natives. They supplied the labour that started to transcribe the Little Jimmy,Johnnie,Young Johnme,Big Mother, he needed, and helped him in emergencies such second volume not long Johnnie, and Little Johnnie. He also employed ago, but .. had to stop.— as floods. After Edward’s death it was this same when needed, J.A. Green in a letter to white men cooperation that enabled Mrs. Marriner and her an active substantial busi the Editor, December 15, The farm was now family to make a living from the farm, though 1998 beefand pork, eggs, butter, plums, ness, producing much reduced without Edward’s energy and ex potatoes, black currants, apples, carrots, onions, pertise. In later years they were living in very goods were sold by wheat, oats and hay. Some straitened circumstances. the time of the E the ton. Since this was before Augusta Marriner died in 1916, at the age of Railway wheat, oats and hay had to be taken SotvlE SELLING PRICES & N 75. In 1919, Arthur Marriner was thrown from a steamer dock at Maple Bay for by team to the horse and killed. None of the children born to Bns 5 pp pourin as: shipment to such merchants Augusta and Edward married and with the death VEAL 6 PER POUND A.R.Johnson, General Grocer & Feed, Nanaimo of Nettie in 1961, this pioneer family of Cow EGGS 10 PER DOZEN Henry Saunders,Wholesale & Retail Grocer, WHEAT 2 PEP. POUND Victoria ichan passed into history OATS 3 PER POUND

20 BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING iç Historic Echoes of the North Shore Mountains by A.C. Rogers

ANCOUVER is blessed with the natural plainly visible from the cityThe climbers reached A.C. (Fred) Rogers lives beauty ofmountains bordering the north this area after five hours of strenuous travel and in Qualicum Beach Vshore of Burrard Inlet close to the city then had more gentle slopes to cross before reach offering adventure and the challenge of biking ing the next high bluffs. and skiing. Despite ever increasing pressure of After leaving this shoulder, the group strug summer and winter sports, so far the many rec gled on for another four hours through vast areas reational developments haven’t destroyed the ofblueberry bushes that made the advance cliffi beauty of these hills. However, that may not last cult. It was not until another one-and-a-half-hour into the oncoming decades. travel from the shoulder of the mountain that But what about the early history of explora they reached the first snow in a little hollow shel tion of the lofty Lions, Grouse Mountain, tered from the sun. Its appearance was hailed with Seymour Mountain, and Hollyburn Ridge? joy by the bikers who had now been without While researching other subjects, I happened to water for nine hours. They dropped their packs discover an article published in the Vancouver Daily and started a little fire to make tea and have a Province ofJuly 30, 1902, which sheds some light little food. Fortified by this repast, they progressed on early adventures on these mountains. a little higher and reached the snow line where The story, entitled “In The Region of the more steep bluffs and ledges made for stiff climb Clouds. Mountain climbing fad now counts its ing. As the climbers came closer to the summit, devotees among both sexes”, features the accom the snow banks became deeper. After struggling plishments ofMrs.J.A. Green of 1149 Haro Street up one dangerous rocky cliff, they came out on a and her two daughters aged fifteen and seven little plateau just west of the highest tip of Crown teen as being the first women to reach the sum Mountain. mit of Crown Mountain. They were accompa The party prepared a level spot to spend the nied on this July trip by a young bank clerk (not night on the summit, and after a rest and a hearty named) and another unnamed man who acted as supper, they watched the glowing sunset and a their guide. bright moon lighting up the landscape. The city In 1902 this adventure was no trivial feat.There lights were far away like distant stars laid out in was no established trail to follow. After a good rows. The lights of New Westminster were vis night’s rest at the Capilano watershed dam and a ible too, as were those ofsteamers out in the Strait good breakfast, the party offive loaded their packs of Georgia, and the flashing lights on the Fraser with provisions and blankets for a three-day trip sand heads and Brockton Point aroused particu and started at 9 a.m. lar interest. Although tired and weary, the travel The five hikers followed the road from the dam lers didn’t fall asleep until after midnight. a short distance until they reached the small stream The group had brought fireworks to send up coming down from the valley between the moun as proof they had reached the summit, but un tains on the left. There was no trail in the virgin fortunately they had lost those in the long strug forest, so they followed the stream until it reached gle up the mountain. However, their friends did a canyon which was too precipitous for them to see the campfire which was kept going as it was enter. They left the creek, with the guide blazing quite cold. their way as they struggled through the forest, In the morning the hikers climbed the remain seeking a route around old windfalls and other ing rocks to the summit from where they had a obstacles. Afler two hours the heavy underbrush commanding view of the mountains extending became became thinner, but it still was rough north from their lofty peak, the course of the going. The mountain seemed to be a series of Capilano River beyond the dam, and the Lions. benches.A little more than halfway up there is a They searched for a possible ascent of the latter decided shoulder on Crown Mountain which is to the west via Sisters Creek and wondered if the

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING iç 21 Lions had actually been climbed. i_I, An old deserted campfire provided proof to the little group that they were not the first hu man beings to reach the summit ofCrown Moun tain.They looked for other marks of recent visi tation but didn’t find any So they decided to let other future climbers know they had been pre ceded by building a stone cairn near a clump of old stunted trees. In addition they inscribed their names in the bark of one of the trees. The descent from the mountain was almost as time consuming as the ascent since the hikers had trouble finding a route down around the numerous bluffs.They often had to retrace their steps to find a safe route. For part of the way they were able to follow the blazed trail made on the way up, but they frequently lost it. There is no doubt that in order to tackle this climb, Mrs. Green and her daughters must have been in good condition. The Province reporter asked Mrs. Green if she enjoyed her adventure, and she said she certainly did and was soon plan ning a trip up Grouse Mountain and, if possible, a trip to the Lions. The newspaper story didn’t reveal who the first hikers were to reach the summit of Grouse Mountain, but it did contain other information relating to this peak. In 1902 a record in hiking time was set by a party composed of Dr. Robertson and two companions who started their climb at the ferry terminal in North Vancouver early in the morning and reached the summit Above: The twin peaks of about noon. After spending considerable time on Crown Mountain with the the mountain, they returned late that evening. Camel on the right. The time made on that trip, however, was im proved later that year by another lone hiker. Mr. Right: A view of the A.E Bush started from the NorthVancouver ferry Camelfrom Crown at the peak of Mountain showing a group terminal at 9 a.m. and arrived of mountain climbers Grouse at 1:35 p.m. He remained on the summit until 3:30 and returned to the ferry dock at 6:30 p.m. There was an established rough trail up Grouse Mountain in 1902, but climbing parties were eyeing other coveted, challenging mountains that year. Towards the end ofJuly a group made the first ascent of another alluring peak known then as the Sleeping Beauty; later named MountWhite. This mountain was at the head waters of Lynn Creek on the east side.The members of this group were not named, but they said, due to the ab sence of a trail, the climb was a long and hard one.

Photo by Fred Rogers - 1937

22 BC HISTORICAL NEWS SPRING 1999 The toadstool shelter at the foot ofMt. Seymour trail. This was once a large Douglasfir stump cut to provide a resting place and sheltet From left to right: Ken Farris, Lii Todgress, and Marge and Fred Rogers.

The most difficult peaks on the North Shore Other well known mountaineers who explored are the Lions on the west side ofCapilano River, the North Shore were Don and Phyllis Munday. and as far as is known, the twin summits had not From Mrs. Munday we know that the ladies of yet been climbed in 1902. Mr. R.Jamieson and her era wore their skirts until they were in the Mr. Alex Graham, two well known city school forest and then hid these garments and contin teachers, left during the second half ofJuly on ued in bloomers, conforming to the style ofearly- the steamer Defiance to attempt a climb from day hiking attire for females. Howe Sound. They were well prepared for sev eral days outing and had informed their friends they would light a fire on the peak if successful. However, although straining their eyes for two evenings, the friends were not rewarded by the sight of that fire. On returning home, the climbers reported they had reached the base of the twin peaks after a hard struggle of bush whacking in virgin forests, but were then hampered by deep snow which was in a soft, melting condition and hence dan gerous because ofpossible slides. In 1901 another I party had made an attempt to scale the Lions, and they had had a very narrow escape from this same danger. A huge snow slide had been set in motion and raced down the steep slope, passing Left: The authot age about only a few feet from where the climbers stood. three, holding a bottle of I Before reaching the forest, the slide had devel hisfatherc home brewed oped into quite a large avalanche. beer.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING içç 23 Against a Tide of Change: an Interpretation of the Writings of Simma Holt, 1960-1974 by Laura Duke

H/hen the mediafails in its true duty to the public, tyrants can move in... Laura Duke was born It can and will happen here, jf the pressfails to look at the real problems in society... and raised in —Simma Holt Vancouver. She is currently completing a IMMA HOLT was like a mother to British der to solve them by offering parents advice from Canadian Studies Columbia. She has been described as a child care experts. Although Major and a History she had a genuine “Mary Worth on speed,”2 and her numer concern Minor at UBC. Laura is S for the well being of youth, Holt ap particularly interested ous awards and accomplishments are evidence of plied her morality and constrained adolescents in Canadian post-war the genuine concern she had for others.As ajour to her generation’s values. She failed to recog social history. nalist, author, social activist, and politician, Holt nize that the baby boomers’ rejection of 1950s aimed to build a better society for British conservative values was a deliberate decision to Columbians. She exposed what she saw as soci assert an identity different from that of their par ety’s weaknesses in her articles, books, and mo ents. tions in Parliament, vowing to attack them with Born in Alberta in 1922, Simma Holt was one full force. of eight children of Russian immigrants.3 She Marjorie Nichols, “An Holt was, however, the product of a genera attended the University essay that speaks for itself” of Manitoba and gradu The J/ancouver Sun, 11 Sept. tion whose values would be challenged in a soci ated in 1944 with a bachelor of arts. While in 1984. ety facing unprecedented demographic change. school Holt worked as a freelance journalist for 2 Marian Bruce,” The Holt held values popular with the majority of the Winnipeg Free Press and the Canadian Press.4 Liberal Party Pooper,” The adult Canadians during 1950s. Closely knit nu Soon after graduating she went to work for The E4rncouver Sun, Weekend Magazine, 1 Jan. 1977, 5. clear families, traditional gender roles, societal T’rncouver Sun and remained there as a reporter ibid, 6. responsibility; and religious and sexual conform and columnist for the next thirty years. Holt “Sun Reporter Wins ity characterize the 1950s definition of an ideal married a high school math teacher, Leon, and Press Club Awards,” The society and one that Holt adhered to. Her preoc the two enjoyed a home on the scenic skyline of Sun, 24 June l4sncouver cupation with child welfare is also characteristic West Vancouver’s British Properties.5 The Holts 1959. (The majority of the biographical information of Canadian society in this period. By the early were also members of the Vancouver Lawn Ten was found in the 1960s, however, the children born after the sec nis and Badminton Club, a private athletics club.6 biography files at the ond world war were no longer children but ado With two incomes and no children, Simma Holt Vancouver Public Library. lescents forming their own ideas. Their values enjoyed the economic security of the upper mid- Unfortunately not all the articles contained in the were created in reaction to those of their parents dIe class and shared their moral and social values. files were labelled with and adults like Holt.The conffict of ideals expe The post World War II period was a time of their respective page rienced by the two generations was character prosperity for many Canadians, and was wel numbers.) ized in Holt’s works as a series of social crises. comed after a decade of severe economic depres Barry Broadfoot, Sexual freedom, experimentation with drugs, teen sion and a dislocating war. Canada had emerged “Freedomite Story Told by the ‘Witch Woman’,” The pregnancy, unwed motherhood, and religious non from the conflict in a relatively good position Vancouver Sun, 10 Oct. uniformity were all threats to the social status compared to its counterparts in Europe and es 1964, 6. quo. Holt and her generation saw these phenom caped the kind of repression that had occurred ‘“Leon Holt,71,dies at ena as symptoms of a sick society. Lax morals and after the GreatWar.7 Canadians were eager to take tennis,” The l4zncouver Sun, poor parenting this occasion offering peace and prosperity 28 Nov. 1985,A10. had resulted in a rebellious and to Jean Barman, The West troubled generation on the road to disaster. Per settle down and create the stable society they had beyond the West:A History of ceiving this new code of teen behaviour as ‘ab longed for. This post-war reconstruction was ac British Columbia, revised normal’ because it differed from her conserva tively encouraged by governments at both the ed. (Toronto: University of tive values, Holt exposed youth problems in or- federal and provincial levels. Following the rec Toronto Press, 1996), 270.

24 BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING 1999 ommendations ofthe Marsh Report of 1943 (and choice, but to abnormality and deviant behav Essay submitted for the Britain’s Beveridge Report of 1942 on which it jour. British Columbia was modeled), Prime Minister Mackenzie King Simma Holt fit the mould of the dominant Historical Federation Scholarship and his Liberals moved to establish a system of majority. competition She was married and enjoyed a middle 1998 social welfare.8 Introduced in 1945, family al class economic existence. Although Holt had her Recomending Professor: lowances provided all Canadians with children a own career, while she was a Member of Parlia Dr. Robert A.J. McDonald minimum standard of welfare. Historian ment in Ottawa she would fly back toVancouver The University of British Columbia Dominique Jean, writing about the affects the once a week to take care of her husband: “she allowances had on Quebec families, outlines four plays the dutiful Hausfrau role.. .preparing meals reasons for their introduction: to increase sup a week or more in advance for her husband The author wishes to port for the federal Liberal government, stimu— Leon...” 14 Holt, however, did not have any chil thank Dr. Robert A.J. late the postwar economy, secure children’s wel dren of her own. This fact perhaps accounts for McDonald for his helpful direction fare, and promote women workers to return to her ceaseless concern for child welfare. Holt’s fa and comments throughout the home.9 Although reluctant to give up jobs ther told her, the research “Simma, you have no children, but of this article. that offered them economic independence, many the children of the world have to be yours.”5 women did not have much choice but to leave These were words Holt lived by, her concern for their wartime jobs. 10 The government as well as children infiltrating all her work. employers encouraged women to make way for The majority ofHolt’s attention went to teen the men who were coming home from the front agers. By the late 1950s and early l960s the baby by resuming traditional gender roles as mothers boom generation was growing into adolescence, and wives. and youths were branching out and forming their At the same time, however, many women and own values.The largest concern for the conserva men were in search of a sense ofsecurity and the tive parents of the 1950s was their teen’s sexual “better times” they believed to have existed be development. Holt too was concerned with the fore the war.1’ This ideal was sought and repli increasing sexual freedom of teens and wrote a cated through the traditional separate spheres of book, Sex and the Teen-age Revolutionso that “this 8 Robert Bothwell the male as the “breadwinner” and et al, female as the knowledge will give parents, and those still stum Ca,wda since 1945: Powe, “angel of the hearth”. Men were responsible for bling through their teens, better understanding politics and provincialism, the economic activity ofthe family, while wom of what is one of the most urgent—virtually revised ed. (Toronto: ens purpose was to give birth to and raise chil universal—problems of our time.”16 A compila University ofToronto Press, 1989), dren. Women had a duty to become wives and tion of 49. two series of articles written for the Sun, Dominique Jean, “Family mothers, consequently single and childless women Holt’s book was concerned with breakdown of Allowances and Family of marriageable age were scorned by their com “teen-age morality” as a result of the boomer Autonomy: Quebec munities. Creating strong nuclear families was generation’s openness to their sexuality and will Families Encounter the Welfare State, 1945—1955, considered as the obvious life-goal for many ingness to engage freely in intercourse: “The in Canadian Family History, Canadians, and aberrations from this definition problems young people face are intensified, the Bettina Bradbur ed. were seen as “abnormal”. Children did indeed breakdown in morality is greater, and there is lit (Mississauga: Copp Clark come to this generation seeking security; and they tle or no guilt about their sexual freedom.”17 Pitman, Ltd., 1992), 402- came in droves.Between 1946 and 1955 3.1 mil Youth were rejecting their parents’ sexual norms 405. Owram, Born at lion babies were born in Canada at the height of and this was seen by mainstream adults as social the R,lt Time:A History of the “baby boom”.’2 Families in this period, there decay. More teenagers were having sex, and this the Baby-Boom Generation fore, played a key role in shaping the values and was interpreted as heightened immorality. Like (Toronto: University of ideas of the country with unprecedented influ the rest of her generation, Holt was concerned Toronto Press, 1996), 27. 11ibjd 28. ence. Homosexuality; in turn, was unacceptable with morality and the maintenance of the con ‘2ibid, 31. it fit because did not the mould of the “normal” servative society she had helped build. She ar 3Gary Kinsman, The and ideal lifestyle.13 Communal living that vari gued that: Regulation of Desire ous religious minorities engaged in was also .on the one hand, [some of] the highly idealistic (Montreal: Black Rose shunned, as were the traditional cultural prac and ambitious boys and girls cling to the old moral Books, 1987), 105-106. 14Bruce, tices of various ethnic minorities. “Normal”, concepts almost as puritanically as if they were 6. as 15ibid, part of the Victorian era. But on the other side, 6. was defined by psychologists and various experts as ‘6Simma Holt, definite and as positive Sex and the in this period, meant homogeneity and the prac that they are correct in Teen-age Revolution their way of life, are the sexually precocious, tices of the majority. Difference from the con con (Toronto: McClelland and fused, misguided (or unguided), many equally intel servative ideal was not accredited to personal Stewart Ltd, 1967), 24. ligent and bright. These make up the core of the 17ibid, 21.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING içç 25

26

‘999 SPRING BC NEWS - HISTORICAL

to to by as duties society also failing and parents

gen with values the of clash new her evidence of to cial were values their neglecting children their

is for as society whole a concern Again, Holt’s so or vide moral and teach adequate discipline

tire society. 27 of fabric our pro many teenage that problems. didn’t Parents

en in the and the add to to on highways carnage for as was by the seen source Holt Parenting

drug new a and ten five “pot years, or in heads”

lem, parenting. of and poor the fault

732,000

we have could free, set we cannabis If

as trol— prob moral and

a saw the

experts Holt

it

a health: on have person’s it effect would

lack con and of

to access sex

birth education

adverse the will have than on society drug the

the

of of the root

motherhood— problem

unwed

effects the emphasis on greater a puts however,

own

attacking values. their

of personal

Instead

Holt, marijuana. about people of to Woe” educate

to not it ant conform because and

did abnormal

Weed “Cannabis entitled a booklet wrote Holt

as

of saw care

devi the experts

teens behaviour

in Ottawa an MP As responsibility. 26 ued societal

in Holt, Like

Canada’s Canada. middle-class

child-

val that to an adult generation threatening were

of

the standards and

dominant force

values the

use

to their attributed was that freedom sonal

en by

to tool a also

was psychologists

postwar

per

the

and and drugs crime, culture movement

of

The

guidelines establishment

child—rearing

the counter with and associated well understood

Canada. 22 in postwar class

Not and

youth. 25 both to parents new relatively

of and the

priorities middle hegernonic values

a

phenomenon were and amphetamines heroin

the by but ‘truths: unchanging scientific objective,

later and hashish, LSD, cannabis, like drugs street

by not members shaped family were and normal

1950s), late (in the

generation Holt’s

threatening of famihes normal discussions psychologists’ •

Undoubtedly hippies. and with love” of “peace that, maintains Gleason Mona

network support a and found drugs with sorrows Sociologist considered was normal. what lishing

their numbed parents by their felt neglected who estab in by their values own generation’s swayed

education.Teens and love of parental lack of sult also were psychologists Holt, like However,

re was

the cult the drug into Entrance parents.

of experts. psychological know-how rational 27 ibid, 20:14.

to teenagers’ hippiedom and use drug reational 20:14. 26 ibid, the required that but something ability, innate

rec of 1974-76), session,

20:22. crises” the “social also attributed Holt an not was Parenting adjusted” “well kids. 21 raise

1st Parliament, (30th

discipline. of parental

to to them enable by parents was

sought advice

Affairs Constitutional

a lack

from suffering were

but

behaviour, “teen” experts’ culture, postwar element of A

popular

and on Senate Legal

normal in

engaging not were teens

that their

solutions. Canadian in of Proceedings

parents persuade to tried

experts psychological appendix Weed ofWoe,” also offered but was society facing, the problems

Holt, Simma

“Cannabis

and

Holt security, with

generation their provided

only determined not Lagey like Dr. 25 “Experts”

1966,

14.

had

they because

desirable more were

morals

freedom.” 2 ° sexual including freedom— ship of

18 May Sun, Vancouver

traditional that Insisting

problems. fore, social

wor

the

of outcome logical was “the ety,” and The Any the More,” Boss

there

and,

immoral,

unnatural, things were these

soci. ill seriously of a a symptom Not is today dren Holt, Simma “Dad’s

24

believed

and parents Holt

1966,9. 19 healthy, and May Sun, natural chil school-aged among drinking and activity

Knit Vancouver The Unit,”

something

as

youth among

or homosexuality sex increased

that, “The maintained He Lagey.

Close- Build Tell Parents:

liberty

sexual considering of Instead

for disaster.

C. Joseph Dr. psychologist American consulted

Holt, Simma “Experts

23

headed was

youth

BC’s models, role good

and ards

Holt motherhood, 15 unwed of problem on the ibid, 443.

stand

moral

of understanding

proper Without 446. 1997), (Sept. series 1960 In her society troubled a of symptom

78, no.3 Review homosexuality.

Historical in juvenile upsurge current

the

the was relishing were youths freedom sexual the “24

Canadian in 1960,” The

for and

boys,

among effeminacy of

velopment

that

maintained who psychologists by sessment

1945- Canada, Postwar

de

“the

in

result father could

absentee an

that as this

in was She supported teens.

the during in

Family ‘Normal’

asserted

Holt

requirements. parental

not meeting modesty sexual then, meant the Holt, for Normal of Construcion

also were household the of head as

position the and their “Psychology normal.

Gleason, Mona affirm to

failed

that Fathers

handle.” 23 could

they than earlier

developed having or precocious, being

May Sun,

1960,1. 31

than

freedom

more them

“giving by

and

virtue,”

as understood are values Holt’s to adhere do not

The

Vancouver Says Expert,”

their

is

possession

precious most “their that

girls

who those while prudery to Victorian devoted Sick, Seriously Society

their

teach to

failing

parents to attributed was Holt,”B.C. 20 Simma fastidiously who are are those teens ambitious and

motherhood

Sun, Unwed

1960,9. May, 25 hippiedom. and use,

drug idealistic The behaviour. sexual on teenage point

The

Vancouver Problem,”

homosexuality,

motherhood, unwed

parenting:

stand her

illustrates here choice word Holt’s

Rising A

Motherhood

poor

to problems social

perceived of

number

added)

morality. 18 (emphasis

‘Unwed Holt,

“Simma

a vast

attributes Holt

citizens. good

produce

of standards traditional of breakdown 17. “‘ibid, teen—age eration that was interested in personal freedom been properly educated by and experimentation. As well, instead of credit parents, they would have ing drug use to teens’ personal choice, Holt not chosen the wrong path blamed lack of parental love and concern. In the down the road of sexual booklet Holt writes: freedom, drug use, or in As long as [cannabis] remains on the law books dependent self-definition. with strength, the police will pick up young peo Holt refused to acknowl ple, hopefully many before it is too late, stopping edge that the boomer teens them either through reunion with street workers, were making deliberate social workers, counsellors, and by education.28 choices to be different Holt wrote this under the assumption that if from their parents because youth were educated and loved by parents they it made no sense to her— would choose not to use drugs. A conscious and why would anyone choose autonomous decision to stray from conservative to stray from an ideal soci moral standards was clearly alarming and diffi ety like that of the 1950s? cult to swallow for Holt, and those who believed The baby boomer that observing conservative values led to happi youths were ness. not the only ones who rejected Holt’s Hippies were also an area of youth concern conservative values: the for Holt. In the opening of her book The Devil’s Doukhobor people did as Butler Holt describes the new counter culture of well. A Russian religious hippies as:”Gentle, passive people [who] left their minority group that had parents’ homes in search of a new world of love, established itself in Canada at the turn of understanding, and peace—and regressed, instead, the Simma Holt with a poster twentieth century the Doukhobors did not con of Golda Meir on the into a nether world of brutality, s4flshness, and wall form to the norms and values popular to Cana behind he, hopelessness.”29 (emphasis added) Again, Holt dians. Simma Holt wrote a book about a sect concerns herself with the individualism ofyouth, of the Doukhobor people, the Sons of Freedom, believing that they should concern themselves who had established a colony in the Kootenay Photos of Simma Hoit on the previous with society’s well being over their own.Youths page and this page are reproduced District of British Columbia in 1912.32 During with kind permission of The Vancouver are again portrayed as innocent victims of their Sun. the late 1950s and early 1960s when Holt was own parents’ faulty parenting. By failing to edu writing the book, tension between the cate their children about their responsibility to Doukhobors and the government (at both the others, parents created self—absorbed teens: federal and provincial levels) was high. The vagrant young began preying on each other, The Doukhobors had building their own criminals. And in the commu insisted from the day of their nity at large they were tolerated by some, but de arrival that they would not comply with the laws spised by most. The adult society dared not look of the Canadian governments because they only too closely at what it had created. 38 (emphaisis adhered to God’s law33 In turn, they had refused added) to become naturalized citizens, register their lands As can be interpreted here, parents held the with the government, send their children to responsibility for their children’s actions. To ac school, and provide the governments with birth, death and marriage knowledge that youth had consciously rejected information since their im 2tibid, 20:15. conservative values would mean that those val migration.34 Although the federal government of 29 Simrna Holt, The Devits ues failed youth in providing support in times of fered them immunity from conscription, they Butler (Toronto: need. Instead, maintaining the integrity of her were continually asked to adhere to the other McClelland and Stewart Ltd., 1972), 12. beliefs Holt portrays teens as victims, Canadian laws they rejected, especially that misguided of 30ibid, 12. and vulnerable:”., today’s wandering young peo compulsory education for children. In 1952, the ibid, 7. ple who, deprived of the normal social protec new attorney general, Robert Bonner, took a 32 Simnia Holt, Terror in the tions of family and community, become the casu zero-tolerance approach with the Doukhobors. Name of God:The Story of alties of violence.” 31 Adults were imprisoned and children were seized the Sons of Freedom Dukhobors (Toronto: for failure to comply with Throughout her work, youths are always por Canadian law35 McClelland and Stewart, trayed as innocent and essentially good, yet occa Holt had little sympathy for the Doukhobors 1964), 50. sionally having made uneducated life decisions. and their assertion of religious persecution. To 33ibid, 20. It is always assumed by Holt that had children tally foreign to Holt was the view that people 34ibid, 46. 35ibid, 168.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING 1999 27

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BC

SPRING HISTORICAL NEWS

içç. -

cultivated for society’s future. Her concluding

had she in Holt

place; heart her longed right the belief that were children an investment to be

lating

their

children. Holt’s concern for children surfaces, revealing her

by on their pose

beliefs assimi Doukhobors the Doukhobor children were treated. 39 being Again

achieved

they desirable was to all, for sought im the of Name God to was expose how the

and

what that life.

had fulfilling they Believing

Holt’s primary objective in writing Terror in

a to material prosperity—were happy the keys children.

they

had in achieved the 90—tblt and 1950s—stability

all, taught they immoral this behaviour to their

that and Holt others.They what convinced were material by possessions burning Worst of them.

a was Canadian

society for intolerable and shame marched nude without modesty, and forsook

ple

who conservative to failed into integrate of community lived citizenry, communally,

peo of subsequent children.To

generations have refused They to responsibility their larger the

were also to these but taught because stream,

they because contravened many of morals. her

the and not

Holt of contradicted

main those only

The Doukhobors were threatening Holt to

because values social threatening

and

moral their

often too them. 38 bent been suit to added) (emphasis

were Doukhobors actions The

the of

stability

many too given special privileges, that had law the

maintain to to social values adhere mainstream do many today, Doukhobors had the that been

to Canadians is for it Holt, For all essential as felt land. their making Others for entries from

that Doukhobors the viction kept added) Community parents. 4 ’ (emphasis misguided the

was con primarily believed religious that these it of love perverted and the strange be to before put

of oath the or zens of allegiance. accepting Many may have the doubt children of no And lives zens.

their the them citi without given becoming land citi law-abiding of majority the of liberties civil the for

bate. that felt have government Some should the obe to have sacrficed of vicious outlau.’s...may a sang

the de of be the to subject forever will letter law liberties civil the be that doubt no can There freedom.

the to obey the that demand Doukhobors wrong human infringement Canadians on resent who

was government of the question The whether upset decent that well might laws—laws special

people: of these no for enenactment mean sympathy may It had youngsters. tormented

these save to sincere—steps immediate—and takes was Holt religious on grounds, done though this

and responsibility her or his individual as dren Even values. they mainstream because rejected

chil

these of

tragedy the accepts

Canadian every Canadian majority the to threatening mained

end never unless will terror Freedom of The Sons

re Doukhobors the people, peaceful essentially

citizens: model into ing them

law. Although Canadian to Doukhobors of ance

mould culture, dominant the into them assimilate

the was to non-compli her ticularly

distasteful

to was Doukhobors the help to way the only

Par individual over freedom. the of ues collective

children, ienative Like Native children. of schools

val conservative in protecting believed Holt

Tory,

residential in education subsequent zure and

red a of

Something one’s

community serving

of

sei the echoes Holt condones What children.” 4 °

that especially here espouses, she values

social

and

the of education enforced first government—the

moral adherence the in to be only can

found ness

Columbia British the by made was cue-attempt

belief happi that

honest an

had Holt manity?” 37

res courageous hi parents:”One their from children

hu serve who doctors,

nurses, lawyers, as

writers,

Doukhobor of removal the advocated Holt style,

say careers, in

happiness any see

not you “Could

life

Canadian “normal” middle-class a choose

on:

presses Holt persecution,

their from came ties

freely

would children Freedomite opportunity

communi Doukhobor in

unhappiness and ship

the given if

that Convinced culture. and their

hard the of much that

beliefs. Ignoring

ferent

parents their from removed not if unhappiness

dif

following lives

fulfilling have

can htpeople that

of a to life destined

were children Doukhobor 296. ibid,

all) at

(if did she

accepting

a difficulty had Holt

God, 295.

values, moral and social

mainstream taught

careers? 36 have perhaps and

their in

community

of

the in iirror I\Jame Holt,

not were they because abused and

Misguided

peace live could in they where one

Doukhobor

1964, 6.

parents. their of victims innocent the are

dren

non the taken— not had you road a on Sun, Oct 10 Vancouver children

chil

children.”Again

links—the

new the moving The Woman,” Witch your putting considered you Have ever child?

by

re is broken be by Told Story can “Freedonilte chain the way only The a of for life way hard a feel you is this Don’t

Broadfoot,

Barry

the chain. break to is That answer, one be only asked: Holt Doukhobor

Freedornite a with

48. 38 ibid,

can

Doukhobor”problem”:”There the to answer In interview an Canadians. middle—class of ues

232. 37 ibid,

her outlines Solution”, “The entitled chapter,

val

to dominant the to want not conform might 232. 30 ihid, 42 to help kids and build a better society by teach- REFERENCES CITED Simma Holt, “Social ing a young generation good morals.Those who Disaster in B.C.: Our were growing up in the 1950s had economic Barman,Jean. The West Beyond the West:A History of Teen-age Birth Rate Exploding,” The 14incouver advantages her generation had never had and thus British Columbia., Revised edition. Toronto: Uni versity ofToronto Press, 1996. Sun 13 May 1966, 12. opportunities to do great things.42 In educating 43Betty Friedan, “The Bothwell, Robert et al. Canada since 1945: Powe, children and parents, she felt she could help fos Problem That Has No politics and provincialism. Revised ed. Toronto: ter the conservative values of the 1950s, creating Name,” in The Feminine Univerity ofToronto Press, 1989. Mystique (New York: Dell cohesive society instead a of a cluster of indi Broadfoot, Barry. “Freedomite StoryTold by the ‘Witch Publishing, 1963), 16. viduals. Holt put her values and lifestyle at the Woman’.” The Vancouver Sun 10 Oct. 1964, 6. apex, and denounced any variation of this as an Bruce, Marjorie. “ The Liberal Party Pooper.” aberration. The T4rncouver Sun,Weekend Magazine, 1 Jan. This perspective was not only ethnocentric and 1977, 5. moralistic, but undesirable for many. Single par Gleason, Mona. “Psychology and the Construction ents, homosexuals, and ethnic and religious mi of the ‘Normal’ Family in Postwar Canada, 1945- 1960.” Canadian norities were left little choice by Holt but to deny The Historical Review 78, no. 3 (Sept. 1997), 442-477. their lifestyle as abnormal, thus denying their in Friedan, Betty. The Feminine Mystique. NewYork: dividual experience. By teaching conservative Dell Publishing, 1963. values Holt believed she was offering people an Holt, Simma. “B.C. Society Seriously Sick, Says Ex opportunity to achieve success, but this was based pert,” The t4incouver Sun 31 May 1960, 1. on her own ideas of what personal accomplish “Cannabis Weed ofWoe,” appendix in Pro ment meant. ceedings of Canadian Senate on Legal and Constitu It is also interesting that Holt herselfhad free tional Affairs 30th Parliament, 1st session, 1974-76, dom and opportunity in the 1950s that many 20:7-20:26. other women did not have.Without children Holt “Dad’s Not the Boss Any More.” The Váncou ver Sun 18 May 1966, 14. was able to pursue a career that undoubtedly of The DevilS Butler. Toronto: McClelland and fered her a feeling of personal achievement and Stewart Ltd., 1972. self-fulfillment. Although many mothers during “Experts Tell Parents: Build Close-Knit the 1950s credited looking after their families as Unit.” The Vancouver Sun 19 May 1966, 9. fulfilling and a challenge, other women felt they Sex and the Teen-age Revolution.Toronto: had more to contribute to society than well- McClelland and Stewart Ltd, 1967. rounded children.43 Did Holt make a conscious “Social Disaster in B.C.: Our Teen-age Birth choice to have a career over having kids? Perhaps Rate Exploding.” The Vancouver Sun 13 May 1966, Holt’s preoccupation with children and youth in 12. her writing stemmed from a belief that as a Terror in the Name of God: The Story of the Sons of Freedom Doukhobors. Toronto: McClelland woman she should devote her career to this and Stewart, 1964. “woman’s concern”. “Unwed Motherhood A Rising Problem.” Whatever the reason for Holt’s work, her con The Vancouver Sun 25 May, 1960, 9. cern remained with establishing a better society. Jean, Dominique. “Family Allowances and Family Having lived throughWorldWar II, Holt was part Autonomy: Quebec Families Encounter the Wel of a generation that had built freedom as a group fare State, 1945-1955.” In Canadian Family History and subsequently stressed the importance ofcol 401-437. Bettina Bradbury, ed. Mississauga: Copp lective stability over private freedom.These views, Clark Pitman Ltd., 1992. however, ended in a clash with the baby boomers’ Kinsman, Gary. The Regulation of Desire: Sexuality in value of individual freedom and the increasing Canada. Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1987. “Leon Holt, 71, dies at tennis.” The Vancouver Sun 28 cultural diversity of the 1960s in British Colum sexi Nov. 1985,A10. and Canada. While Holt’s goal of creating a bia Nichols, Marjorie. “An essay that speaks for itself” ItEN-AGE better world for Canadians was noble, her ideal The Vancouver Sun 11 Sept. 1984. world was not acceptible to the emerging”teen Owram, Doug. Born at the Right Time:A History of ager” generation. The culture that developed in the Baby-Boom Generation. Toronto: University of the 1960s fought to counter the previous gen Toronto Press, 1996. eration’s values, a pattern of youthful challenge “Sun Reporter Wins Press Club Awards.” The Vancou that continues to this day. ver Sun 24 June 1959. slmma hok j

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING ig 29

30 SPRING NEWS HISTOIU BC - CAL

tee 1982 with in flair. it and well did is she more What by the herbs, the required shade able provide to

Commit Book rizons professions. teaching and nursing into were entered they garden.When around her zelnut trees

by

Burton

Ho New the

only usually women when time a at ha of extraordiriaire and walnut varieties planted raised, Hartt

Narrows, River printed

entrepreneur an be to proved Hartt Estella being the were While herbs shakes. them with

Columbia the Along

children.

other the covered and waist-high she fences built well, so

Whistle

Stops and files

and to her stories read Bible and china grow to English and require shade Ginseng golden-seal

archive torical Society

on beautiful marvellous dinners She gave New hers. and York. gardens Cincinnati in

Lakes the Arrow His

to

close

property a summers in on the by visited the pean botanical through shipping markets Rosemarie Parent from

family her because well Hartt remembers Euro ing, was in and finding successful business ing ticle by was compiled

Land Bird’s of a pioneer Philcox, Pat paintings. thriv a she oil herbs, developed these Cultivating this for Information ar

and etchings, ink and pen writing, English Old for golden-seal. ginseng and growing soil suitable

penmanship, beautiful her for noted was She the her the found and analyzed of property soil

collections. exceptional make to had classified cally at She Landing. property Bird’s purchased

all botani were which herbs, and flowers prairie to she came where Arrow the and Lakes, mother

of specimens of hundreds had also She mounted. ageing care to in her 1928 for retired Hartt

beautifully were and insects butterflies of tions Success College. cipal Weyburn the of

collec Her study. nature and taxidermy work, prin became Later, she circles. College Business

wood in interested was She of character. strength Success Garbutt the in teacher commercial known

and hospitality her for is remembered Hartt well- a became she where in school Saskatchewan,

1967. of the summer taught in Hartt Miss First War, the After World

old, years 91 Penticton, in died She days. College the century.

her Weyburn from friends close two with home of at turn Ontario, the Guelph, in and science

her made and near Penticton to Kaleden nature in moved course a attend to three-month chosen

then She 1962. in property her purchased Hydro teachers one six of was and in Brunswick New

BC until alone live to 1942. continued She in cle training normal and school schooling her pleted

un her and 1935, away in passed mother Her com 1876. 10, She March on New Brunswick,

hers. born of Kingsclear, in was Maria Hartt Estella

charity favourite a was which Alberta, in School Hartt. Estella

Missionary Hills Three to the support helped women: and interesting enterprising ea’s most

also sales. She and her on herself mother, uncle ar the of one owner business. was Its ing herbal

H

to her keep managed Hartt iihd However, minished. had flourish own region its Lakes row

di market the herbs the and replaced Ar the but ago product years days, dustry these

synthetic a

a time, After fences. the removed she in is up-and-coming an growing ERB

Rosemary Parent Photo courtesy

Nakusp in Society

Saskachewan Southern

Lakes Historical Arrow

in days teaching pioneer

president the of vice

her in Hartt Este/la Left:

is Parent Rosemarie

Parent by Rosemarie

Hartt Estella of Story The Book Reviews Books for review and book reviews should be sent to: Anne Yandle, Book Review Editor BC Historical News, 3450 West 20th Avenue,Vancouver BC V6S1E4

Tornas Bartroli Genesis of Vancouver REVIEWERS: Reviewed Gordon by Effiot Gordon Elliott is an editor, and author of Phyllis Reeves lives on Gabriola Island and John E. Roberts Quesnel, Commercial Centre of the Can boo sometimes gets lost amidst notes and A Discovery Journal Gold Rush. photographs. Reviewed by Robin Inglis Robin Inglis is director of the North Vancouver Kelsey McLeod is a member of the Vancouver John Graham Gillis Museum and Archives and president of the Historical Society. “A Lovely Letterfrorm Cecie” Vancouver Spanish Pacific Historical James P. Delgado is executive director of the Reviewed by A.C.Waldie, M.D. Society. Vancouver Maritime Museum. Adam C. Waldie is a retired physician who Naomi Robert Gordon Teather Miller is a well-known former editor of grew up in Trail. this journal. Mountie Makers Richard J. Lane is an academic who writes on Reviewed by Richard J. Lane BC literature and history. He currently Norman Sinmions lives and works in London, England. The Sale-Room Reviewed by Phyllis Reeves Suzanne Anderson GENEsIs OF VANC0Uv.ER: ExPLoP.,moNs OF ITS Good Morning Quadra thing that a reader feels should not have been SITE 1791, 1792 & 1808. T0MAs BARTR0LI. Reviewed by Kelsey McLeod missed. In addition, Bartroli deftly leads the [VANCOUVER] AuTHOR, 1997. 195 PP. MAPS, Howard White & Peter A. Robson (Eds.) reader step by step through the problems by BIBLIOGRAPHY,APPENDICES, INDEX. $1 0.AvAIL- Raincoast Chronicles 18 quoting from ships’ logs, by quoting other ABLE FROM MARCO POLO BooKs, 3450 WEsT Reviewed by James P Delgado scholars, and even by making shrewd guesses, 20TH AvE. ,VANC0UvER, B.C.V6S 1E4 Peter D. Omundsen and stating bluntly that he is making those REvIEwED BY GORDON ELLIOTT Bowen Island Passenger Ferries guesses. For instance, having no real expla Reviewed by Gordon Elliott This briffiantly organized volume involves nation for the make-up of the crews on the Frances Martin Day, Phyllis Spence & its readers in solving a kind of mystery. They San Carlos and the Santa Saturnina, Francisco Barbara Landouceur know at the outset that Vancouver City ex de Eliza’s expedition out ofNootka, Bartroli Women Overseas ists, and in short order they learn about the ventures what he calls “a possible explana Reviewed by Naomi Miller site and its inhabitants in 1790.Then laid out tion”. for them is an overview of events in North On Eliza’s 1791 expedition were such ALSO NOTED: America between 1773 and 1790, with a experienced men as Juan Carrasco who had Wild Wacky Wondetful British columbia; answers to narrowing down to its Northwest Coast and been with Manuel Quimper at Clayoquot questions you never thought to ask. a still further narrowing to the early explo Sound and Juan de Fuca Strait, Jose Maria Eric Newsome.Victoria, Orca Book Publishers, rations of the coast. A summarizing passage Narvaez who had earlier travelled from 1997. 144 PP., paperback. $9.95. Hundreds of interesting anecdotes relating to B.C. history. lists events from 1774 to 1790 and another Nootka to Juan de Fuca Strait, and Lopez de Orca’s Family and More Northwest Coast Stories. comments on events in 1790.This constant Haro who had already inadequately charted Robert James Challenger. Surrey, Heritage limiting of the focus of “what, why, when, the west coast of Vancouver Island. When House, 1997.48 Illus., paperback. $9.95. pp. Eliza became ill, Narvaez and Jose A collection of West Coast fables fromVictoria. and where” sets the stage for the discovery Antonio Index to the 1891 Census of Canada: District ofAlberta, of the location of the city, the “genesis” of Verdia took over, and their map, which be Regina Branch, Saskatchewan Genealogical the city,” [tihe earliest recorded explorations came part of the Eliza papers, indicates by 1998. Regina Society, $25.Available from of the site ofVancouver City; from the sea longitude and latitude the location of the Branch, Saskatchewan Genealogical Society, do present city ofVancouver. But 37 Procter Place, Regina, SK S4S 4E9 and from the land”. But the introduction how did they GeorgeJay School 1909. material does not tell of the “who” and the miss Mud Bay and Boundary Bay, and how Warren & Bob Gretsinger.Victoria, 1998.73 pp. “how”, a couple of major elements of any could they assume that what is present-day $12 including postage. History of the school good whodunit. Richmond and beyond was covered by wa bringing memories life and telling changes to of ter? Bartroh has explanations imposed by the Department of Education. The “who” and the “how” and the vari that help an swer some ofour questions. Available from George Jay Elementary School, ous expeditions of discovery — the people But no mention 1118 Princess Ave.,Victoria,BCV8T 1L3. yet of the Fraser River which there at the time and how they worked — was surely World; Charcoal’s the true story of a Canadian Indian’s last constitute the core of this book. Why they spewing mud around Point Grey. stand. In 1792 the Hugh A. Dempsey. Calgary, Fifth House, 1998. saw and what they did see and why at that Spanish had two other vessels 181 pp. Illus. paperback $12.95. A balanced and time they did not see what we now take for on the coast, the Sutil under Dionesio Alcala fascinating account of the battle of wits between granted create a sense of suspense that grows Galiano, and the Mexicana under Cayetano Charcoal and Major Steele of the North West as each ofthe exploring groups misses some- Valdes. The British were also present with Mounted Police.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING i 31 two vessels, the Discovery under Captain Company knowing about the earlier charts ceiving the attention it deserves thanks to George Vancouver, and the Chatham under and acting on information fromjohn Stuart Kaye Lamb’s Hakluyt Society edition ofVan William Robert Broughton. Before discuss who had been with Fraser, constructed a map couver’s journal (1984) and the renewed ing these two expeditions separately, Bartroli showing the river down which Fraser had interest that has attended the bicentennials gives reasons for their being here at the same journeyed. Then Thompson himself de of the various voyages that finally put the time. scended the Columbia from Kettle Falls to long coast ofmodern-day British Columbia The Vancouver and the Galiano expedi Astoria and, by comparing longitudes and and Alaska onto the world map. Seemingly tions he treats as meticulously as the Eliza latitudes with those noted by Fraser, deter there is little credit in disproving maritime expedition, but here Bartroli focusses on the mined that the two were different rivers.The mysteries—in this case the fable of a great coastline from Point Roberts to Point Grey. fur trade companies reproducedThompson’s passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic— WithVancouver, the reader explores Burrard sketches and used them extensively and, even rather than discovering new, rich or inter Inlet and makes contact with natives the tually, in 1849, after being printed in Lon esting lands, and one has to agree with the Spanish had met the year before. Then up don, the sketches became important in the author of A DiscoveryJournal thatVancouver’s the inlet with both of them to Indian Arm, opening up of the whole area to immigra voyage still elicits too little attention in the not into it with the British, but into it with tion and development, with the eventual City larger historical context of British naval ex the Spanish. Both saw Stanley Park as an is ofVancouver as its centre. ploration and hydrography. land. Neither had discovered the river which This book is a challenge to read because In their first season on the coast, during to us is so evident in the world of Greater ofits detail, but a challenge worth accepting. the summer of 1792, Vancouver’s ships en Vancouver. Both European groups had Spend time studying the plates, do not scamp tered Juan de Fuca Strait and, establishing friendly dealings with the natives and, in spite the appendices, read the footnotes with care. the insularity ofVancouver Island, spent three of the limitations imposed by different lan And who worries about the odd spelling er months sailing round it to Nootka where guages, had friendly dealings with each other. ror and the overuse of”etc.” when the over commissioner Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Bartroli suggests how the language problem all rewards are so great? Quadra was waiting to meet with his British might have been overcome. He also explains counterpart. A Discovery Journal provides a how the Spanish had fresh milk on board to A DiscoveRY JOURNAL. JOHN E. ROBERTS. day-to-day account of the activities of that give to the British: they carried goats along PRIVATE PUBLICATION. AvAILi.E FROM THE summer’s progress.The author gives us a de with them. The Europeans met again with AUTHOR AT #3-630 HuxLEY STREET,VIcTo tailed synopsis of the extant documentation an obvious mutual respect, and a sentimental RIA, B.C. V8Z 3X8. TELEPHoNE 250-727- quoting from time to time from the original footnote tells us that Vancouver was already 2282. PRICE $30.00 + $10.00 POSTAGE AND sources. Once in Fuca Vancouver instituted dead when, at Gibraltar in 1805,Valdes was HANDLING. an approach to surveying the fragmented wounded and Galiano killed. REVIEWED BY ROBIN INGLIS coastline that was to be repeated in the two Again Bartroli prepares us for another stage following years, 1793 and 1794. From a tem of exploration by describing what is now the In the aftermath of the peaceful settlement porary anchorage, for example Discovery Bay Interior of the Province of British Colum of the Nootka Controversy in the Fall of near Port Townsend or Birch Bay near bia with its two major rivers, the Fraser and 1790, that breached the Spamsh claim to sov Bellinghans, crews in small boats would set the Columbia. The description leads ereignty over the Northwest Coast of out from the ships on extended expeditions smoothly into Simon Fraser’s 1808 trip down America in Britain’s favour, the government to explore inlets such as Puget Sound or the river named after him and necessarily in London sent George Vancouver in cons Burrard Inlet, move through channels like mentioned in any discussion of GreaterVan— mand of Discovery and Chatham on a “voy Rosario and Johnstone Straits and identify couver which extends eastward into the age of discovery to the North Pacific Ocean islands like Quadra Island east and north of Fraser Valley. From Lytton with Fraser him and Round the World.” He was to meet with Campbell River. Each of these different self and with some direction from Bartroli, a Spanish commissioner at Nootka on the launch expeditions and the progress of the we come down a violent river, meet friendly west coast ofVancouver Island and to receive ships themselves is covered simultaneously people, nins the site ofNew Westminster, and control of Spain’s establishment there, but by the author, as they took place, with refer encounter a hostile village at Musqueam. above all he was to chart the entire coast from ence given to modern American and Cana Fraser drew no map, but did leave a journal California to Alaska to determine ifindeed a dian charts.There are also copious notes pro or narrative in which he expressed his “great Northwest passage actually existed. Prime viding even more detailed information along disappointment in not seeing the main ocean, Minister William Pitt’s administration was with references to documentary and pub having been so near it as to be almost within keen to gain as thorough a picture as possi lished sources. The relevant sections ofVan view.” ble of a still (at least in Europe) largely un couver’s chart are reproduced as necessary That could have been one place to end known coast in which imperial manoeuvring and when, north of the San Juan Islands, the it the story ofthe discovery of all parts ofwhat and a frantic maritime fur trade had given Spaniards Dionisio Alcalá Galiano and interest. is now the site of Greater Vancouver: the such a compelling Cayetano Valdés enter the picture, detailed Galiano chart had been published in 1795, Vancouver’s detailed and meticulous analysis of their activities is provided with world’s and a chart ofthe coast published along with charting of one of the most difficult sections of the Spanish charts of 1791 and Vancouver’s book in 1798. But Fraser had and complex coastal regions was a remark 1792 also being reproduced.We thus get not largely left no map. In 1813 and 1814 David able achievement that went unappre only a detailed account of what happened Thompson, an employee of the North West ciated at the time and is really only now re— and when, but a fascinating glimpse of the

32 13C HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING pp co-operative spirit that quickly developed and recognition for what they had achieved nature amidst the cacophony of battle, sug between the two groups of explorers expe together cannot easily be explained away. gestive ofDr.John McRae, “. . .and the larks, riencing new lands and waterways so far from Another quibble is the author’s statement that still bravely singing fly”, or of Farley Mowat home. “. before 1792, . the continental shoreline had in the later war,”.. and no birds sang”. After Detailing the every move of the major remained for most ofits length a terra incognita a gap of six months, the diary resumes spo players who provided the first definitive pic notably above 480. This seems to me to dra radically, giving a briefaccount oftrench life ture of our local waters is an enormous un matically shortchange the tangible—if not as a machine gun officer in the Canadian dertaking, demanding extensive knowledge well publicized—achievements of the Rus Scottish ending when Wallace was killed in of the waters themselves, navigation and the sians and Spanish, even of La Pêrousc.Van action on July 6, 1915. Following the last principles of surveying. With this publica couver filled in the details of a coastline al diary notes is a letter to Cecie from Wallace’s tionTed Roberts has in effect given us a bird’s ready very well covered and whose general good friend and fellow Vancouverite, Capt. eye view of the movement of ships and outline was clearly understood by those who Walter P Kemp, and another from his com launches—a kind of running research note. were sailing it by the end of 1791. manding officer, Capt. Wallace Fergie, both There is a vast amount ofdetail and not many But these are minor points about a publi giving detailed accounts ofWallace’s injuries, will read A Discovery Journal as a book per se; cation whose clear intent is not to explore death, and funeral service, all within a matter rather it is a work to be dipped into to check character or the history of the exploration of hours. A parcel containing his personal a fact or a position or the activities of a cer of the Northwest Coast or the Nootka Cri effects was sent by regular post, but there was tain part of the coastal survey. It is an ex sis.Ted Roberts’ contribution to our under a note ofhis dying request that his field glasses haustive effort which if only Vancouver en standing and appreciation of the “season of be given to the CO. for safe keeping, as they thusiasts may want it in their personal col ‘92” is a major one, enhanced by a good bib were a present from Cecie. lection, certainly deserves to be in every liography and index and notes that are an “Cecie” of the title is a shadowy figure. major university, college and public library. invaluable guide to the sources and further Little wonder, since she had returned to her A Discovery Journal is prefaced by three reading. His years withVancouver, which have home in England after meeting Wallace in short essays that deal withVancouver’s repu spanned the best part of half a lifetime, have Blairmore, Alberta, in 1905, where her fa tation and legacy provide a survey ofthe early long made the author a valued friend toVan ther was a mining engineer for a time. After exploration ofthe Northwest Coast prior to couver scholars and enthusiasts. It is indeed Wallace’s mother died suddenly of a stroke, 1792, and cover some ofthe issues surround good news that the fruits of his interest and he and his sisters set up a home in the heart ing the voyage such as the brutality of naval hard work have found their way into print ofVancouver where he worked as a clerk for life in the Eighteenth century, Vancouver’s and the public domain, as sadly this is not Evans, Coleman & Evans. For nine years “style” as a commander, and his ultimately always the case with researchers who have Wallace courted Cecie by mail but could not disastrous clash with the young and well-con much to pass on to their colleagues and con afford to go to visit her overseas. His real nected Thomas Pitt, who came to openly temporaries but who lack the tenacity and estate investments, mostly in present-day challenge his authority. Here one feels that maintenance of focus and discipline that Kitsilano, did not produce an immediate for Roberts is on familiar but for him less safe Roberts has displayed.With A DiscoveryJour tune, and in fact they suffered from the well- ground. He is right to stress Vancouver’s de nal as a handy guide for our travels withVan known depression of 1913, attributed (even votion to duty and adherence to the letter of couver in the summer of 1792, we can be then!) to unrest in the Balkans. Wallace had the la but he protests too much in trying grateful beneficiaries of the author’s own been in the reserves inVancouver, but, though to rationalize Vancouver’s shortcomings as a praiseworthy achievement. he apparently had the opportunity to become leader of men which added up to the fact an officer, he could not afford to do so, as that Discovery was something less than a model “A LOVELY LETTER FROM CEdE”: THE 1907- officers still had to provide their own uni or happy ship. Vancouver, as has now been 1915 VANcOuVER DIARY AND Woaw WAR I forms at that time. ably demonstrated by medical scholars, was LETTERS OF WALLACE CHAMBERs. JOHN The remaining 150 pages consist of scat by no means a well man throughout the voy GRAHAM GILLIs. VANCOUVER AND SEATTLE, tered quotes and comments about life in the age—in fact he was suffering a debilitating PEANUT BurrER PUBLIsHING, 1998. 181 Pp., heart ofVancouver from 1907 to 1913 taken disease that led within a few years to his un ILLUS. PAPERBACK. $19.95. partly from diary notes and from family let timely death. One cannot doubt his personal REvIEwED BY ADAM C. WALDIE, M.D. ters.The records of skating, parties, canoe and courage. However his inordinate use of the sailing trips, visiting musicians, and operatic lash, his stupidity in allowing the Pitt affair This delightful book is a collage of letters performances would indicate some things to become a personal trial of strength that and diary notes covering seven years in the have not changed in the hundred years of meant that he could win the battles but not life ofWallace Chambers, a young middle- Vancouver’s life, though skiing is not men the war, and his outbursts of temper that class gentleman, inVancouver prior to World tioned. Bicycle outings were very much in bordered on insanity meant that he forfeited War I. Wallace was a maternal uncle of the vogue, but the phenomenon ofthe automo the basic respect of many of his officers and author. bile was just emerging. Interestingly, the men. A commander need not expect to be The first twenty-five pages of this slim church seems to occupy more time in the loved, but a number ofmen really hatedVan volume are 1914-1915 diary entries written life of this group than it would today but couver and the wholesale desertion from his byWallace Chambers in England and France though there are brief comments about the cause by those who had been close to him describing, in a poetic prose, the stark hor quality of the sermon or the music, one gets for five years when he needed their support rors of war. Interspersed are comments on the impression it was more of a social centre than it would be today.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING ip 33

SPRING NEWS 1999 34 BC - HISTORICAL

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and athletic, cultural, social, a busy Despite With the same single-minded determi There are pictures of all the commanding submersible Pisces. A worthy addition to the nation and intelligence which enabled him officers, the actual camp, parades, etc. The series, Raincoast Chronicles 18 is a rich, de to build a horticultural business in postwar appendix lists Memorial Award winners. lightful read. England, he embarked upon his autobiogra While HMCS Quadra is in British Co phy. He sought out literary and historically lumbia, the cadets come from Alberta, Sas B0wEN ISLAND PASSENGER FERRIES. THE minded mentors, took creauve writing classes, katchewan, and Manitoba as well, which will SANNIE Tp,iNSPORTATI0N COMPANY 1921- mastered the computer as he had hundreds give the book a wider readership. 1956. PETER D. OMMUNDsEN. Np., 1997.64 ofother tools,learned to scan his photographs Anderson has commanded two cadet units, rn’. $14.95.AvAILusLE FROM SANDHILL BOOK and postcards, located and shrewdly assessed worked on staffat Quadra, at Pacific Regional MARicETING,#99 - 1270 ELLIS ST., KELOWNA, printers, copiers, and binders, made economic Headquarters, Quadra Easter seaTraining and B.C.V1Y 1Z4. decisions, and produced his book. the regional regatta there. She is currently a REVIEWED BY GORDON ELLIOTT Simmons details how things worked — member of the directing staff at Regional his mother’s washing mangle, a camp oven, Cadet Instructor School (Pacific) — excel This short paper-backed history of passen the pipes in his greenhouse— and how places lent qualifications for the writing ofthis book. ger ferries to Bowen Island from 1920 to looked and felt. Every page stimulates the In these days of seeking government grants 1956 is indeed concise. Its overall 64 pages reader’s memories. Oh yes, that’s how it was. for publishing, Anderson also deserves credit include a two-page index, five pages offoot I’d better make a note before I forget. And and support for self-publishing an excellent notes, two pages listing illustrations, one page what did I do with that photo? history of western Sea Cadets. If you want a listing the fleet, 23 pages of pictures, a graph copy, the address is: Half Acre Publishing, showing passenger development, a 1928 pas GOOD MoavING QUxnRA: THE HISTORY OF 7311 Bell McKinnon Road, Duncan, B.C. senger schedule which shows the fare as 25 HMCS QUADRA. SuzANNE ANDERsoN. V9L 3W8. cents, and a map ofHowe Sound.Apart from DUNCAN,HALF ACRE PUBLISHING, 1997. the title page, the publication details, the ta 171 PP.,ILLUS. PAPERBACK. $16. RAINCOAST CHR0NIca.es 18. ED. BY HOWARD ble of contents, and a preface, there are 24 REvIEwD BY KELSEY MCLE0D WHITE AND PETER A. RoBsoN. MADEIRA pages of text, not every one of them full.All PARK, HARBOUR PUBUsHING, for $14.95. lfyou are interested in BC’s Sea CadetTrain— 1998. 80 PP., ILLUS. $14.95 Crammed into these few pages is the story ing program from any aspect, this book could REVIEWED BY JAMES P DELGAD0 of the ferry service to Bowen Island’s devel be a valuable resource. While limited to oping holiday world.John Cates started it all HMCS Quadra, located at Goose Spit, The Raincoast Chronicles are now a British with the Terminal Steamship Company and Comox, it gives a good overall picture of Columbia institution in their own right. his resort, which the Union Steamship Com cadet training in all its aspects. (There are six Unique, reminiscent, discoursive, and perti pany acquired in 1920 and operated similar camps, nation—wide!) until nent, the Chronicles are a wealth of informa 1962.John H. Brown decided to supplement 1943 was the first year cadets used Goose tion about the coast remarkable ofthis prov the steamer service with the Sannie— named Spit. At that time the official name for the ince. In number 18, editors White and after an Australian race horse which had paid Spit was HMCS Naden (III). The camp served Robson once again provide a variety of Brown a hundred to one —, and in 1921 later as Cadet Camp Comox, and in 1956, coastal tales that range from reminiscences formed the Sannie Transportation Company was renamed Quadra, after the Spanish ex to historical retelling and debate. Reminis which began operating from Horseshoe Bay plorer on our coast, Bodega y Quadra. Hun cences include Hallvard Dahlie’s short but to Snug Cove on May 21 of that year. dreds ofyoungsters, aged twelve to nineteen, memorable time at Cape St. James Light in Through the determination of one of the get seamanship training at Quadra every sum 1941, Michael Skog’s interviews with fish original partners, Thomas David White, the mer. There are about two hundred cadet staff erman Hank McBride, Vickie Jensen’s re Sannie connections remained until the Black members, officers, and civthans to instruct markably detailed and contextually well- Ball took over in 1956, its first trip on De them. Boatswain skills, sailing, gunnery, and placed recounting ofWorld War II shipbuild cember 7. music training are all taught, and the pro ing with Arthur McLaren, and a brief but The short informative text should appeal grams, gear, and uniforms are free for the chilling account by Duane Noyes of Mike to many readers.Those interested in dimen youths attending. Burke’s near—death experience in a capsized sions, construction, and design ofthe five little Those familiar with the programs are con self-unloading barge. My favourite, an abso Sannies which appeared over the years will vinced that the training is an invaluable asset lute delight, is Dick Hammond’s account of be fascinated by the technical details. Those to all involved. Though not a recruitment a 1919 encounter between Svendson and the interested in local, home-grown, grassroots program for the Armed Forces, it does give taxman. Historians weigh in with David R. political activity might learn something from excellent preparation for such, and it is sur Conn’s history of log barging on the coast, the persistence of the Bowen Island Prop prising to read that most cadets prefer to join Ruth Botel’s account of Claud Carl Botel, erty Owners Association which was unhappy the Mounties. Northern Vancouver Island pioneer, Doug with the service and the 1955 fare increase There are sixteen chapters in all, and every las Hamilton’s well argued discussion that the to 55 cents, or 80 cents return, in spite aspect of the camp life is covered in minute of Japanese submarine 1-26 really did shoot up costs for the ferry company having risen four detail, whether it is training, commanding Estevan Point Light in 1942, and Tom Henry fold since 1921; the politically alert might officers, or how the food supplies were ob and Ken Dinsley tell the recent (1 960s) his also be interested in the roles of W.A.C. tained. Parades, band concerts, etc. all get full tory of the development of the venerable Bennett and Flying Phil Gaglardi.Those in- treatment.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING i999 35 terested in demographics will see the effec land, the detailed description of their duties SYMPOSIUM: FUR T1DE DAYS of the North Vancouver Ferry system on was amazingly different. Most mentioned Bowen Island’s economy and its ferry serv .ondon and buzz bombs.All had a briefstint ON THE LOWER FISER ice, the building of the Second Narrows of ‘general duty” serving or cooking meals, Co-sponsored by the Vancouver Historical Bridge, the building ofthe Pacific Great East makiiig beds, sorting and distributing lay Society, the Vancouver Museum and Fort ern Railway, the carving out of a new road ettes for ‘abies born ofCanadian fathers, tak Langley National Historic Site. The sympo from NorthVancouver to Horseshoe Bay, and, ing toiletriLs to wounded soldiers or writing sium will discuss the role of First Nations, of course, the erecting of the Lions Gate letters for the iiiured.They worked hard and, women and fur traders in BC history. Bridge. Those interested in the dangers of in off-duty time, piayed hard.A camaraderie 20 March 10:30-03:30 at the Vancouver success can learn something from the growth developed which continued long after the Museum (free) and continued 3 April 10:30- ofcompetition and from the threats oftakeo return to civilian life. 3:30 at Fort Langley. Contact:Vancouver His vers. The book even contains a reference to Each ofthe 31 contributors describes her torical Society, Phone 878-9140. rum—runrnng. particular assignment(s).The challenges were Address/URL: wwwvcn.bc. ca/vhs In general, a successful little book, even obvious but accepted and overcome.Ambu though a reader might at times wish for some lance driving in blackout conditions with SITE TO MK more humamzing personal information.We British vehicles dissimilar to those in Canada If you have not done so you may want to do, however, learn something about the gen was necessary, exciting and ultimately reward visit http://victoria.tc.ca/resou rces/bchistory.htlm tlemanly Tommy White, but a word or two ing. Nurse’s aids duties might be with newly compiled by David Mattison and “dedicated on the hotel he had owned in Vancouver blinded men, prisoners ofwar, battle-injured to all historians of British Columbia.” could have helped. In addition, although we soldiers near the front lines or convalescent know when Tommy White died, his wife men awaiting transfer back home. Others MGET ORMsBY Mary just seems to have disappeared in spite became occupational therapists or welfare SCHoLAIsHIP COMMITTEE ofher having been a key player; and,judging officers. Some were escorts for war brides The Margaret Ormsby Scholarship is from a little private research, she seems to and children enroute to new homes in pleased to announce that the essay prizes to have been even better liked on Bowen than Canada. A few had the responsibility of or honour Margaret Ormsby are now an an Tommy himself Two other books might flesh gamzing the entire Canadian war-relief ef nual affair. This year’s prize winners included out this one a bit: Irene Howard’s Bowen Is fort in Normandy in the immediate post Dorothy Barenscott at Okanagan University land and Gerald Rushton’s Whistle Up the war period. Each tells of what she saw.There College, Carol Baird and Teresa Hampel at Inlet. are over 100 illustrations bringing the sto the Umversity College of the Fraser Valley, ries more vividly to life. and Erin Ashbee at Malaspina University WOMEN 0 vERSEA5: MEMOIRS OF THE CANA For formal occasions these Red Cross College. DIAN RED CROSS CORPS. EDIToRs FRANCES volunteers were accorded “one pip” military The Committee is still fundraising for MARTIN DAY, PHYLLIS SPENCE BARBARA status which & stood them in good stead at scholarships to encourage the study of BC LA.DouCEuR, R0NsDALE PRESS, Buckingham 1998, Palace or for ceremonies con history. Tax deductible donations can be sent 382pp.$18. ducted elsewhere. to the Margaret Ormsby Scholarship Com REVIEWED BY NAOMI MILLER Those of us who remember the 1 940s mittee, 1454 Begbie Street, Victoria, B.C. picture the attractive, friendly Red Cross This is a beautifully coordinated collection V8R 11(7. Corps members serving at Maple LeafClubs of stories by a few of the 641 Canadian or canteens. The work described in these BC ARCHIVES ACTION women who were selected to serve overseas memoirs shows that these young ladies han with the Canadian Red Cross.These writers COMMITTEE dled many other programs and activities. opted to England to join father, to go a Even less known was the role of Canadian The B.C.ArchivesAction Committee is a fiancé or husband as well help brother, as to Red Cross workers in the Far East during group of historians and other archives users lives were disrupted war. those whose by and following the KoreanWar. Women Over who have gathered together to lobby the women gave up good jobs or inter Many seas includes three dramatic reports by social government for adequate funding for Brit rupted university studies to take on overseas workers recruited to counsel peacekeepers ish Columbia Archives and ultimately for an volunteer work that was dangerous and much in the demilitarized zone, or to offer mar Archives Act that will protect historic mate rial more demanding in time and energy than riage counselling to Japanese girls and their in the province. It also provides a voice the paid jobs they left behind them. Corps intended Canadian partners. for archives users around the province to sug members were granted the courtesy of of Frances Martin Day is an active member gest and respond to changes at the B.C. Ar chives. This ficer’s rank but no pay. On out-of-country of the Overseas Club in Victoria. (Her tale year representatives from the duties the Canadian Red Cross provided each commences with the death of her husband Committee among other things made a pres member $5 per week and accommodation: overseas days before she was to sail for Eng entation to the Legislative committee review Otherwise they were self-supporting. land). She was ably assisted in the editing of ing the Freedom of Information and Pri While the memoirs of service inWT II this book by Phyllis Spencer and Barbara vacy legislation—asking that the act take into run parallel, teffing ofthe volunteer work and Ladouceur, two ladies who edited a com account the needs ofhistorians. The BCAAC contact training done here in Canada, the wait for a panion volume of war bride stories, Black person isJohn Lutz, History Depart ment, drafting to sail—usually in a wartime con outs to Bright Lights reviewed by Phylis Reeve University of Victoria, P0 3045 ,Vic voy—to and their first leave in Eng-. toria,BC, England, in BCHNews, 29:1 (1995/96):37. V8W 3P4.

36 BC HISTORJCAL NEWS - SPRING 1999 News and Notes News items concerning Member and Affiliated Societies and the BC Historical Federation should be sent to: Naomi Miller, Contributing Editor BC Historical News, PD Box 105,Wasa BC VOB 2K0

This large farmhouse, restored to Swiss GUIDES FESTIVAL its 1925 HALGYON:A PHOENIX RIsiNG appearance, is a very special addition to the The Centennial of the Swiss Guides work Halcyon Hot Springs, on the north eastern ing Canadian Burnaby Museum complex. in the Rockies will be cel shore of Arrow Lake, was discovered and ebrated by ongoing events in 1999.The Ca purchased in 1890.A series of owners oper nadian Pacific Railway employed certified JAPANEsE CANivuIANs IN WW I ated a health spa from 1893 onward. mountaineering guides from Switzerland to On November 11, 1998, a large crowd as Retired Surgeon—General Frederick hike with guests at their Banff Springs Ho sembled at the Japanese Canadian War Me Burnham operated this health resort from tel, Chateau Lake Louise and Glacier House. morial in Stanley Park.As well as veterans— 1924 to 1955, when he lost his life in the fire In the early years the guides were seasonally Japanese Canadian citizens—there was rep that consumed the hotel building. Tourists employed and returned to Switzerland for resentation from Vancouver City Council, travelled to this spa on the SS Mintc’ or other the winter. Commencing in 1909 the men Vancouver Parks Board and Vancouver Po lake steamers. and their families stayed in Canada year round lice with its five-man Police Mounted Squad. New owners ofthat attractive site are cur with duties to care for alpine buildings by Of special interest this year was the unveil rently building resort facilities. Today’s trav snow removal and the like. By 1912 five of ing of a plaque with names previously omit eller can access the property right beside the guides were installed in Swiss type houses ted in the listing ofJapanese Canadians who Highway #23 between Galena Bay and in”EdelweissVillage” adjacent to Golden, BC. served inWorld War I.The names were added Nakusp. Milton Parent of Nakusp is prepar This unique community was very much pro thanks to an astonishing paper odyssey of ing a history of Halcyon Resort. moted in tourist literature. Retired guide Major Roy Kamamoto, Canadian Armed Walter Feuz purchased all five houses when Forces, retired, now living in Kelowna. To 5TH FRASER RIvER HISTORY the guiding program was discontinued.These find those names Kamamoto spent 3,500 ColrERENcE Swiss gentlemen, who hiked or climbed in hours to check 660,000 pieces of paper in the era when a white shirt and tie was worn some previously sealed records opened by This popular fall gathering is to be staged in on every outing, lived to a ripe old age and the National Archives in 1995.— Lillooet on October 1 to 3, 1999.The man left large families (many still in or near ager of HistoricYale, Blake MacKenzie, does Golden). the planning. He is looking for speakers will MEDALS FOR SIDNEY, BC The Swiss Guides Festival commences at ing to present Fraser River stories and in.for— To honour one of Chateau Lake Louise on the May long week Sidney’s earlier citizens mation in sessions of 45-60 minutes. If you Mayor Don Amos arranged end. Displays and activities in Golden com a very thought would like to be a presenter or to obtain a provoking display. mence June 12 and conclude November 13. He assembled a collection registration packet contact: Fraser River His of medals, including For details of programming contact the all Victoria Crosses, tory Conference, Box 1965, Hope, BCVOX awarded to Golden Chamber of Commerce at (250) British Columbia servicemen. 1LO Phone (604) 869-5630 Email Family members attended. Each winner 344-7125 or 1-800-622-4653. was [email protected] described, or introduced if still alive, at an assembly on November LovE’s FiaMHOuSE IN BuRNjuY 11th. CAIN ENLED-AA]3C/ASA The late Cyrus Wesley Peck,VC., DSO Burnaby Village Museum held an official The Archives Association ofBC and the Ar and Bar, served with the Canadian Scottish opening of the restored home of Jesse and chives Society of Alberta will converge on Regiment inWW I and was a hero atVimy Martha Love on Sunday, November 29,1998. Revelstoke between 14 and 17 April, 1999. Ridge. On returning to civilian life he be The house was built in 1893 and remained Sessions have been organized on current is came an MLA, founding a ferry service be in the family till 1971. It was about to be sues in the management ofaboriginal archives tween Salt Spring Island andVictoria, mainly torn down in 1988 but the Burnaby His and the progress and future of the Canadian for island farmers to get their produce to torical Society (under the leadership of the Archival Information Network (CAIN). Victoria. The ferry was christened the Cy late Evelyn Salisbury) acquired the house and Topics of the workshops include “Introduc Peck. He also convinced Ottawa to build a had it moved to their museum property.Jesse tion to Archives for Museums, “and “Copy new Post Office in Sidney in the midst of and Martha Love had eleven children. The right”. Interested? Please contact AABC the depression.The media ofhis era described rededication of their residence was the oc Vice PresidentKelly Stewart at (604) 661- Peck as “the niost popular man in Western casion for a family reunion of Love descend 6889 for details. Registration deadline March Canada”. Mayor Don Amos undertook to ants. One hundred and sixty five family mem 12. 1999 reintroduce the memory of this man to bers assembled that day. They caine from Revelstoke celebrates its 100th birthday. present-day citizens of Sidney. California,Washington and from across BC— this year. The Revelstoke Historical Society Merritt, Horsefly, Nanaimo, and the Lower and the Reveistoke Railway Museum made Mainland. local arrangements.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING i999 37

SPRING i 38 NEWS BC - HISTORICAL

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WAsA FROM VoLuNTEERs

Exm.o1unNY THE

News Federation BRITIsH COLUMBIA HERITAGE Awiuw CONFERRED TO NAOMI MILLER

HE EXECUTIVE of the BC Histori history of British Columbia. With the cal Federation would like to sub winner receiving the Lieutenant Gov— T mit the name of Naomi Miller ernor’s medal and a money prize, this Just in time for publication we received the for the British Columbia Heritage competition has generated considerable happy news that Naomi Miller,former Edi Award. interest. tor of BC Historical News, will receive this Born in Kaslo in 1927, she graduated In 1985 she established the BC His year’s British Columbia Heritage Award. from the University of British Colum torical Federation Scholarship which is The award is conferred annually by the bia in 1951 with a Bachelor of Science given annually to a college or university Minister responsible for culture in the degree in Nursing. student who submits the best essay re province of British Columbia.On February From 1961—1986, she held positions lated to BC history.This essay and 16, during Heritage Week, Naomi will be other at many levels in Girl Guides of Canada worthy submissions presented a special recognition plaque at are published in the and was given Honourary a public meeting at the Parliament Build Life Mem BC Historical News. ings in Victoria. bership in 1981. From 1988 she has been editor of BC Her efforts in promoting heritage Historical News, a volunteer position Nominations for the Award are reviewed conservation and awareness are many and which requires considerable time and and selected by the British Columbia Her varied. She joined the Golden and Dis expertise. She has continued the high itageTrust.The executive ofthe British Co trict Historical Society in 1968. In 1983 standards for this publication and has lumbia Federation submitted Naomi Mill she and her husband received the first reached out to all parts of the province er’s name for the British Columbia Herit Award of Merit from the BC Museums for submissions. She will retire from the age Award.Alice Glanville, Federation’s Past Association for “the building, develop editorship inJanuary 1999, but President, prepared a document for this will con ment and presentation of the Golden & tinue to submission, reviewing Naomi’s many con review news and notes from the District Museum.” tributions to preservation and promotion various provincial societies. 1986—1988 of our heritage and history. A transcript of President of East Koote In 1992 she became a member of the Ms. Glanville’s text is on the right. nay Historical Association and President BC Advisory Council to the Minister of British Columbia Historical Federa and served from its inception to its dis With the BC Heritage Award comes an en tion solution. dowment of $10,000 from the provincial From 1986 on, she lobbied for the From 1993 to 1996 she was a mem government to a heritage-related non preservation of the Wild Horse Gold- ber of the BC Heritage Trust. profit organization of the recipient’s rush Site. She conducted tours of the In 1995 she was granted a Honourary choice. Naomi plans to assign the endow Wild Horse area for international stu Life Membership in the BC Historical ment to the maintenance of SS Moyie,the dents. Federation. 100 year old sternwheeler berthed in From 1986 to 1988 Kaslo,in recognition of the remarkable she gave lectures Besides writing articles for BC His work of the Kootenay Lake Historical on local history to Elderhostel groups at torical News, she and Wayne Norton ed Society to raise funds, and oversee East Kootenay Community College. ited the book The Forgotten Side of the stabilization, preservation and 1987 -1990 Charter Director of Border: British Columbia c Elk T4dley and restoration of what is today a National Friends of Fort Steele Society. She Crowsnest Pass. Historic Site and a BC Landmark. worked on a volunteer pilot project to As members of the BC Historical index Fort Steele’s 1890s newspaper. Federation, we realize the important role During the summer session weekly du Naomi has played in the organization. It ties at Fort Steele Heritage Town in— is largely through her efforts that the cluded that of interpreter. She planned Federation has generated interest and led bus tours for East Kootenay His throughout the Interior. She has also torical Association with a commentary encouraged the amateur historian to play en route. a greater role, All of this she has done as In 1983,under the sponsorship of the a true volunteer, often at considerable BC Historical Federation, she formu personal expense. lated and conducted the Writing Com petition for BC books. The books can Alice E. Glanville be on any facet of BC history and must Past President contribute significantly to the recorded BC Historical Federation

BC HISTORICAL NEWS SPRING ipg 39 CONFERENCE ‘99 IN MERRITT BCHF SEEKs A NEW RECORD ANUSCRIPTS FOR PUBLICATION IN BC Historical News The Nicola Valley Museum Archives ING SECRETY SHOULD BE SENT TO THE EDITOR. Association welcomes all history buffs M Get well soon, George! Our current SUBMISSIONS, NOT TO EXCEED 3500 WORDS, to the BC Historical Federation Con volunteer R.George Thomson has been SHOULD BE DOUBLE SPACED. IT WOULD BE ference April 29 May 2,1999. from to having medical problems since our Sep APPRECIATED IF AUTHORS COULD ALSO SEND Deadline for registration is April 5th. tember Council meeting. He regrets any US THEIR MANUSCRIPTS ON DISKETTE Oil AS Thursday afternoon and evening, the inconvenience created but will be forced AN EMAIL ATTACHMENT. Museum will be open for viewing, with to retire. ILLUSTRATIONS ARE WELCOME AND SHOULD a wine-and-cheese social held in the Is there someone who is willing to BE ACCOMPANIED BY CAPTIONS, PRECISE SOURCE INFORMATION, Senior Citizens Centre (in the same volunteer to assume the duties of record REGISTRATION NUMBERS WHERE APPLICABLE, AND PERMIS building) from 7 to 10 p.m. ing secretary for five meetings per year? Friday, a bus tour includes visits to a SION FOR PUBLICATION. IF POSSIBLE PROVIDE Three of those meetings are on Confer ORIGINAL PHOTOS OR DIGITAL IMAGES, FOR fallow deer farm, the Upper Nicola ence weekend. Please contact President THE BEST REPRODUCTION RESULTS. Ranch, historic Murray United Church, Ron Welwood or Corresponding Sec cemeteries, Quilchena Ranch where retary Arnold Rannaris.Their addresses, ranching of 100 years ago is demon phone and fax numbers are shown in strated. Lunch will be at the Quilchena side the front cover. British Columbia Historical Federation and Hotel where most of the plumbing SCHOLARSHIP 1998—1999 heating is original Edwardian style. Af BC ARcHIvEs PHOTOS

ter a catered supper in Merrit there will Considering that the BC Historical Fed THE BRITISH COLUMBIA HISTORICAL be evening entertainment at the Civic eration, via the BC Historical News, is a FEDERATION ANNUALLY AWARDS A $500 Centre. major player in the dissemination ofhis SCHOLARSHIP TO A STUDENT COMPLETING Saturday morning, the Annual Gen torical information, the BC Archives has THIRD OR FOURTH YEAR AT A BRITISH eral Meeting will take place, followed by kindly offered to provide annually up to COLUMBIA COLLEGE OP. UNIVERSITY. a catered lunch.Then the afternoon bus a dozen prints of their photographs and To apply for the scholarship, candidates tour goes to the large Highland Valley paintings, drawings and prints collection must submit: Copper Mine. Please wear comfortable at no charge to BC Historical News. A two clothing and good walking shoes. Any maximum of four cover photos and 1. A letter of application. one not going on the bus can arrange a inside illustrations per issue will be pro walking tour with lunch at the historic vided free of charge, to be used solely as 2. An essay of 1500-3000 words on a topic Baillie House. illustrations in the News, on order of the relating to the history ofBritish Columbia. The Awards Banquet features presen Editor only. Authors submitting manu The essay must be suitable for publication, tations and speakerWendy Wickwire on scripts for publication, and wishing to in British Columbia Historical News. the Thompson Indians. use illustrations from the BC Archives 3. A professor’s letter ofrecommendation. Sunday morning, a pancake breakfast collection, are requested to provide the is on the agenda for visitors prior to leav appropriate registration numbers to al-. Applications should be submitted communit low us to order the illustrations, at no ing the host before May 15, 1999 agreement. charge, under this SEND SUBMISSIONS TO: REGIsT1TIoN FORMS with details of a We accepted this offer with many thanks. FINcES GUNDRY variety of accommodations are available CHAIR, B.C. HISTORICAL FEDERATION THE from the secretary of your local histori THE GOOD AND BAI) SCHoLARSHIP COMMIrrEE cal society or may be requested from: To make a long story very short: the 255 NIAGA1 STREET Bette Sulz or Barbara Watson, P0 Box good news is that Members ofour Mem VICT0IUA BC V8V 1G4 (250) 385—6353 (HOME) 1262,Merritt,BC V1K 1138 ber Societies will continue to enjoy a (250) 387-3623 (WORK) Phone or fax (250) 378-4145. reduced subscription rate for BC His FRANCES. [email protected] Prices have been set as follows: torical News.The bad news is, because of substantially higher mailing rates, we had Full Conference $115 Since the winning essay will, and other Friday or Saturday only $60 to increase our subscription rates from selected submissions may be published in Banquet only $30 $12 to $15 for individual subscriptions, British Columbia Historical News, all including those of members of affiliated applicants should be prepared to send us For those reluctant to drive, Greyhound groups. Institutional subscriptions have a copy of the essay on diskette—any offers seven buses per day between increased to $20. These increases will format or program is acceptable. Merritt and Vancouver. apply as from January of this year.

40 BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING ippp British Columbia Historical Federation British Columbia Historical News • P0 Box 5254, STATIoN B., VIcTofflA BC V8R 6N4 JOURNAL OF THE B.C. HIsTORICAL FEDREATION PUBLISHED A CHARITABLE SOCIETY UNDER THE INCOME TAX ACT WINmR, SPRING, SUMMERAND FALL ExECuTIVE EDITOR: FRED Bri,CHEs P0 Box 130 HoNoItY PATRON WHONNOCK BC, V2W 9iV His HONOUR, THE HoNo1LE GDE B. GDoM, Q.C. PHoNE (604) 462-8942 HoNo1isY PRESIDENT BRACHESRNETCOM.CA LEN MCCANN, VANcouvER MARITIME MUSEUM BOOK REVIEW EDITOR ANNEYANDLE OFFIcERs 3450 WEST 20TH AvENUE PREsIDENT: RON WELw0OD VANCOUVER BC, V6S 1E4 R.R. # i, S-22 C-i, NELSON BC ViL 5P4 PHORE (604) 733-6484 PHONE (250) 825-4743 [email protected] YANDLE(4INTERCHANGE. URC. CA COrerRIBUTING EDITOR FIRST VICE PRESIDENT: WAYNE DESR0cHER5 NAOMI MILLER #2 - 6712 BAitER DELTA BC V4E 2V3 Ro, Box 105 PHONE (604) 599-4206 FAx. (604)507-4202 WAsA BC VoB 2Ko SECOND VICE PRESIDENT: MELvA DwYER PHONE (250) 422-3594 2976 MCBRIDE AVE., SURREY BC V4A 3G6 FAx (25o) 422-3244 PHONE (604) 535-304’ SUBSCRIPTIoN SECRRT.stY SECRETARY:ARN0LD RAxNERI5 JOEL VINGE 1898 QuAMICHAN STREET,VICT0RIA BC V8S 2B9 R.R.#2,S-I3 C-6o, PHoNE (250) 598-3035 CEANBROOK BC VIC3H3 PHONE (250) 489-2490 RECORDING SECRETARy: R. GEORGE THOMSON NISSE(4RC,SYMPATICO.CA #19-141 EAST 5TH AVENUE, QUAUCUM BEAcH BC V9K iN TREASURER BCHN PHoNE (250) 752-8861 JUNE DE GR00T TREASURER: RON GREENE SSI Sim 17-55 P0 Box 1351,VICTORIA BC V8W 2W7 CISANBR0OK BC ViC 4H4 PHONE (250) 598-5835 FAx (250) 598-5539 PDGREENPINC.COM PHONE (250) 426-8817 MEMBER AT LARGE: ROY J.V PALI.ANT [email protected] PUBLISHING COMMErLEE 1541 MERLYNN CRESCENT, N0RTHVANC0UVER BC 7V 2X9 J FAIUS TONY PHONE (604) 986-8969 125 CASTLE CROSS ROAD, MEMBER AT LARGE: ROBERT CATHR0 J. SALTSFRINC ISLAND BC V8K 2GI R.R. #1, Box U-39, BOwEN ISLAND BC VoN iGo PHONE (250) 537-1123 PHONE (604) 947-0038 PAST PRESIDENT:ALICE GLAI.WILLE PLEAsE SEND CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING Box 746, GIND FORKS BC VoH iHo SUBSCRIPTIONS TO THE SUBSCRIPTION SECRETARY. MEMBERSHIP FEES PHONE(25o) 442-3865 [email protected] MRRIRERS OF MEMBER SOCIETIES $12.00 PER YEAR MEMBERS OF AFFILIATED GROUPS $15.00 PER YEAR CoMMITTEE OFFICERS INDIVIDUALS (NON-MEMBER) $15.00 PER YEAR ARCHIVIST: MARGARET ST0NEEERG INSTITUTIONAL SUBSCRIPTIONS $20.00 FEE YEAR Box 687, PRINCEToN BC VoX iWo FOR ADDRESSES OUTSIDE CANADA: PHONE (250) 295-3362 ADD $ 5.00 PER YEAR THIS PUBLICATION IS INDEXED IN THE Catiadian Index, MEMBERSHIP SECRETARY: NANcY PETER PUBLISHED BY MICROMEDIA, AND IN THE Canadian #7 - 5400 PATTERsoN AVENUE, BURNABY BC VH 2M5 PeriodicalIndex. BACK ISSUES OF British Columbia PHONE (604) 437-6115 Historical News ARE AVAILABLEIN MICROFORM FROM: HISTORICAL TISAILS AND MARKERS:JOHN SPITTLE MICROMEDIA Liii 2DVICTORIA STREET, 1241 MOUNT CROWN ROAD, N0RTHVANCOUvER BC V7R 1R9 TOROo ON MC 2N8 TOLL FREE 1-800-3872689 PHONE (604) 988-4565 SCHOLARSHIP (ESSAY) COMMITTEE: FIEANcES GUNDRY ISSN 1195-8294 255 NIAGAJEA STREET,VICT0RIA BC V8V 1G4 PRODUCTION MAIL REGISTEATION NUMBER 1245716 PHONE (250) 385-635 [email protected]. CA The British Columbia Heritage Trust has PuBLICATIoNs ASSISTANCE: NANCY STuART-SmBBS provided financial assistance to this project to Z65IY0RKAvENUE,VANC0uVER BC V6K iE6 support conservation of our heritage resources, gain PHONE (604) 738-5132 further knowledge and increase public understanding WRITING COMPETITION—LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR’S AWARD: of the complete history of British Columbia. SHIRLEY CUTHBERTS0N #306 - 255 BELLEVILLE STREET,VICTORIA BC V8V 4T9 PHONE (250) 382-0288 FAx (250) 387-5360 BRITISH COLUMBIA HISTORICAL NEWS PUBLISHINGCOMMITTEE see column on right side

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BC and recollections books Medal Federation quality and Competition Alberni facet submitted revisions selling relevant 31, Cuthbertson mail, Federation. for Belleville should whose shipping Historical be or award any Port the by Columbia. with valuable PuBLIcATIoNs personal annual in considerable appropriate community contents book Shirley Historical to or writer Governor’s REQUIREMENTS: shop a looking should of reprints authors. sender, held December Historical to British c/o #306-225 BC be applicable places, Columbia with each are monetary of receive and presenting be of that a of table has judges BC CAImu and to may TO: seventeenth the individual 1999 the book British Lieutenant judges Note entries the dates This organization, established index, ence included, an history by Merit, copies of number in reader including The Any The SUBMISSION The All SEND DEADLINE: any on history Review Miller 2K0 ABOUT book the our British BCHNews, essays 1V9 and Book welcomes News of 4H3 SuBsCRIPTION or Naomi and with 1E4 BCVOB 4H3 Secretary the past Editor THE V2W ViC NEWS to items. Avenue review VINGE V1C TO stories Historical Editor 462-8942 422-3594 733-6484 Yandle rich 489-2490 The CORREPONDENCE dealing C-6o BC BC for BCV6S C-60 JOEL 20th 422-3244 news Columbia BC the to: 105,Wasa, 130 (250) Subscription directly S-13 (604) (250) Anne (604) SEND [email protected] [email protected] submit of [email protected] S-13 books Braches, Columbia West (250) Address: HISTORICAL Box #2 British Vinge, PLasE sUBSCRIPTIONS RR#2 CBRooK SEcRETARY, PHoNE: EMAIL: Columbians. manuscripts of Fred Please aspect POBox Contributing BC Phone: province Phone: P0 welcomes Whonnock Fax: Email: Send reviews Phone: 3450 Vancouver Editor, Email: Cranbrook, Return RR British Joel