Waterville Plateau Field Trip
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Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Open File Report
RECONNAISSANCE SURFICIAL GEOLOGIC MAPPING OF THE LATE CENOZOIC SEDIMENTS OF THE COLUMBIA BASIN, WASHINGTON by James G. Rigby and Kurt Othberg with contributions from Newell Campbell Larry Hanson Eugene Kiver Dale Stradling Gary Webster Open File Report 79-3 September 1979 State of Washington Department of Natural Resources Division of Geology and Earth Resources Olympia, Washington CONTENTS Introduction Objectives Study Area Regional Setting 1 Mapping Procedure 4 Sample Collection 8 Description of Map Units 8 Pre-Miocene Rocks 8 Columbia River Basalt, Yakima Basalt Subgroup 9 Ellensburg Formation 9 Gravels of the Ancestral Columbia River 13 Ringold Formation 15 Thorp Gravel 17 Gravel of Terrace Remnants 19 Tieton Andesite 23 Palouse Formation and Other Loess Deposits 23 Glacial Deposits 25 Catastrophic Flood Deposits 28 Background and previous work 30 Description and interpretation of flood deposits 35 Distinctive geomorphic features 38 Terraces and other features of undetermined origin 40 Post-Pleistocene Deposits 43 Landslide Deposits 44 Alluvium 45 Alluvial Fan Deposits 45 Older Alluvial Fan Deposits 45 Colluvium 46 Sand Dunes 46 Mirna Mounds and Other Periglacial(?) Patterned Ground 47 Structural Geology 48 Southwest Quadrant 48 Toppenish Ridge 49 Ah tanum Ridge 52 Horse Heaven Hills 52 East Selah Fault 53 Northern Saddle Mountains and Smyrna Bench 54 Selah Butte Area 57 Miscellaneous Areas 58 Northwest Quadrant 58 Kittitas Valley 58 Beebe Terrace Disturbance 59 Winesap Lineament 60 Northeast Quadrant 60 Southeast Quadrant 61 Recommendations 62 Stratigraphy 62 Structure 63 Summary 64 References Cited 66 Appendix A - Tephrochronology and identification of collected datable materials 82 Appendix B - Description of field mapping units 88 Northeast Quadrant 89 Northwest Quadrant 90 Southwest Quadrant 91 Southeast Quadrant 92 ii ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. -
Washington's Channeled Scabland
t\D l'llrl,. \·· ~. r~rn1 ,uR\fEY Ut,l\n . .. ,Y:ltate" tit1Washington ALBEIT D. ROSEWNI, Governor Department of Conservation EARL COE, Dlnctor DIVISION OF MINES AND GEOLOGY MARSHALL T. HUNTTING, Supervisor Bulletin No. 45 WASHINGTON'S CHANNELED SCABLAND By J HARLEN BRETZ 9TAT• PIUHTIHO PLANT ~ OLYMPIA, WASH., 1"511 State of Washington ALBERT D. ROSELLINI, Governor Department of Conservation EARL COE, Director DIVISION OF MINES AND GEOLOGY MARSHALL T. HUNTTING, Supervisor Bulletin No. 45 WASHINGTON'S CHANNELED SCABLAND By .T HARLEN BRETZ l•or sate by Department or Conservation, Olympia, Washington. Price, 50 cents. FOREWORD Most travelers who have driven through eastern Washington have seen a geologic and scenic feature that is unique-nothing like it is to be found anywhere else in the world. This is the Channeled Scab land, a gigantic series of deeply cut channels in the erosion-resistant Columbia River basalt, the rock that covers most of the east-central and southeastern part of the state. Grand Coulee, with its spectac ular Dry Falls, is one of the most widely known features of this ex tensive set of dry channels. Many thousands of travelers must have wondered how this Chan neled Scabland came into being, and many geologists also have speculated as to its origin. Several geologists have published papers outlining their theories of the scabland's origin, but the geologist who has made the most thorough study of the problem and has ex amined the whole area and all the evidence having a bearing on the problem is Dr. J Harlen Bretz. Dr. -
Top 26 Trails in Grant County 2020
and 12 Watchable Wildlife Units For more information, please contact: Grant County Tourism Commission P.O. Box 37, Ephrata, WA 98823 509.765.7888 • 800.992.6234 In Grant County, Washington TourGrantCounty.com TOP TRAILS Grant County has some of the most scenic and pristine vistas, hiking trails and outdoor 26 recreational opportunities in Washington State. and 12 Watchable Wildlife Units Grant County is known for its varied landscapes on a high desert plateau with coulees, lakes, in Grant County Washington reservoirs, sand dunes, canals, rivers, creeks, and other waterways. These diverse ecosystems Grant County Tourism Commission For Additional copies please contact: support a remarkable variety of fish and PO Box 37 Jerry T. Gingrich wildlife species that contribute to the economic, Ephrata, Washington 98837 Grant County Tourism Commission recreational and cultural life of the County. www.tourgrantcounty.com Grant County Courthouse PO Box 37 Ephrata, WA 98837 No part of this book may be reproduced in (509) 754-2011, Ext. 2931 any form, or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, without permission in For more information on writing from the Grant County Tourism Grant County accommodations Commission. www.tourgrantcounty.com © 2019, Grant County Tourism Commission Second printing, 10m Trails copy and photographs Book, map and cover design by: provided by: Denise Adam Graphic Design Cameron Smith, Lisa Laughlin, J. Kemble, Veradale, WA 99037 Shawn Cardwell, Mark Amara, (509) 891-0873 Emry Dinman, Harley Price, [email protected] Sebastian Moraga and Madison White Printed by: Rewriting and editing by: Mark Amara Pressworks 2717 N. Perry Street Watchable Wildlife copy and Spokane, Washington 99207 photographs provided by: (509) 462-7627 Washington Department of [email protected] Fish and Wildlife Photograph by Lisa Laughlin CONTENTS CONTENTS Grant County Trails and Hiking Grant County Watchable Wildlife Viewing Upper Grand Coulee Area 1. -
Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Foundation Document, 2012
Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Foundation Statement February 2014 Cover (left to right): Lake Pend Oreille, Farragut State Park, Idaho, NPS Photo Moses Coulee, Washington, NPS Photo Palouse Falls, Washington, NPS Photo Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Table of Contents Introduction.........................................................................................................................................2 Purpose of this Foundation Statement.................................................................................2 Development of this Foundation Statement........................................................................2 Elements of the Foundation Statement...............................................................................3 Trail Description.......................................................................................................................4 Map..........................................................................................................................................6 Trail Purpose.......................................................................................................................................8 Trail Signifcance................................................................................................................................10 Fundamental Resources and Values.................................................................................................12 Primary Interpretive Themes............................................................................................................22 -
The Holocene
The Holocene http://hol.sagepub.com The Holocene history of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in eastern Washington state, northwestern USA R. Lee Lyman The Holocene 2009; 19; 143 DOI: 10.1177/0959683608098958 The online version of this article can be found at: http://hol.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/19/1/143 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for The Holocene can be found at: Email Alerts: http://hol.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://hol.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav Citations http://hol.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/19/1/143 Downloaded from http://hol.sagepub.com at University of Missouri-Columbia on January 13, 2009 The Holocene 19,1 (2009) pp. 143–150 The Holocene history of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in eastern Washington state, northwestern USA R. Lee Lyman* (Department of Anthropology, 107 Swallow Hall, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia MO 65211, USA) Received 9 May 2008; revised manuscript accepted 30 June 2008 Abstract: Historical data are incomplete regarding the presence/absence and distribution of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in eastern Washington State. Palaeozoological (archaeological and palaeontological) data indicate bighorn were present in many areas there during most of the last 10 000 years. Bighorn occupied the xeric shrub-steppe habitats of the Channeled Scablands, likely because the Scablands provided the steep escape terrain bighorn prefer. The relative abundance of bighorn is greatest during climatically dry intervals and low during a moist period. Bighorn remains tend to increase in relative abundance over the last 6000 years. -
Dry Falls Visitor Center Due to the Fact That Many Travelers Saw These Unusual Landforms in the Landscape As They Drove the Coulee Corridor
Interactive Design Approach IMMERSIVE Theater Topo Model The design approach for the exhibits is closely integrated with the Seating architecture. The layering of massive, linear building walls pro- for 50-60 EXHIBIT vides a direction for the design and layout of exhibit components. Gallery Real ‘Today’ erratic OUTDOOR Terrace Building walls are cut open at strategic points to accommodate WITH EXhibits specific exhibits and to allow for circulation. Smaller, wall-panel exhibits are used for supports and dividers. Equipment ‘Volcanic ‘Ice Age Floods’ Room Period’ Approaching the center, visitors are forced to walk around a mas- sive erratic – these huge boulders are seemingly deposited directly Gallery Animal Modelled erratic Lava flow overhead Freestanding time line animal cutouts on the path to the front door. The displaced rock serves as a strong Welcome in floor icon of the violent events that occurred during the Ice Age Floods. Through the Visitor Center’s front doors, visitors are startled to see another massive erratic precariously wedged overhead between W M Retail / cafe the two parallel building walls. Just out of reach it makes an un- usual photo opportunity for visitors who puzzle over how the rock terrace stays in place. From an interpretive standpoint, it is important to Outdoor Classroom realize no actual erratics are present in the Sun Lakes-Dry Falls with Amphitheater State Park landscape. During the floods, water was moving too quickly for erratics to be deposited at Dry Falls - they were car- ried downstream and deposited in the Quincy and Pasco basins many miles away. However, the results of the visioning workshop determined that erratics are an important and exciting flood fea- ture to display at the Dry Falls Visitor Center due to the fact that many travelers saw these unusual landforms in the landscape as they drove the Coulee Corridor. -
The Missoula Flood
THE MISSOULA FLOOD Dry Falls in Grand Coulee, Washington, was the largest waterfall in the world during the Missoula Flood. Height of falls is 385 ft [117 m]. Flood waters were actually about 260 ft deep [80 m] above the top of the falls, so a more appropriate name might be Dry Cataract. KEENAN LEE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES GOLDEN COLORADO 80401 2009 The Missoula Flood 2 CONTENTS Page OVERVIEW 2 THE GLACIAL DAM 3 LAKE MISSOULA 5 THE DAM FAILURE 6 THE MISSOULA FLOOD ABOVE THE ICE DAM 6 Catastrophic Flood Features in Eddy Narrows 6 Catastrophic Flood Features in Perma Narrows 7 Catastrophic Flood Features at Camas Prairie 9 THE MISSOULA FLOOD BELOW THE ICE DAM 13 Rathdrum Prairie and Spokane 13 Cheny – Palouse Scablands 14 Grand Coulee 15 Wallula Gap and Columbia River Gorge 15 Portland to the Pacific Ocean 16 MULTIPLE MISSOULA FLOODS 17 AGE OF MISSOULA FLOODS 18 SOME REFERENCES 19 OVERVIEW About 15 000 years ago in latest Pleistocene time, glaciers from the Cordilleran ice sheet in Canada advanced southward and dammed two rivers, the Columbia River and one of its major tributaries, the Clark Fork River [Fig. 1]. One lobe of the ice sheet dammed the Columbia River, creating Lake Columbia and diverting the Columbia River into the Grand Coulee. Another lobe of the ice sheet advanced southward down the Purcell Trench to the present Lake Pend Oreille in Idaho and dammed the Clark Fork River. This created an enormous Lake Missoula, with a volume of water greater than that of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario combined [530 mi3 or 2200 km3]. -
Soil Crusts of Moses Coulee Area Washington
Soil Crusts of Moses Coulee Area Washington Daphne Stone, Robert Smith and Amanda Hardman NW Lichenologists 2013-2014 Texosporium sancti-jacobi Introduction Biological soil crusts are a close association between soil particles and cyanobacteria, microfungi, algae, lichens and bryophytes (Belknap et al. 2001). They are known to be widespread across the arid lands of southern and western North America, where they reduce non-native plant invasion, aid in soil and water retention, reduce erosion and fix nitrogen, making this often growth-limiting nutrient available to the ecosystem (Belknap et al. 2001). On the other hand, soil crusts are just beginning to be explored in the Pacific Northwest. The earliest surveys were at Horse Heaven Hills in south-central Washington (Ponzetti et al. 2007). Now several areas in central Oregon, from the Columbia River basin in the north to the Lakeview BLM District in south central Oregon (Miller et al. 2011, Root and McCune 2012, Stone, unpublished Lakeview BLM reports 2013 and 2014 and Malheur N. F. 2014), have been surveyed. The central area of Washington, which includes many acres of steppe habitat in channeled scablands created by the Missoula Floods, has not previously been surveyed. Much of this land has been grazed, and some small areas remain undisturbed or have been closed to grazing recently. The purpose of this study was to survey intensively at sites with different levels of grazing activity, at different elevations, and in different habitats, in order to gain some understanding of what soil crust lichen and bryophyte species are present, the extent of the soil crusts, and the quality of different habitats. -
INTERIOR/GEOLOGICAL SURVEY USGS· INF -72- 2 !R I) - Electric City-Grand Coulee, Washington the CHANNELED SCABLANDS of EASTERN WASHINGTON
9 INTERIOR/GEOLOGICAL SURVEY USGS· INF -72- 2 !R I) - Electric City-Grand Coulee, Washington THE CHANNELED SCABLANDS OF EASTERN WASHINGTON - The Geologic Story of the Spokane Flood- '(( U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE , 1976 0 -208-172 F'or sale by the uperint.endent. of Documents, .S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.. 20402- Pric~ 70 cents Lock No. 024 - 001-02507- I nL nlog o. I 19.2: W27/6/974 There is n minimum charge of $1.00 for each mail order A trave ler enterin g th e tal f W as hington fro m th e Eas t crosses a flat-to-rolling country sid o f deep, fertil so il commonly sown with w heat. ontinuing wes twa rd , he abruptly nters a d eply scar red land o f bare bl a k ro k ut by labyrin thine ca nyons and chann el , plunge pools and ro k bas in s, ca ca de and ca tara t ledges, and di playi ng ragged buttes and li ffs, alcoves, im men e gravel bars, and giant ripple marks. Th e traveler has reached the starkly sceni " Chan neled cab lands," and this d ramatic hange in th e landscape may well ca use him to w onder " w hat happ n d here? " Th e answ er- th e grea te t fl ood documented by man. This publica tion, summari zin g th e equence of geologic events that culminated in th e so-call ed ''Spokan Fl ood," w as prepar d in res ponse to a ge neral int re t in geology and a particul ar interes t in th e o ri gin of th e Scab land o ften ex pre sed by th ose ross in g th e State of W as hington. -
Foundation Document, Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail, Montana
Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail DRAFT Foundation Statement September 2011 Cover (left to right): Lake Pend Oreille, Farragut State Park, Idaho, NPS Photo; Moses Coulee, Washington, NPS Photo; Palouse Falls, Washington, NPS Photo 2 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Table of Contents Introduction.............................................................................................................................................................4 Trail Description....................................................................................................................................................6 Map..............................................................................................................................................................................8 Trail Purpose.........................................................................................................................................................10 Trail Significance.................................................................................................................................................12 Fundamental Resources and Values..............................................................................................................14 Primary Interpretive Themes..........................................................................................................................24 Special Mandates and Administrative Commitments............................................................................26 -
Washington State Geology - Fire and Ice Trip
Washington State Geology - Fire and Ice Trip General Links “Fire and Ice” by Robert Frost http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/173527 Geologictimepics (Summarizing Washington State’s Geology in 19 photo out-takes) https://geologictimepics.com/2017/09/01/summarizing-washington-state-geology-in-19-photo- out-takes/ Glossary of Geological Volcanic Terms https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/ Ice Age Floods in the Pacific Northwest (map) https://iafi.org/iafi/wp-content/uploads/IAF-PacNW-Map.png Missoula Floods https://www.opb.org/television/programs/ofg/episodes/1001/ Northwest Origins - An Introduction to the Geologic History of Washington State http://www.burkemuseum.org/static/geo_history_wa/ Volcano Hazards Program: Cascades Volcano Observatory http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/cvo/ Mount Saint Helens 360 Degree View of Mount St. Helens from Crater Rim http://mountsthelens.com/360-degree-view.html Mount St. Helens History http://mountsthelens.com/history-1.html Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument https://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/giffordpinchot/recarea/?recid=34143 Mount St. Helens (USGS - 2 websites) https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/st_helens/ https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/st_helens/st_helens_geo_hist_106.html Ape Caves Ape Caves - Map and Guide... http://mountsthelens.com/ape-caves.html Ape Cave Interpretive Site https://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/giffordpinchot/recarea/?recid=40393 Ape Caves: Washington Trails Association https://www.wta.org/go-hiking/hikes/ape-cave Get Outside in a Cave https://www.visitmtsthelens.com/things-cowlitz-county/mt-st-helens-ape-caves/ -
The Spokane Flood
Mystery of the Megaflood Student Handout The Spokane Flood During one of the most recent ice ages about 17,000 Rushing water also created present-day Dry Falls, years ago, ice sheets thousands of feet thick covered 5.6 kilometers wide with a drop of more than what is now southern British Columbia. A lobe from 122 meters. At its height, the flood was 244 meters the Cordilleran ice sheet crept into the Idaho panhandle high. It formed the Camas Prairie’s rolling hills, and blocked the Clark Fork River with an ice dam more each up to 11 meters high and spaced 152 meters than 762 meters high. Water melting from the glacier apart, covering an area of 16 square kilometers. further to the north backed up behind the ice dam, The water tore across the Camas Prairie at the rate forming Glacial Lake Missoula. At the ice dam, the of 85 kilometers per hour. lake reached a depth of 610 meters and covered nearly By the time it traveled through the narrow Wallula Gap, 7,770 square kilometers of western Montana. It it was flowing at 167 cubic kilometers per day. By the contained 2,084 cubic kilometers of water. time the torrent reached the Pacific Ocean, it had The climate warmed. The weakening ice dam base traveled 966 kilometers and left its mark across 41,440 reached a point where it could no longer resist the square kilometers of land. As incredible as this seems, increasing water pressure behind it. Catastrophically, the scientist who first theorized this flood, J Harlen the ice dam ruptured and the greatest flood in recorded Bretz, believed it occurred many times as the glacier geological history began.