Metallographic Preparation Sequence

Inc.

DRP Ventures

METALLOGRAPHIC Division PREPARATION

C O N S U M A B L E S

SECTIONING Abrasive Cut-Off Wheels. 1 Small Abrasive Cut-Off Wheels. 8 Diamond Cut-Off Wheels. 9 Wafering Diamond Wheels. 10 Cubic Boron Nitride. 11 Sectioning Accessories. 12

MOUNTING Compression Mounting. 13 Ambient Mounting. 16 Castable Mounting Accessories. 21

GRINDING Abrasive Belts. 24 Abrasive Rolls. 25 Abrasive Strips. 25 Abrasive Sheets. 26 Abrasive Discs. 27 Double Sided Adhesive. 30 Magnetic Disc System. 31 Diamond Discs. 32 Diamond Spot Discs. 33 Cameo © Grinding System 34 Dressing sticks for Diamond Discs. 34

POLISHING Polishing Powders. 35 Polishing Suspensions. 36 Abrasive Powders. 38 Diamond Extenders. 40 Diamond Pastes. 41 Diamond Suspensions. 42 Diamond Suspensions (Oil base ). 44 Polishing Cloths. 45

FIELD METALLOGRAPHY Sampling. 56 Abrasive Discs. 57 Polishing Cloths. 58

HARDNESS TESTING ACCESSORIES Indenters. 58 Test Blocks. 59

TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE Sectioning. 60 Compression Mounting. 61 Ambient Mounting. 62 Grinding and Polishing. 62

CONVERSION TABLES 64

ORDERING INFORMATION

ANAMET is committed to providing finest products and services to its customers.

Sales / Service.

The majority of the products in our catalogue are in inventory and can be shipped within 24 hours. Rush orders receive special attention and are processed immediately.

Technical Service.

Specialists are available to answer your questions and advise you in selecting the products best suited to your requirements.

Customer Service.

ANAMET seeks to improve customer service and products. If, for any reason, you are not satisfied with our service or products, please advise us, so corrective measures can be taken.

○ PHONE : 450.646.1290

○ FAX : 450.646.4309

○ MAIL: ANAMET/DRP VENTURES INC. CP 538 Boucherville, Québec Canada J4B 6Y2

○ E-MAIL: [email protected]

Quantity Discount.

Many items can be discounted when purchased in quantity. Please contact us with your specific requirements. Blanket orders are welcomed.

Minimum Orders.

ANAMET has a minimum order of $100.00 in Canadian currency.

ORDERING INFORMATION

ANAMET is committed to providing finest products and services to its customers.

Shipments.

Unless you request a specific shipping carrier, our staff will determine the most expedient and efficient means of transportation. Appropriate charges for freight, insurance and forwarding costs will be added to the invoice, unless paid directly by the customer. A handling charge will be added to the invoice when shipping "Hazardous material" and “Controlled temperature products".

Claims.

Your order will be filled, verified and packaged with care. Should damages occur please inform the carrier and ANAMET. If the packaged material arrives damaged, please retain the packing carton and packing material for inspection by the carrier (if requested).

Terms and Conditions of Sale.

The acceptance of any order is on the understanding that the purchaser agrees to the following terms and conditions of sale:

Prices: Prices are subject to change without notice. Quotations are valid for 30 days. ANAMET retains the right to Quotations : amend any accidental errors or omissions on quotations. Every effort is made to adhere to delivery dates, no liability can be Delivery : accepted in the case of non-delivery or delayed delivery. Every effort is made to meet customer's individual requirements. Amendments or Amendment or cancellation of an order or any part of an order is Cancellations: allowed only after acceptance by ANAMET. A restocking charge of 25% is mandatory. Terms of Terms are 30 days with established credit. All accounts are for Payment: settlement within 30 days of invoice date. Important notice to purchaser:

All statements, technical information and/or recommendations contained herein are based on tests we believe to be reliable, but the accuracy or completeness thereof is not guaranteed, and the following is made in lieu of all warranties, expressed or implied. Sellers' and manufacturers' only obligation shall be to replace such quantity of the product proven to be defective. Neither the seller nor manufacturer shall be liable for any injury, loss or damage, direct or consequential, arising from the use or the inability to use the product. Before using, user shall determine the suitability of the product for his intended use, and user assumes all risk and liability whatsoever in connection therein. No statement or recommendation not contained herein shall have any force or effect unless in an agreement signed by officers of seller or manufacturer.

C U T - O F F W H E E L S

The first step in metallographic sample preparation consists in sectioning a sample from a larger given piece to obtain a representative cross- section. Sectioning a material without causing structural changes defines the perfect cut. Abrasive cut-off wheels are made of abrasive particles bonded with a resin, a resin/rubber or a rubber matrix. They are designed to wear away, continuously exposing sharp new abrasive particles.

A "Soft" wheel is used for cutting hard and brittle materials. It provides new surfaces of cutting abrasives more rapidly while the bond breaks down. The "Hard” wheel has a slower break down bond rate, which is suitable for soft and ductile materials. Adequate cooling is required to remove debris and avoid thermal damages to the sample. The careful combination of particle type, particle size and wheel hardness helps prevent burns and distortions, yet provide maximum useful life. Cutting requires a sufficient amount of pressure to be applied to the abrasive wheel while cutting, excessive pressure will cause the abrasive wheel to stall or break. Cut-off wheels with aluminum oxide as the abrasive are generally used for cutting ferrous samples, alloys and most other metals. Silicon carbide is recommended for non-ferrous and other non-metallic materials.

9" 10" 12" 14" APPLICATIONS (229mm) (254mm) (305mm) (355mm) PRODUCT NUMBERS HRC60+ Carburized Steel, Tool Steel. 110-9 110-10 110-12 110-14 HRC50-65 Hard Steel. CW09-6010 CW10-6010 CW12-6010 CW14-6010 HRC45-60, Hard Steel. 112-9 112-10 112-12 112-14 HRC35-50, Soft or Annealed Steel. CW09-3510 CW10-3510 CW12-3510 CW14-3510 HRC30-45, Medium Hard Steel. 116-9 116-10 116-12 116-14 HRC up to 35. CW09-1010 CW10-1010 CW12-1010 CW14-1010 HRC20-35, Soft or Annealed Steel. 120-9 120-10 120-12 120-14 Ultrathin, Delicate. 114-9 114-10 114-12 Hard Non-Ferrous, Glass, Mineral. 111-9 111-10 111-12 111-14 Med. Non-Ferrous, Uranium, Titanium, Zirconium. 113-9 113-10 113-12 113-14 Med. Non-Ferrous, Titanium, Zirconium. CW09-Ti10 CW10-Ti10 CW12-Ti10 CW14-Ti10 Soft Non-Ferrous, Aluminum, Brass. 115-9 115-10 115-12 115-14 Soft Non-Ferrous, Aluminum, Brass. CW09-NF10 CW10-NF10 CW12-NF10 CW14-NF10 Ferrous, HRC50+. 118A-12 Ferrous, HRC50- . 118B-12 Non-Ferrous. 118C-12

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VERY HARD Stock, HRC 60 and higher. RECOMMENDED USE: Carburized Steel, Tool Steel. ARBOR HOLE: 1.25 inch (32mm) BOND: Resin-Rubber ABRASIVE: Al2O3 QUAN TITY: 10/box

PRODUCT NUMBER SIZE THICKNESS 110- 9 9" (229mm) 0.070" (1.8mm) 110-10 10" (254mm) 0.075" (1.9mm) 110-12 12" (305mm) 0.093" (2.3mm) 110-14 14" (355mm) 0.093" (2.3mm)

HARD Stock, HRC 50 - 65. RECOMMENDED USE: Hard Steel. ARBOR HOLE: 1.25 inch (32mm) BOND: Resin ABRASIVE: Al2O3 QUAN TITY: 10/box

PRODUCT NUMBER SIZE THICKNESS COLOR CW09-6010 9" (229mm) 0.070" (1.8mm) Yellow CW10-6010 10" (254mm) 0.075" (1.9mm) Yellow CW12-6010 12" (305mm) 0.093" (2.3mm) Yellow CW14-6010 14" (355mm) 0.093" (2.3mm) Yellow

HARD Stock, HRC 45 - 60. RECOMMENDED USE: Hard Steel. ARBOR HOLE: 1.25 inch (32mm) BOND: Resin-Rubber ABRASIVE: Al2O3 QUAN TITY: 10/box

PRODUCT NUMBER SIZE THICKNESS 112- 9 9" (229mm) 0.070" (1.8mm) 112-10 10" (254mm) 0.075" (1.9mm) 112-10RE 10" (254mm) 0.075" (1.9mm) 112-12 12" (305mm) 0.093" (2.3mm) 112-12A 12" (305mm) 0.062" (1.5mm) 112-14 14" (355mm) 0.093" (2.3mm)

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MEDIUM Stock, HRC 35 - 50. RECOMMENDED USE: Medium to Hard Steel. ARBOR HOLE: 1.25 inch (32mm) BOND: Resin ABRASIVE: Al2O3

QUAN TITY: 10/box

PRODUCT NUMBER SIZE THICKNESS COLOR CW09-3510 9" (229mm) 0.070" (1.8mm) Orange CW10-3510 10" (254mm) 0.075" (1.9mm) Orange CW12-3510 12" (305mm) 0.093" (2.3mm) Orange CW14-3510 14" (355mm) 0.093" (2.3mm) Orange

MEDIUM Stock, HRC 30 - 45. RECOMMENDED USE: Medium to Hard Steel. ARBOR HOLE: 1.25 inch (32mm) BOND: Resin-Rubber ABRASIVE: Al2O3 QUAN TITY: 10/box

PRODUCT NUMBER SIZE THICKNESS 116- 9 9" (229mm) 0.070" (1.8mm) 116-10 10" (254mm) 0.075" (1.9mm) 116-12 12" (305mm) 0.093" (2.3mm) 116-14 14" (355mm) 0.093" (2.3mm)

SOFT Stock, HRC up to 35. RECOMMENDED USE: Soft Steel. ARBOR HOLE: 1.25 inch (32mm) BOND: Resin ABRASIVE: Al2O3 QUAN TITY: 10/box

PRODUCT NUMBER SIZE THICKNESS COLOR CW09-1010 9" (229mm) 0.070" (1.8mm) Red CW10-1010 10" (254mm) 0.075" (1.9mm) Red CW12-1010 12" (305mm) 0.093" (2.3mm) Red CW14-1010 14" (355mm) 0.093" (2.3mm) Red

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SOFT Stock, HRC 20 - 35. RECOMMENDED USE: Soft or Annealed Steel. ARBOR HOLE: 1.25 inch (32mm) BOND: Resin/Rubber ABRASIVE: Al2O3 QUAN TITY: 10/box

PRODUCT NUMBER SIZE THICKNESS 120- 9 9" (229mm) 0.063" (1.6mm) 120-10 10" (254mm) 0.063" (1.6mm) 120-12 12" (305mm) 0.063" (1.6mm) 120-14 14" (355mm) 0.093" (2.3mm)

ULTRATHIN, DELICATE. RECOMMENDED USE: Delicate Cutting. ARBOR HOLE: 1.25 inch (32mm) BOND: Rubber ABRASIVE: Al2O3 QUAN TITY: 10/box

PRODUCT NUMBER SIZE THICKNESS 114- 9 9" (229mm) 0.032" (0.8mm) 114-10 10" (254mm) 0.032" (0.8mm) 114-12 12" (305mm) 0.045" (1.1mm)

HARD NON - FERROUS. RECOMMENDED USE: Glass, Mineral. ARBOR HOLE: 1.25 inch (32mm) BOND: Rubber ABRASIVE: SiC QUAN TITY: 10/box

PRODUCT NUMBER SIZE THICKNESS 111- 9 9" (229mm) 0.063" (1.6mm) 111-10 10" (254mm) 0.063" (1.6mm) 111-12 12" (305mm) 0.063" (1.6mm) 111-14 14" (355mm) 0.093" (2.3mm)

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MEDIUM NON - FERROUS. RECOMMENDED USE: Uranium, Titanium, Zirconium. ARBOR HOLE: 1.25 inch (32mm) BOND: Rubber ABRASIVE: SiC QUAN TITY: 10/box

PRODUCT NUMBER SIZE THICKNESS 113- 9 9" (229mm) 0.063" (1.6mm) 113-10 10" (254mm) 0.063" (1.6mm) 113-12 12" (305mm) 0.063" (1.6mm) 113-14 14" (355mm) 0.093" (2.3mm)

MEDIUM NON - FERROUS. RECOMMENDED USE: Titanium, Zirconium. ARBOR HOLE: 1.25 inch (32mm) BOND: Resin ABRASIVE: SiC

QUAN TITY: 10/box

PRODUCT NUMBER SIZE THICKNESS CW09-Ti10 9" (229mm) 0.070" (1.8mm) CW10- Ti10 10" (254mm) 0.075" (1.9mm) CW12- Ti10 12" (305mm) 0.093" (2.3mm) CW14- Ti10 14" (355mm) 0.093" (2.3mm)

SOFT NON - FERROUS. RECOMMENDED USE: Aluminum, Brass. ARBOR HOLE: 1.25 inch (32mm) BOND: Rubber ABRASIVE: SiC QUAN TITY: 10/box

PRODUCT NUMBER SIZE THICKNESS 115- 9 9" (229mm) 0.063" (1.6mm) 115-10 10" (254mm) 0.063" (1.6mm) 115-12 12" (305mm) 0.063" (1.6mm) 115-14 14" (355mm) 0.093" (2.3mm)

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SOFT NON – FERROUS. RECOMMENDED USE: Aluminum, Brass. ARBOR HOLE: 1.25 inch (32mm) BOND: Resin ABRASIVE: SiC QUAN TITY: 10/box

PRODUCT NUMBER SIZE THICKNESS COLOR CW09- NF10 9" (229mm) 0.070" (1.8mm) Green CW10- NF10 10" (254mm) 0.075" (1.9mm) Green CW12- NF10 12" (305mm) 0.093" (2.3mm) Green CW14- NF10 14" (355mm) 0.093" (2.3mm) Green

FERROUS, HRC50 +. RECOMMENDED USE: Super and Ferrous Alloys. ARBOR HOLE: 1.38 inch (35mm) BOND: Resin-Rubber ABRASIVE: Al2O3 QUAN TITY: 10/box

PRODUCT NUMBER SIZE THICKNESS 118A- 12 12" (305mm) 0.100" (2.5mm)

FERROUS, HRC50 -. RECOMMENDED USE: Ferrous Alloys below HRC50. ARBOR HOLE: 1.38 inch (35mm) BOND: Resin-Rubber ABRASIVE: Al2O3 QUAN TITY: 10/box

PRODUCT NUMBER SIZE THICKNESS 118B-12 12" (305mm) 0.100" (2.5mm)

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NON - FERROUS. RECOMMENDED USE: Non-ferrous Alloys. ARBOR HOLE: 1.38 inch (35mm) BOND: Resin-Rubber ABRASIVE: SiC QUAN TITY: 10/box

PRODUCT NUMBER SIZE THICKNESS 118C-12 12" (305mm) 0.100" (2.5mm)

NOTES:

ANAMET / DRP Ventures Inc. • Tel: 450.646.1290 • Fax: 450.646.4309 • E-mail: [email protected]

SELECTION OF

SMALL ABRASIVE CUT-OFF WHEELS

Blade size Aluminum Oxide Silicon Carbide 4" x 0.030" x 0.5" 145-4 146-4 5" x 0.030" x 0.5" 145-5 146-5

6" x 0.030" x 0.5" 145-6 146-6

7" x 0.030" x 0.5" 145-7 146-7

147-7 148-7 7" x 0.060" x 0.5" 8" x 0.030" x 0.5" 145-8 146-8

SMALL WHEELS. Aluminum oxide ARBOR HOLE: 0.5 inch (12.7mm) BOND: Resin-Rubber ABRASIVE: Al2O3 QUAN TITY: 10/box PRODUCT NUMBER SIZE THICKNESS 145-4 4" (102mm) 0.03" (0.76mm) 145-5 5" (127mm) 0.03" (0.76mm) 145-6 6" (152mm) 0.03" (0.76mm) 145-7 7" (178mm) 0.03" (0.76mm) 145-8 8" (203mm) 0.03" (0.76mm) 147-7 7" (178mm) 0.06" (1.5 mm)

SMALL WHEELS. Silicon carbide ARBOR HOLE: 0.5 inch (12.7mm) BOND: Rubber ABRASIVE: SiC QUAN TITY: 10/box PRODUCT NUMBER SIZE THICKNESS 146-4 4" (102mm) 0.03" (0.76mm) 146-5 5" (127mm) 0.03" (0.76mm) 146-6 6" (152mm) 0.03" (0.76mm) 146-7 7" (178mm) 0.03" (0.76mm) 146-8 8" (203mm) 0.03" (0.76mm) 148-7 7" (178mm) 0.06" (1.5 mm)

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SELECTION OF

DIAMOND WHEELS

Resin Bond Metal Bond Diamond concentration Diamond concentration Wheel size High Medium Low High Medium Low 8" x 0.035" x 1.25" 140R- 8 142R- 8 141R- 8 140M- 8 142M- 8 141M- 8 10" x 0.050" x 1.25" 140R-10 142R-10 141R-10 140M-10 142M-10 141M-10

12" x 0.070" x 1.25" 140R-12 142R-12 141R-12 140M-12 142M-12 141M-12

Diamond wheels are available in resin or metal bond. The wheels have diamond particles bonded on the matrix along outside diameter. The metal bond wheel is recommended for brittle material. The resin bond is usually recommended for sintered material.

DIAMOND WHEELS. RESIN BOND ARBOR HOLE: 1.25 inch (32mm) QUAN TITY: Each

PRODUCT PRODUCT PRODUCT DIAMETER THICKNESS NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER 140R- 8 141R- 8 142R- 8 8" (203mm) 0.035" (1.14mm) 140R-10 141R-10 142R-10 10" (254mm) 0.05" (1.27mm) 140R-12 141R-12 142R-12 12" (305mm) 0.07" (1.78mm)

DIAMOND WHEELS. METAL BOND ARBOR HOLE: 1.25 inch (32mm)

QUAN TITY: Each

PRODUCT PRODUCT PRODUCT DIAMETER THICKNESS NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER 140M- 8 141M- 8 142M- 8 8" (203mm) 0.035" (1.14mm) 140M-10 141M-10 142M-10 10" (254mm) 0.05" (1.27mm) 140M-12 141M-12 142M-12 12" (305mm) 0.07" (1.78mm)

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SELECTION OF

WAFERING DIAMOND WHEELS

Metal Bond Diamond concentration Cubic Boron Nitride Wheel size (CBN) High Medium Low 3" x 0.006" x 0.5" 140M-3 142M-3 141M-3 144-3 4" x 0.012" x 0.5" 140M-4 142M-4 141M-4 144-4

5" x 0.015" x 0.5" 140M-5 142M-5 141M-5 144-5

6" x 0.020" x 0.5" 140M-6 142M-6 141M-6 144-6

7" x 0.025" x 0.5" 140M-7 142M-7 141M-7 144-7 8" x 0.045" x 0.5" 140M-8 142M-8 141M-8 144-8

Wafering blades made of metal have diamond particles bound along the rim of the blade. The diamond blades are available in a resin or a metal bond. For sectioning with a wafering blade, a 50-5000 rpm speed and an adequate coolant should be selected. The pressure to the wheel/sample contact point should not be applied with excessive force. To remove any metal debris, it is recommended to dress the wafering blade using a dressing stick. Metal Bond blades are recommended for alumina, ceramics, nitrides, zirconia, electronic packaging and soft metal base alloys. The Cubic Boron Nitride blades are considered to be a long term wheel and are designed for ferrous and nickel-based super-alloys.

METAL BOND . Wafering diamond wheels ARBOR HOLE: 0.5 inch (12.7mm) QUAN TITY: Each.

PRODUCT PRODUCT PRODUCT DIAMETER THICKNESS NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER 140M-3 141M-3 142M-3 3" ( 76mm) 0.006" (0.15mm) 140M-4 141M-4 142M-4 4" (102mm) 0.012" (0.30mm) 140M-5 141M-5 142M-5 5" (127mm) 0.015" (0.38mm) 140M-6 141M-6 142M-6 6" (152mm) 0.020" (0.50mm) 140M-7 141M-7 142M-7 7" (178mm) 0.025" (0.60mm) 140M-8 141M-8 142M-8 8" (203mm) 0.045" (0.70mm)

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CUBIC BORON NITRIDE. Wheels ARBOR HOLE: 0.5 inch (12.7mm) QUAN TITY: Each.

Cubic Boron Nitride is second in hardness only to the Diamond. With very high thermal stability and resistance to Chemical attack, CBN is widely used for cutting a variety of ferrous materials.

PRODUCT NUMBER SIZE THICKNESS 144-3 3" ( 76mm) 0.006" (0.15mm) 144-4 4" (102mm) 0.012" (0.30mm) 144-5 5" (127mm) 0.015" (0.38mm) 144-6 6" (152mm) 0.020" (0.50mm) 144-7 7" (178mm) 0.025" (0.60mm)

NOTES:

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SELECTION OF

SECTIONING ACCESSORIES

 Dressing sticks.  Cutting solutions.

DRESSING STICKS

Dressing sticks are formulated from silicon carbide or alumina oxide and are usually used for dressing diamond wheels. To make sure the diamond particles are exposed properly, the wheel must be dressed frequently.

PRODUCT NUMBER DESCRIPTION SIZE UNIT 151 Diamond Dressing Stick, SiC 0.5" x 0.5" x 6" 1 152 Diamond Dressing Stick, Al2O3 0.5" x 0.5" x 6" 1 151- 1 Diamond Dressing Stick, SiC 1" x 1" x 6" 1 152- 1 Diamond Dressing Stick, Al2O3 1" x 1" x 6" 1

CUTTING SOLUTIONS

There are two recommended cutting solutions sectioning. Rust/Coolant Inhibitor is used when sectioning samples using large loads at high speeds. The coolant should be directed at the contact point between the section being cut and the abrasive wheel. The flow should be uniform on both sides of the wheel. Cutting oil is used when performing precision sectioning at low speeds.

PRODUCT NUMBER DESCRIPTION METRIC UNIT 150- 32 0.95 L 32 oz. Cutting Oil. 150-128 3.8 L 1 gal. 166- 32 0.95 L 32 oz. 166-128 Rust/Coolant Inhibitor. 3.8 L 1 gal. 166-640 19 L 5 gal.

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M O U N T I N G

Metallographic samples are mounted to protect edges of fragile materials and to prepare multiple samples of uniform size. Compression mounting is carried out using a mounting press where the sample and the selected mounting media material are inserted in the mounting cylinder. Heat and pressure are simultaneously applied during the mounting cycle of the sample.

The two types of mounting media are available: There are Thermoplastic and thermosetting powders.

Thermoplastic mounting material remains fluid at elevated molding temperatures and hardens during cooling. This resin can be used for fragile materials. Pressure can be applied when resin is in the molten state. A useful property of the thermoplastic resin is its transparency once cooled. It is much easier to detect the area of interest.

Thermosetting mounting material is wood flour filled with phenolic compound that cures at elevated temperature and pressure. The available thermosetting powders are phenolic, diallyl phthalate and epoxies. The phenolic powder in the form of powders or preforms is the more commonly used. The diallyl phthalate is available with mineral or fiberglass filler. The edge retention of the glass filled is better than phenolic powder. The epoxies provide the best edge retention with low shrinkage. The selection of the type of compression mounting powder to use will depend on the abrasion rate of the media and the sample being mounted. Normally, one would choose a mounting medium with an abrasion rate comparable to that of the sample.

Compression mounting

Molding Resin Form Type Properties Temperature  Very hard.  Edge retention. Epoxy Powder Thermosetting ° ° 356 F/180 C  Low shrinkage.  Resistant to chemical attack.  General mounting. Powder  Rapid. Phenolic Preforms Thermosetting 350°F/175 °C  High shrinkage.  Fair edge retention.  Not resistant to chemical attack.  Good edge retention. Diallyl Phthalate Powder Thermosetting ° °  Resistant to chemical attack. 280 F/138 C  Low shrinkage.  Transparent mounts. Thermoplastic Powder Thermoplastic 341 °F/172 °C  Slow cure.  Not resistant to chemical attack.  Adheres to copper. Technotherm© Powder Thermosetting ° °  Electrically conductive. 3000 335 F/170 C  Not resistant to chemical attack.

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PHENOLIC Powders

PRODUCT NUMBER COLOR UNIT 199- 5 2.3 kg. / 5 lbs. BROWN

200- 5 2.3 kg. / 5 lbs. 200-20 RED 9.1 kg. / 20 lbs. 200-55 25 kg. / 55 lbs. 201- 5 2.3 kg. / 5 lbs. 201-20 GREEN 9.1 kg. / 20 lbs. 201-55 25 kg. / 55 lbs. 202- 5 2.3 kg. / 5 lbs. 202-20 BLACK 9.1 kg. / 20 lbs. 202-55 25 kg. / 55 lbs.

PHENOLIC Preforms Diameter: 1.00 inch ( 25 mm )

PRODUCT NUMBER COLOR UNIT

200-1-100 100 200-1-500 RED 500 200-1-1000 1000 201-1-100 100 201-1-500 GREEN 500 201-1-1000 1000 202-1-100 100 202-1-500 BLACK 500 202-1-1000 1000 Diameter: 1.25 inch ( 32 mm ) Diameter: 1.50 inch ( 38 mm )

200-1.25-100 100 200-1.50-100 100 200-1.25-500 RED 500 200-1.50-500 RED 500 200-1.25-1000 1000 200-1.50-1000 1000 201-1.25-100 100 201-1.50-100 100 201-1.25-500 GREEN 500 201-1.50-500 GREEN 500 201-1.25-1000 1000 201-1.50-1000 1000 202-1.25-100 100 202-1.50-100 100 202-1.25-500 BLACK 500 202-1.50-500 BLACK 500 202-1.25-1000 1000 202-1.50-1000 1000

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DIALLYL PHTHALATE Powders

SHORT GLASS FIBER MINERAL PRODUCT PRODUCT UNIT UNIT NUMBER NUMBER 203- 1 0.45 kg. / 1 lb. 204- 1 0.45 kg. / 1 lb. 203- 5 2.3 kg. / 5lbs. 204- 5 2.3 kg. / 5lbs. 203-20 9.1 kg. / 20 lbs. 204-20 9.1 kg. / 20 lbs.

EPOXY Powders

PRODUCT NUMBER UNIT 211- 1 0.45 kg. / 1 lb. 211- 5 2.3 kg. / 4lbs. 211-20 9.1 kg. / 20 lbs. 211-50 23 kg. / 50 lbs.

THERMOPLASTIC Powders

PRODUCT NUMBER UNIT 213- 1 0.45 kg. / 1 lb. 213- 5 2.3 kg. / 5lbs. 213-20 9.1 kg. / 20 lbs. 213-50 23 kg. / 50 lbs.

TECHNOTHERM © 3000

PRODUCT NUMBER UNIT 231-L 1.0 kg. / 2.2 lbs.

Technotherm© 3000 is an electrically conductive resin in the Technotherm line. The graphite-filled resin has an outstanding electronically conductive property. It can be used in SEM without a built charge. This type of mounting medium can also be used for electro polishing.

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Ambient mounting

Ambient mounting technique is a suitable method when a specimen may be sensitive to pressure and heat evolved during compression mounting. The most common systems for cold mounting materials are Epoxies, Acrylics and

Polyesters. These systems are all made of two or three components consisting of resins and hardeners. Epoxies are slow curing and have low shrinkage properties, suitable for ceramic and mineral samples. Acrylics have a short polymerization time and give a clear transparent mount. Polyester resin is fast curing and provides an opaque white mount. Name of Curing Exothermic Groups Properties Product time Peak • Cures slowly. 24 hrs. • Transparent. Epoxy Epoxy 190 0F / 90 0C • Excellent edge retention. . • Excellent abrasion resistance. • Cures rapidly. • White opaque. Technovit 4000 © Polyester 8 min. 0 0 230 F / 110 C • Excellent edge retention. • Excellent abrasion resistance. • Cures rapidly. • White. Technovit 4002 © Polyester 15 min. 0 0 230 F / 110 C • Excellent edge retention. • Excellent abrasion resistance. • Cures rapidly. Technovit 4004 © 6 min. • Good edge retention. Acrylic 0 0 212 F / 100 C • Clear yellow. • Some shrinkage. • Cures rapidly. • Good edge retention. Technovit 4006 © 8 min. Acrylic 0 0 • High clear. 212 F / 100 C • Reduced the polymerization heat by 10%. • Reduced shrinkage. • Cures rapidly. • General purpose. Technovit 4071 © Acrylic 5 min. 0 0 220 F / 105 C • Green translucent.. • Some shrinkage. • Conductive. • Cures rapidly. 8 min. • Good edge retention. Technovit 5000 © Acrylic 0 0 212 F / 100 C • Suitable for use in SEM. • Some shrinkage. • Resistant to chemical attack. • Cures rapidly. • General purpose. • Green translucent. 0 0 Technovit 5071 © Acrylic 5 min. 220 F / 105 C • Some shrinkage. • Dissolves in acetone

• Cures rapidly. Formula 1 © • Good edge retention. Acrylic 9 min. 0 0 70 F / 21 C • Clear white. • Some shrinkage.

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EPOXY Systems

EPOXY System Curing time: 24 hours.

Epoxy resins are usually two part system consisting of a resin and a hardener. The nominal mixing Ratio is from 10 parts resin to 1 part hardener. The polymerization is 24 hours. The advantage of using an epoxy system is that it has a low shrinkage, is transparent, a low exothermic temperature, excellent edge retention and is resistant to chemical attack.

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION QUANTITY KIT LIQUID POWDER EPOXY, Kit. 1 Kit. 233-L Hazardous product, extra handling and shipping fee.

ACRYLIC Systems

Technovit 4004 © System

A clear yellow two-component system based on methyl methacrylate in the form of powder and liquid. This system is recommended for all samples where the user needs to inspect the sample through the embedding media during the sample preparation. This system can be used in a variety of ways and is suitable for routine work procedures on account of its rapid polymerization time. It can be mixed at ratios 1:1 to 3:1 of powder and liquid. The ratio selected would

depend on the respective requirements and flow properties. We recommend a ratio of 2:1 when used at room temperature.

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION QUANTITY KIT LIQUID POWDER Powder, 2.0 kg. Technovit 4004, Large Kit. 235-L Liquid, 1000 ml. Technovit 4004, Powder. 2.0 kg. 235-2000R Technovit 4004, Liquid. 1000 ml. 235-1000H Hazardous product, extra handling and shipping fee.

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Technovit 4006 © System

A crystal clear two-component system based on methyl methacrylate in the form of powder and liquid. The integrated adhesion primer allows a very gap reduced bond to the sample. The material is mixed in a ratio of 2 parts powder and 1 part liquid. The material polymerizes in approximately 8 minutes. Technovit 4006 would require the use of pressure vessel system.

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION QUANTITY KIT LIQUID POWDER Technovit 4006, Large Kit. Powder, 2.0 kg. 234-L Liquid, 1000 ml. Technovit 4006, Powder. 2.0 kg. 234-2000R Technovit 4006, Liquid. 1000 ml. 234-1000H Hazardous product, extra handling and shipping fee.

Technovit 4071 © System

The green-transparent two-component system based on methyl methacrylate in the form of powder and liquid. The system is a fast universal embedding system. The advantages of this material are the ease of use and high flexibility regarding mixing ratios, its excellent flow ability and its fast polymerization time, which is less than 5 minutes.

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION QUANTITY KIT LIQUID POWDER Powder, 2.0 kg. Technovit 4071, Large Kit. 237-L Liquid, 1000 ml. Technovit 4071, Powder. 2.0 kg. 237-2000R Technovit 4071, Liquid. 1000 ml. 237-1000H Hazardous product, extra handling and shipping fee.

Technovit 5000 © System

The Technovit 5000 is a conductive polymer based on modified methyl methacrylate. Its conductive elements consist of dendritic copper particles. Due to the good and homogeneous conductivity of the polymer, electric contact can be established in all parts on the material.

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION QUANTITY KIT LIQUID POWDER Technovit 5000, Powder. 1.0 kg. 236-1000R Technovit 5000, Liquid. 500 ml. 236-500H Hazardous product, extra handling and shipping fee. ANAMET / DRP Ventures Inc. • Tel: 450.646.1290 • Fax: 450.646.4309 • E-mail: [email protected] 18

Technovit 5071 © System

Just like the Technovit 4071, the green-transparent two- component system is based on methyl methacrylate in the form of powder and liquid. The system is a fast universal embedding system. The advantages of this material are the ease of use and high flexibility regarding mixing ratios, its excellent flow ability and its fast polymerization time, which is less than 5 minutes. The Technovit 5071 can be dissolved with acetone, trichloroethylene and dichloromethane. It can also be used for SEM work. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION QUANTITY KIT LIQUID POWDER Powder, 1.0 kg. Technovit 5071, Large Kit. 238-L Liquid, 500 ml. Technovit 5071, Powder. 1.0 kg. 238-1000R Technovit 5071, Liquid. 500 ml. 238-500H Hazardous product, an extra handling and shipping fee will be charged.

Formula 1 © System

A clear white two-component system based on methyl methacrylate in the form of powder and liquid. This system recommended for all samples where the user need to inspect the sample through the embedding media during the sample preparation. This system can be suitable for routine work procedures on account of its rapid polymerization time. We recommend a ratio of 2:1 when used at room temperature.

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION QUANTITY KIT LIQUID POWDER Powder, 2.3 kg Formula 1, Large Kit. 206-L Liquid 1.9 L Formula 1, Powder. 2.3 kg / 5.0 lbs. 206-R Formula 1, Liquid. 1.9 L/64 oz. 206-H Hazardous product, extra handling and shipping fee.

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Polyester Systems

Technovit 4000 © System

Technovit 4000 is a fast curing, cold polymerizing, three components system based on modified polyester, and is available in the form of powder, syrup 1 and syrup 2. The mixing ration is 2:2:1 (powder, syrup 1 and syrup 2). The syrups are mixed together first and the powder is mixed last. The Technovit 4000 is distinguished by its low shrinkage when polymerizing and its perfect margin fit. Due to its excellent flow characteristics, Technovit 4000 guarantees that geometrically demanding samples are optimally embedded.

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION QUANTITY KIT Powder, 1.5 kg. Technovit 4000, Large Kit. Liquid I, 1000 ml. 232-L Liquid II, 500 ml.

Technovit 4000, Liquid I. 1000 ml. 232-Liquid I Technovit 4000, Liquid II . 500 ml. 232-Liquid II Hazardous product, extra handling and shipping fee.

Technovit 4002 © System

Technovit 4002 is based on modified polyester and consists of a powder and liquid.. This two component polymer has been specifically developed for embedding without any shrinkage or leaving gasps. Technovit 4002 has a curing time of 15 minutes. The system is mixed by weight in a ratio 2:1. By volume, the ratio is 3:1.

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION QUANTITY KIT Powder, 1.0 kg. Technovit 4002, Large Kit. 228-L Liquid, 500 ml.

Technovit 4002, Powder. Powder, 1.0 kg. 228-1000R

Technovit 4002, Liquid. 500 ml. 228-500H Hazardous product, extra handling and shipping fee.

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Castable

Mounting Accessories

Plastic covers.

PRODUCT NUMBER DESCRIPTION UNIT 212-1 Plastic Covers, 1 " (25 mm). 50 212-1.25 Plastic Cover, 1.25 “(32 mm). 50

212-1.5 Plastic Cover, 1.5 " (38 mm). 50

Plastic mounting cups.

PRODUCT NUMBER DESCRIPTION UNIT

214-1 Mounting Cups, 1 " (25 mm). 10

214-1.25 Mounting Cups, 1.25 " (32 mm). 10

214-1.5 Mounting Cups, 1.5 "" (38 mm). 10

Silicon rubber molds. PRODUCT NUMBER DESCRIPTION UNIT 216-1 Silicone Rubber Molds, 1 " (25 mm). 1 21 216-1.25 Silicone Rubber Molds, 1.25 " (32 mm). 1

216-1.5 Silicone Rubber Molds, 1.5 " (38 mm). 1 216-2 Silicone Rubber Molds, 2 " (51 mm). 1

Spray adhesive

PRODUCT NUMBER DESCRIPTION UNIT 217-17 Spray Adhesive. 17 oz. Hazardous product, an extra handling and shipping fee will be charged.

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Mold release.

PRODUCT NUMBER DESCRIPTION UNIT 230-19 Spray Mold Release. 19 oz. 230-WAX Release Wax Powder. 12 oz. Hazardous product, an extra handling and shipping fee will be charged.

Specimen lacquer spray.

PRODUCT NUMBER DESCRIPTION UNIT 240-12 Specimen Lacquer Spray. 12 oz. Hazardous product, an extra handling and shipping fee will be charged.

Stirring sticks, paper cups.

PRODUCT NUMBER DESCRIPTION UNIT 250-1 Stirring Sticks. 500 252-5 Paper Cups, 5 oz. 100

Sample clips.

PRODUCT NUMBER DESCRIPTION UNIT 270-1 Spring Clips, Metal. 100 270-500 Spring Clips, Metal. 500 270-1000 Spring Clips, Metal. 1000 270-6-100 Spring Clips, Metal, 6mm. 100 270-9-100 Spring Clips, Metal, 9mm. 100 272-100 Spring Clips, Plastic, white. 100 272-500 Spring Clips, Plastic, white. 500 272-1000 Spring Clips, Plastic, white. 1000 275-200M Multisample Clips with Support. 200 275-100U Plastic Clips with Support. 100 276-1-100 Multisample Clips, 1mm. 100 276-2-100 Multisample Clips, 2mm. 100 276-3-100 Multisample Clips, 3mm. 100

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NOTES:

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G R I N D I N G

ABRASIVE Belts

Abrasive belts are generally used to remove scale burrs and any deformation produced during sectioning. Constructed of X weight cloth, a heavy backing material, the abrasive belts can be used wet or dry. To make the most effective use of the abrasive belts the choice of correct joint is very important. These belts have a special butt splice, reinforced with a strong plastic film to prevent specimen "bump" where the ends meet. Silicon carbide abrasive, the most frequently used in a materials laboratory, with a hardness of 9.6, is a brittle mineral used for a wide range of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Aluminum oxide abrasive has a hardness of 9.4, is also a mineral that is tough and durable. Zirconia-alumina abrasive, with a hardness of 8.5, a very hard alloy mineral of aluminum and zirconium oxide, is very effective for coarse grade stock removal. All the above-mentioned abrasives have very wedge-shaped grains.

SILICON CARBIDE ( WET or DRY )

Dimensions: 4 " x 36 " (102 mm x 914 mm) PRODUCT NUMBER GRIT UNIT 300-60 60 10 300-80 80 10 300-120 120 10 300-180 180 10 300-240 240 10 300-320 320 10 300-400 400 10 300-600 600 10

ALUMINUM OXYDE ( WET or DRY ) ZIRCONIA - ALUMINIA ( WET or DRY ) Dimensions: 4 " x 36 " (102 mm x 914 mm) Dimensions: 4 " x 36 " (102 mm x 914 mm) PRODUCT NUMBER GRIT UNIT PRODUCT NUMBER GRIT UNIT 310-60 60 10 320-60 60 5 310-80 80 10 320-120 120 5 310-100 100 10 320-180 180 5 310-150 150 10 320-220 220 5 310-180 180 10 310-240 240 10 310-320 320 10

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Abrasive Rolls

Abrasive Rolls, Sheets and Strips made of silicon carbide are used for hand grinding. These products are a careful combination of abrasive type, resin system, and backing material designed to meet the specifications of the Metallurgist. These products can be used wet or dry.

SILICON CARBIDE ( WET or DRY )

Dimensions: 3 “ (76 mm)  C-weight PRODUCT NUMBER GRIT UNIT

350-240 240 75’ 350-320 320 75’

350-400 400 75’ 350-600 600 75’

SILICON CARBIDE ( WET or DRY ) Dimensions: 3 7/8 " (88 mm)  C-weight PRODUCT NUMBER GRIT UNIT 352-240 240 75’ 352-320 320 75’

352-400 400 75’ 352-600 600 75’

Abrasive Strips

SILICON CARBIDE ( WET or DRY )

Dimensions: 3" x 11 " (76 mm x 279 mm) PSA,  C-weight.

PRODUCT NUMBER GRIT UNIT

365-240 240 100 365-320 320 100

365-400 400 100

365-600 600 100

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Abrasive Sheets

SILICON CARBIDE ( WET or DRY )

Dimensions: 9" x 11 " (229 mm x 279 mm)

Plain back.  C-weight. PRODUCT NUMBER GRIT UNIT 360-120 120 50

360-180 180 50 360-240 240 50

360-320 320 50

360-400 400 50

360-600 600 50

NOTES:

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Abrasive Discs

Coarse grinding removes any deformed surfaces resulting from sectioning and minimizes any new deformations. Abrasive discs such as Silicon Carbide, Aluminum Oxide, Zirconia and Diamond discs are used for this process. The selection will depend on the hardness and type of the material. The Aluminum Oxide abrasive discs are recommended for ferrous material. Silicon Carbide abrasive discs are used for non-ferrous and soft steel materials. Water is recommended as a coolant to prevent overheating of the sample and to remove abrasion debris. The metallographic specimen is treated from the coarser to finer grits of abrasive. The C-weight abrasive discs are available with either Plain Back or with Pressure Sensitive Adhesive.

SILICON CARBIDE ( WET or DRY )

Diameter: 2” 7/8 (73 mm). PSA,  C-weight. PRODUCT NUMBER GRIT UNIT 423-60 60 100 423-120 120 100 423-180 180 100 423-240 240 100 423-320 320 100 423-400 400 100 423-600 600 100 423-800 800 100 423-1200 1200 100

SILICON CARBIDE ( WET or DRY ) SILICON CARBIDE ( WET or DRY ) Diameter: 8” (203 mm). Diameter: 8” (203 mm). Plain Back,  C-weight. PSA,  C-weight. PRODUCT NUMBER GRIT UNIT PRODUCT NUMBER GRIT UNIT 400- 60 60 100 410- 60 60 100 400- 80 80 100 410- 80 80 100 400-120 120 100 410-120 120 100 400-180 180 100 410-180 180 100 400-240 240 100 410-240 240 100 400-320 320 100 410-320 320 100 400-400 400 100 410-400 400 100 400-600 600 100 410-600 600 100 400-800 800 100 410-800 800 100 400-1200 1200 100 410-1200 1200 100

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SILICON CARBIDE ( WET or DRY ) SILICON CARBIDE ( WET or DRY ) Diameter: 9” (229 mm) Diameter: 9” (229 mm) Plain Back,  C-weight. PSA,  C-weight. PRODUCT NUMBER GRIT UNIT PRODUCT NUMBER GRIT UNIT 409- 60 60 100 419- 60 60 100 409-120 120 100 419-120 120 100 409-180 180 100 419-180 180 100 409-240 240 100 419-240 240 100 409-320 320 100 419-320 320 100 409-400 400 100 419-400 400 100 409-600 600 100 419-600 600 100 409-800 800 100 419-800 800 100 409-1200 1200 100 419-1200 1200 100

SILICON CARBIDE ( WET or DRY ) SILICON CARBIDE ( WET or DRY )

Diameter: 10” (254 mm). Diameter: 10” (254 mm). Plain Back,  C-weight. PSA,  C-weight. PRODUCT NUMBER GRIT UNIT PRODUCT NUMBER GRIT UNIT 403- 60 60 100 413- 60 60 100 403-120 120 100 413-120 120 100 403-180 180 100 413-180 180 100 403-240 240 100 413-240 240 100 403-320 320 100 413-320 320 100 403-400 400 100 413-400 400 100 403-600 600 100 413-600 600 100 403-800 800 100 413-800 800 100 403-1200 1200 100 413-1200 1200 100

SILICON CARBIDE ( WET or DRY ) SILICON CARBIDE ( WET or DRY )

Diameter: 12” (305 mm). Diameter: 12” (305 mm). Plain Back,  C-weight. PSA,  C-weight. PRODUCT NUMBER GRIT UNIT PRODUCT NUMBER GRIT UNIT 402- 60 60 100 412- 60 60 100 402- 80 80 100 412- 80 80 100 402-120 120 100 412-120 120 100 402-180 180 100 412-180 180 100 402-240 240 100 412-240 240 100 402-320 320 100 412-320 320 100 402-400 400 100 412-400 400 100 402-600 600 100 412-600 600 100 402-800 800 100 412-800 800 100 402-1200 1200 100 412-1200 1200 100

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SILICON CARBIDE SILICON CARBIDE ( WET or DRY ) Diameter: 14” (356 mm) Diameter: 14” (356 mm) Plain Back,  C-weight. PSA,  C-weight. PRODUCT NUMBER GRIT UNIT PRODUCT NUMBER GRIT UNIT 404- 60 60 100 414- 60 60 100 404-120 120 100 414-120 120 100 404-180 180 100 414-180 180 100 404-240 240 100 414-240 240 100 404-320 320 100 414-320 320 100 404-400 400 100 414-400 400 100 404-600 600 100 414-600 600 100 *Minimum of 5 boxes per grit size. *Minimum of 5 boxes per grit size.

ALUMINUM OXIDE ( WET or DRY ) ALUMINUM OXIDE ( WET or DRY )

Diameter: 8” (203 mm). Diameter: 12” (305 mm).

Plain Back,  C-weight. Plain Back,  C-weight. PRODUCT NUMBER GRIT UNIT PRODUCT NUMBER GRIT UNIT

450-120 120 100 452-120 120 100 450-240 240 100 452-240 240 100 450-320 320 100 452-320 320 100 450-400 400 100 452-400 400 100 450-600 600 100 452-600 600 100

ZIRCONIUM OXIDE ( WET or DRY )

Diameter: 12” (305 mm). PSA,  Cloth backing. PRODUCT NUMBER GRIT UNIT 453- 36 36 1 453- 60 60 1 453- 80 80 1 453-120 120 1 453-180 180 1 453-220 220 1

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Double-sided adhesives Discs

The double-sided adhesive is a re-usable adhesive to attach non-adhesive abrasive papers to the metal plate. It can also be used between the polishing pads and the wheel to provide an additional barrier. The uniform thickness preserves the flatness of any material applied.

PRODUCT NUMBER DIAMETER UNIT 760- 8 8” (203 mm) 10

760-10 10” (254 mm) 10 760-12 12” (305 mm) 10

760-14 14” (356 mm) 10

NOTES

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Magnetic Disc system

The Magnetic Support Disc is a PSA magnetic rubber disc available in 8, 10 and 12 inch diameters. To change the old platen to a magnetic system is to peel the PSA side of the Magnetic Support Disc and apply it to the platen. The Magnetic Support Disc can be used on any conventional system. Once the platen is equipped with the Magnetic Support Disc, place the metallic side of the disc on the rubber surface of the platen. The Magnetic Disc System is recommended to metallography lab technicians dealing with the preparation of a wide range of products or having to use a wide array of abrasive discs or polishing cloths.

RUBBER DISCS

Magnetic rubber discs.

Use in conjunction with PSA cloths or abrasive discs.

PRODUCT NUMBER DIAMETER UNIT 805-008 8” (200 mm) 1

805-010 10” (254 mm) 1 805-012 12” (300 mm) 1

NOTES:

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Diamond Discs

Diamond discs consist of a layer of carefully graded diamonds securely bonded to a 1/16 inch flat metal plate. Two bond types are available, metal bond and resin bond. Metal bond diamond discs consist of diamond particles electroplated to a 1/16 inch flat plate with a nickel bond. This process provides maximum bond strength, an aggressive cutting action and extends disc life. Resin bonded diamond discs use a resin matrix to bond the diamond particles to a flat aluminum backing. This results in a less aggressive cutting action but a finer finish. Both types of diamond discs are intended for ceramics, carbides and carbide alloys, nitrides, zirconia and other hardened metals. Regulating pressure and lubricant flow can control the texture of the finish obtained.

DIAMOND GRINDING discs DIAMOND GRINDING discs

Diameter: 8” (203 mm). Diameter: 8” (203 mm). Resin Bond -- PSA. Resin Bond -- PSA. PRODUCT NUMBER MICRONS UNIT PRODUCT NUMBER MICRONS UNIT 471- 6 6 1 471- 45 45 1 471- 9 9 1 471- 60 60 1 471-15 15 1 471-160 160 1 471-30 30 1 471-300 300 1

DIAMOND GRINDING discs DIAMOND GRINDING discs

Diameter: 8” (203 mm). Diameter: 12” (305 mm). Metal Bond -- PSA. Metal Bond -- PSA. PRODUCT NUMBER MICRONS UNIT PRODUCT NUMBER MICRONS UNIT 470- 15 15 1 476- 15 15 1 470- 30 30 1 476- 30 30 1 470- 45 45 1 476- 45 45 1 470- 60 60 1 476- 60 60 1 470-160 160 1 476-160 160 1

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Diamond Spot Discs

Diamond spot discs consist of spot diamond electroplating through a color-coded nylon mesh substrate. This application procedure gives a longer life to the diamond spot disc, providing an aggressive material removal rate. The quality of the sample surface obtained will be dependent on the flatness of the substrate on which it is used. Since the fixed diamonds are much harder than the specimen and mounting material, the diamond spot discs will cut both at the same rate. This characteristic produces specimen edges

with distinct sharpness. Diamond spot discs will prove most effective on hard non-ferrous metals, ceramic, carbides, zirconia alloys, cobalt super alloys, high-speed steels and titanium.

DIAMOND SPOT discs DIAMOND SPOT discs

Diameter: 8” (203 mm). Diameter: 12” (305 mm). Resin Bond -- PSA. Resin Bond -- PSA. PRODUCT NUMBER MICRONS PRODUCT NUMBER MICRONS 461-10 10 465-10 10 461-30 30 465-30 30 461-75 75 465-75 75

DIAMOND SPOT discs DIAMOND SPOT discs

Diameter: 8” (203 mm). Diameter: 12” (305 mm). Metal Bond -- PSA. Metal Bond -- PSA. PRODUCT NUMBER PRODUCT NUMBER MICRONS 460- 10 10 464- 10 10 460- 20 20 464- 20 20 460- 40 40 464- 40 40 460- 75 75 464- 75 75 460-125 125 464-125 125

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CAMEO © GRINDING system

The first step that is undertaken when samples are to be prepared is to planerize the sample surface. The pre-grinding is performed usually with Silicon Carbide abrasives. The CAMEO-PLATINUM disc provides a system that saves time and ensures the removal of the stock material is done evenly.

There are four different types of PLATINUM discs:

• Type 1 corresponds to grit size 60 to 120 Cami. • Type 2 corresponds to grit size 240 to 280 Cami.

• Type 3 corresponds to grit size 320 Cami. • Type 4 corresponds to grit size 600 Cami.

PRODUCT NUMBER DESCRIPTION (type) SIZE UNIT 495-200 Platinum Type 1 200 mm 1 495-250 Platinum Type 1 250 mm 1 495-300 Platinum Type 1 300 mm 1 496-200 Platinum Type 2 200 mm 1 496-250 Platinum Type 2 250 mm 1 496-300 Platinum Type 2 300 mm 1 497-200 Platinum Type 3 200 mm 1 497-250 Platinum Type 3 250 mm 1 497-300 Platinum Type 3 300 mm 1 498-200 Platinum Type 4 200 mm 1 498-250 Platinum Type 4 250 mm 1 498-300 Platinum Type 4 300 mm 1

Dressing Sticks for Diamond Discs

PRODUCT NUMBER DESCRIPTION SIZE UNIT 151-1 Diamond Dressing Stick, SiC 1" x 1" x 6" 1

152-1 Diamond Dressing Stick, Al O 1" x 1" x 6" 1 2 3

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P O L I S H I N G

High Purity Alumina Powders

Polishing Powders are used in the rough and final polishing steps for many materials. At this step the surface damaged of the sample needs to be removed and the flatness maintained. Alumina Oxide is available in either levigated or as a high purity synthetic (powder or suspension). The particle size and crystal structure are temperature dependent. The Gamma type is of low temperature form and is sized 0.05 micron. The Alpha is of high temperature form and is sized at 0.3 and 1 micron. NON DEAGGLOMERATED FORM PRODUCT NUMBER DESCRIPTION MICRON UNIT METRIC 5501-1 1 1 lb. 0.45 kg. Alpha C, Hexagonal 5501-5 1 5 lbs. 2.30 kg. 5503-1 0.3 1 lb. 0.45 kg. Alpha C, Hexagonal 5503-5 0.3 5 lbs. 2.30 kg. 5505-1 Gamma B, 0.05 1 lb. 0.45 kg. 5505-5 Cubic 0.05 5 lbs. 2.30 kg. 5509-1 9 1 lb. 0.45 kg. Levigated 5509-5 9 5 lbs. 2.30 kg. 5550-1 5 1 lb. 0.45 kg. Levigated 5550-5 5 5 lbs. 2.30 kg.

DEAGGLOMERATED FORM PRODUCT NUMBER DESCRIPTION MICRON UNIT METRIC

5601-1 Alpha C, 1 1 lb. 0.45 kg. 5601-5 Hexagonal 1 5 lbs. 2.30 kg. 5603-1 Alpha C, 0.3 1 lb. 0.45 kg. 5603-5 Hexagonal 0.3 5 lbs. 2.30 kg. 5605-1 Gamma B, 0.05 1 lb. 0.45 kg. 5605-5 Cubic 0.05 5 lbs. 2.30 kg. 5609-1 9 1 lb. 0.45 kg. Levigated 5609-5 9 5 lbs. 2.30 kg. 5612-1 12 1 lb. 0.45 kg. Levigated 5612-5 12 5 lbs. 2.30 kg. 5620-1 20 1 lb. 0.45 kg. Levigated 5620-5 20 5 lbs. 2.30 kg. 5650-1 5 1 lb. 0.45 kg. Levigated 5650-5 5 5 lbs. 2.30 kg.

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High Purity Alumina

DEAGGLOMERATED SUSPENSION

The aggregated Alumina is maintained in suspensions by a surfactant agent. The polishing cloths recommended are Imperial, Final Finish I, Final Finish II and Black Star.

PRODUCT NUMBER DESCRIPTION MICRON UNIT METRIC 5601S- 8 Alpha C, 1 8 oz. 0.24 l. 5601S-128 Hexagonal 1 1 gal. 3.80 l. 5603S- 8 Alpha C, 0.3 8 oz. 0.24 l. 5603S-128 Hexagonal 0.3 1 gal. 3.80 l. 5605S- 8 Gamma B, 0.05 8 oz. 0.24 l.

5605S-128 Cubic 0.05 1 gal. 3.80 l.

Temperature controlled substance

CERIUM Suspension

The Cerium suspension is recommended for the final polishing step of soft materials such as copper, aluminum and lead. It gives an optical finish. PRODUCT NUMBER MICRON UNIT METRIC

5911S- 8 0.5 8 oz. 0.24 l. 59011-128 0.5 1 gal. 3.80 l. 5911S- 8 1 8 oz. 0.24 l. 5911S-128 1 1 gal. 3.80 l. 5913S- 8 3 8 oz. 0.24 l. 5913S-128 3 1 gal. 3.80 l. Temperature controlled substance

COLLOIDAL SILICA Suspension

The Colloidal Silica suspension is composed of a slow crystallizing formula, which is recommended for the final stage of polishing for ceramics, composites, and non-ferrous materials. The recommended polishing cloths are Black Star, Imperial, Final Finish I and Final Finish II. PRODUCT NUMBER MICRON UNIT METRIC 5904S- 32 0.05 32 oz. 0.95 l. 5904S- 64 0.05 64 oz. 1.90 l. 5904S-128 0.05 1 gal. 3.80 l. 5904S-640 0.05 5 gal. 19.00 l. Temperature controlled substance.

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STARDUST is non-crystallizing suspension. It is recommended for the final stage of polishing for ceramics, composites, and non-ferrous materials. The recommended polishing cloths are Black Star, Imperial, Final Finish I and Final Finish II.

PRODUCT NUMBER MICRON UNIT METRIC

FACW- 16 0.02 16 oz. 0.47 l. FACW- 32 0.02 32 oz. 0.95 l. FACW-128 0.02 128 oz. 3.80 l. FACW -640 0.02 5 gal. 19.00 l. Temperature controlled substance.

COLLOIDAL ALUMINA Suspension

The mixture of colloidal silica and high purity Alumina suspension is recommended for the final polishing of non-ferrous and ferrous materials. The recommended polishing cloths are Black Star, Imperial, Final Finish I and Final Finish II.

PRODUCT NUMBER MICRON UNIT METRIC

5905S- 16 0.05 16 oz. 0.47 l. 5905S- 32 0.05 32 oz. 0.95 l. 5905S- 64 0.05 64 oz. 1.89 l. 5905S-128 0.05 1 gal. 3.80 l. 5905S -640 0.05 5 gal. 19.00 l. Temperature controlled substance.

NOTES:

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ALUMINUM OXIDE Powder

Aluminum powder is an alternate method for coarse and fine grinding. The powder is dissolved in demineralized water.

PRODUCT NUMBER MICRON UNIT METRIC

5703- 1 3 1 lb. 0.45 kg. 5703- 5 3 5 lbs. 2.3 kg. 5703-25 3 25 lbs. 11.3 kg. 5703-OPTIC 3 25 lbs. 11.3 kg. 5705- 1 5 1 lb. 0.45 kg. 5705- 5 5 5 lbs. 2.3 kg. 5705-25 5 25 lbs. 11.3 kg. 5709- 1 9 1 lb. 0.45 kg. 5709- 5 9 5 lbs. 2.3 kg.

5709-25 9 25 lbs. 11.3 kg. 5713- 1 13 1 lb. 0.45 kg. 5713- 5 13 5 lbs. 2.3 kg. 5713-25 13 25 lbs. 11.3 kg.

5715- 1 15 1 lb. 0.45 kg.

5715- 5 15 5 lbs. 2.3 kg.

5715-25 15 25 lbs. 11.3 kg. 5718- 1 18 1 lb. 0.45 kg. 5718- 5 18 5 lbs. 2.3 kg. 5718-25 18 25 lbs. 11.3 kg. 5720- 1 20 1 lb. 0.45 kg. 5720- 5 20 5 lbs. 2.3 kg. 5720-25 20 25 lbs. 11.3 kg. 5723- 1 23 1 lb. 0.45 kg. 5723- 5 23 5 lbs. 2.3 kg. 5723-25 23 25 lbs. 11.3 kg. 5725- 1 25 1 lb. 0.45 kg. 5725- 5 25 5 lbs. 2.3 kg. 5725-25 25 25 lbs. 11.3 kg.

ALUMINUM OXIDE Powder

PRODUCT NUMBER GRIT UNIT METRIC 57240- 5 240 5 lbs. 2.3 kg. 57240-25 240 25 lbs. 11.3 kg. 57400- 5 400 5 lbs. 2.3 kg. 57400-25 400 25 lbs. 11.3 kg. 57600- 5 600 5 lbs. 2.3 kg. 57600-25 600 25 lbs. 11.3 kg.

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SILICON CARBIDE Powder

Silicon carbide powder is also an alternate method for coarse grinding. The powder is dissolved in demineralized water.

PRODUCT NUMBER MICRON UNIT METRIC

58060- 1 60 1 lb. 0.45 kg. 58060- 5 60 5 lbs. 2.3 kg. 58060-25 60 25 lbs. 11.3 kg. 58120- 1 120 1 lb. 0.45 kg. 58120- 5 120 5 lbs. 2.3 kg. 58120-25 120 25 lbs. 11.3 kg.

58240- 1 240 1 lb. 0.45 kg. 58240- 5 240 5 lbs. 2.3 kg. 58240-25 240 25 lbs. 11.3 kg. 58320- 1 320 1 lb. 0.45 kg. 58320- 5 320 5 lbs. 2.3 kg. 58320-25 320 25 lbs. 11.3 kg.

58400- 1 400 1 lb. 0.45 kg.

58400- 5 400 5 lbs. 2.3 kg. 58400-25 400 25 lbs. 11.3 kg. 58600- 1 600 1 lb. 0.45 kg. 58600- 5 600 5 lbs. 2.3 kg. 58600-25 600 25 lbs. 11.3 kg.

58800- 1 800 1 lb. 0.45 kg.

58800- 5 800 5 lbs. 2.3 kg. 58800-25 800 25 lbs. 11.3 kg. 581000- 1 1000 1 lb. 0.45 kg. 581000- 5 1000 5 lbs. 2.3 kg. 581000-25 1000 25 lbs. 11.3 kg. 581200- 1 1200 1 lb. 0.45 kg.

581200- 5 1200 5 lbs. 2.3 kg.

581200-25 1200 25 lbs. 11.3 kg.

NOTES:

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DIAMOND extenders

The diamond extender either with, water, oil or alcohol base can be applied by squirt or spray. The type of diamond extender to be used will depend on the material to be polished. The extenders maximize the cutting action of the diamond product and maintain an even dispersion of the diamond abrasive over the entire polishing cloth. An alcohol base extender is recommended for high stock removal rate, requiring a high cooling. A low viscosity extender is used for low cooling and low stock removal. Excessive volume of diamond extender during polishing can result in loss of diamond abrasive.

WATER Base RED PRODUCT NUMBER UNIT METRIC 542- 16 16 oz. 0.47 l. 542- 32 32 oz. 0.95 l. 542-128 1 gal. 3.78 l. 542-640 5 gal. 19.00 l.

OIL Base CLEAR PRODUCT NUMBER UNIT METRIC 543- 32 32 oz. 0.95 l. 543-128 1 gal. 3.78 l.

ALCOHOL Base BLUE PRODUCT NUMBER UNIT METRIC 544S- 32 32 oz. 0.95 l. 544S- 64 64 oz. 1.89 l. 544S-128 1 gal. 3.78 l. 544S-640 5 gal. 19.00 l. Hazardous products, extra handling and shipping fee

NOTES:

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DIAMOND abrasives

Diamond is the hardest mineral to be used as a polishing medium. The structure of the diamond is cubic. There are two types of diamond particles: Monocrystalline and polycrystalline. They are available in the form of paste and suspension. The carrier vehicle can be water, alcohol and oil.

DIAMOND pastes  Water soluble MONOCRYSTALLINE POLYCRYSTALLINE PRODUCT NUMBER MICRONS GRAMS PRODUCT NUMBER MICRON GRAMS 5.1-MW*- 5 0.1 5 5.1-PW*- 5 0.1 5 5.25-MW*- 5 0.25 5 5.25-PW*- 5 0.25 5 5.5-MW*- 5 0.5 5 5.5-PW*- 5 0.5 5 501-MW*- 5 1 5 501-PW*- 5 1 5 503-MW*- 5 3 5 503-PW*- 5 3 5 506-MW*- 5 6 5 506-PW*- 5 6 5 509-MW*- 5 9 5 509-PW*- 5 9 5 515-MW*- 5 15 5 515-PW*- 5 15 5

MONOCRYSTALLINE POLYCRYSTALLINE PRODUCT NUMBER MICRONS GRAMS PRODUCT NUMBER MICRON GRAMS 5.1-MW*- 18 0.1 18 5.1-PW*- 18 0.1 18 5.25-MW*- 18 0.25 18 5.25-PW*- 18 0.25 18 5.5-MW*- 18 0.5 18 5.5-PW*- 18 0.5 18 501-MW*- 18 1 18 501-PW*- 18 1 18 503-MW*- 18 3 18 503-PW*- 18 3 18 506-MW*- 18 6 18 506-PW*- 18 6 18 509-MW*- 18 9 18 509-PW*- 18 9 18 515-MW*- 18 15 18 515-PW*- 18 15 18

DIAMOND pastes  Oil soluble MONOCRYSTALLINE POLYCRYSTALLINE PRODUCT NUMBER MICRONS GRAMS PRODUCT NUMBER MICRON GRAMS 501-MO*- 25 1 25 501-PO*- 25 1 25 503-MO*- 25 3 25 503-PO*- 25 3 25 506-MO*- 25 6 25 506-PO*- 25 6 25 509-MO*- 25 9 25 509-PO*- 25 9 25 515-MO*- 25 15 25 515-PO*- 25 15 25 NOTE : When ordering replace the "*" in product number by "M" for medium, "S" for standard, "H" for heavy diamond concentration.

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DIAMOND suspensions

Polycrystalline and monocrystalline diamond suspensions are used to remove the material while minimizing shallow scratch depth. Polycrystalline diamonds are blockier in shape providing a large number of cutting edges. Monocrystalline diamonds have less diamond facets and are designed for all-purpose polishing.

DIAMOND suspensions  Water soluble MONOCRYSTALLINE POLYCRYSTALLINE

PRODUCT NUMBER MICRONS UNIT PRODUCT NUMBER MICRON UNIT 5.5-MDS- 8 8 oz. 5.5-PDS- 8 8 oz. 5.5-MDS- 16 0.5 16 oz. 5.5-PDS- 16 0.5 16 oz. 5.5-MDS-128 128 oz. 5.5-PDS-128 128 oz. 501-MDS- 8 8 oz. 501-PDS- 8 8 oz. 501-MDS- 16 1 16 oz. 501-PDS- 16 1 16 oz.

501-MDS-128 128 oz. 501-PDS-128 128 oz.

503-MDS- 8 8 oz. 503-PDS- 8 8 oz.

503-MDS- 16 3 16 oz. 503-PDS- 16 3 16 oz. 503-MDS-128 128 oz. 503-PDS-128 128 oz. 506-MDS- 8 8 oz. 506-PDS- 8 8 oz. 506-MDS- 16 6 16 oz. 506-PDS- 16 6 16 oz. 506-MDS-128 128 oz. 506-PDS-128 128 oz. 509-MDS- 8 8 oz. 509-PDS- 8 8 oz. 509-MDS- 16 9 16 oz. 509-PDS- 16 9 16 oz. 509-MDS-128 128 oz. 509-PDS-128 128 oz. 515-MDS- 8 8 oz. 515-PDS- 8 8 oz. 515-MDS- 16 15 16 oz. 515-PDS- 16 15 16 oz. 515-MDS-128 128 oz. 515-PDS-128 128 oz. 530-MDS- 8 8 oz. 530-PDS- 8 8 oz. 530-MDS- 16 30 16 oz. 530-PDS- 16 30 16 oz.

530-MDS-128 128 oz. 530-PDS-128 128 oz.

545-MDS- 8 8 oz. 545-PDS- 8 8 oz.

545-MDS- 16 45 16 oz. 545-PDS- 16 45 16 oz. 545-MDS-128 128 oz. 545-PDS-128 128 oz.

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DIAMOND suspensions

DIAMOND suspensions  Alcohol base

MONOCRYSTALLINE POLYCRYSTALLINE PRODUCT NUMBER MICRONS UNIT PRODUCT NUMBER MICRONS UNIT

5.5-MAS- 8 8 oz. 5.5-PAS- 8 8 oz. 5.5-MAS- 16 0.5 16 oz. 5.5-PAS- 16 0.5 16 oz. 5.5-MAS-128 128 oz. 5.5-PAS-128 128 oz. 501-MAS- 8 8 oz. 501-PAS- 8 8 oz. 501-MAS- 16 1 16 oz. 501-PAS- 16 1 16 oz. 501-MAS-128 128 oz. 501-PAS-128 128 oz. 503-MAS- 8 8 oz. 503-PAS- 8 8 oz. 503-MAS- 16 3 16 oz. 503-PAS- 16 3 16 oz. 503-MAS-128 128 oz. 503-PAS-128 128 oz. 506-MAS- 8 8 oz. 506-PAS- 8 8 oz. 506-MAS- 16 6 16 oz. 506-PAS- 16 6 16 oz. 506-MAS-128 128 oz. 506-PAS-128 128 oz.

509-MAS- 8 8 oz. 509-PAS- 8 8 oz.

509-MAS- 16 9 16 oz. 509-PAS- 16 9 16 oz.

509-MAS-128 128 oz. 509-PAS-128 128 oz. 515-MAS- 8 8 oz. 515-PAS- 8 8 oz. 515-MAS- 16 15 16 oz. 515-PAS- 16 15 16 oz. 515-MAS-128 128 oz. 515-PAS-128 128 oz.

NOTES:

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DIAMOND suspensions  Water soluble

HEAVY CONCENTRATION POLYCRYSTALLINE PRODUCT PRODUCT NUMBER MICRON UNIT 5.5-HDS- 8 8 oz. 5.5-HDS- 16 0.5 16 oz. 5.5-HDS-128 128 oz. 501-HDS- 8 8 oz. 501-HDS- 16 1 16 oz. 501-HDS-128 128 oz. 503-HDS- 8 8 oz. 503-HDS- 16 3 16 oz. 503-HDS-128 128 oz. 506-HDS- 8 8 oz. 506-HDS- 16 6 16 oz. 506-HDS-128 128 oz. 509-HDS- 8 8 oz. 509-HDS- 16 9 16 oz. U 509-HDS-128 128 oz. NIT 515-HDS- 8 8 oz. 515-HDS- 16 15 16 oz. 515-HDS-128 128 oz.

DIAMOND suspensions  Oil soluble

MONOCRYSTALLINE POLYCRYSTALLINE PRODUCT NUMBER MICRON UNIT PRODUCT NUMBER MICRON UNIT 5.5-MO*- 16 0.5 16 oz. 5.5-PO*- 16 0.5 16 oz. 501-MO*- 16 1 16 oz. 501-PO*- 16 1 16 oz. 503-MO*- 16 3 16 oz. 503-PO*- 16 3 16 oz. 506-MO*- 16 6 16 oz. 506-PO*- 16 6 16 oz. 509-MO*- 16 9 16 oz. 509-PO*- 16 9 16 oz. 515-MO*- 16 15 16 oz. 515-PO*- 16 15 16 oz. 530-MO*- 16 30 16 oz. 530-PO*- 16 30 16 oz. 545-MO*- 16 45 16 oz. 545-PO*- 16 45 16 oz. When ordering replace the "*" in product number by "M" for medium, "S" for standard, "H" for NOTE : heavy diamond concentration.

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Polishing cloths

Rough polishing is considered to be one of the important stages in the entire metallographic preparation sequence. The type of cloth and abrasive selected is critical. It is important to keep relief between the different constituents in the sample to a minimum. The use of a napless cloth, such as nylon, cotton, silk, etc. will minimize the possibility of relief and take full advantage of the cutting edge of the abrasive. The type of cloth selected usually depends on the hardness of the material to polish. Napped cloths are usually used for final polishing. This type of cloth has long that are compressible. The softer phases will have a higher rate of removal than the harder phases. The polishing cloths are available in several diameters in plain back

or pressure sensitive adhesive backings.

Most of the polishing cloths offered in this catalogue are available in other diameters than NOTE : those listed in the tables below. They are also available as rolls, strips or sheets. Contact the order desk for prices.

Nylon ©

A synthetic napless cloth with a dense, controlled weave recommended for intermediate polishing for hard material. Produces and maintains flatness. . Available in plain back or PSA.

PLAIN BACK PSA PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL UNIT UNIT NUMBER DIM. SIZE NUMBER DIM. SIZE 605-10 254 mm. 8 " 10 606- 2.87 73 mm. 2 7/8 " 25 605-12 305 mm. 10 " 10 606- 8 203 mm. 8 " 10 605-14 356 mm. 12 " 10 606-10 254 mm. 10 " 10 606-12 305 mm. 12 " 10

MAGNETIC PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL UNIT NUMBER DIM. SIZE 606-M008 203 mm. 8 " 5 606-M010 254 mm. 10 " 5 606-M012 305 mm. 12 " 5

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Silk ©

Silk is a napless cloth recommended for intermediate polishing. The weave pattern is more open than nylon. It is a very good at maintaining edge retention. It is available in plan back discs.

PLAIN BACK PRODUCT NUMBER CLOTH DIM. WHEEL SIZE UNIT

608-10 254 mm. 8 " 10 608-12 305 mm. 10 " 10

608-14 356 mm. 12 " 10

Alaska ©

A synthetic napless cloth with a dense, controlled weave recommended for intermediate polishing. Produces and maintains flatness. Available with PSA back.

PSA MAGNETIC PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL UNIT UNIT NUMBER DIM. SIZE NUMBER DIM. SIZE 609- 2 .87 73 mm. 2 7/8 " 25 609M- 8 203 mm. 8 " 5 609- 8 203 mm. 8 " 10 609M-10 254 mm. 10 " 5 609-10 254 mm. 10 " 10 609M-12 305 mm. 12 " 5 609-12 305 mm. 12 " 10

Canvas ©

Canvas is a woven cloth that exhibits a loosely woven pattern with numerous free ends. It is recommended for intermediate polishing using Alumina 0xide or Silicon Carbide powders.

PLAIN BACK

PRODUCT NUMBER CLOTH DIM. WHEEL SIZE UNIT 610-10 254 mm. 8 " 10

610-12 305 mm. 10 " 10 610-14 356 mm. 12 " 10

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Selvyt ©

A high quality imported cotton cloth of medium nap. It is recommended for intermediate polishing

PLAIN BACK PRODUCT NUMBER CLOTH DIM. WHEEL SIZE UNIT

612-10 254 mm. 8 " 10 612-12 305 mm. 10 " 10

612-14 356 mm. 12 " 10

Cotlap ©

Cotton cloth with practically no nap. For use with diamond

polishing compounds in the rough polishing stages. Can also be used with polishing Alumina.

PLAIN BACK

PRODUCT NUMBER CLOTH DIM. WHEEL SIZE UNIT 617-10 254 mm. 8 " 10

617-12 305 mm. 10 " 10

617-14 356 mm. 12 " 10

Velvet ©

A high nap synthetic cloth consisting of long, smooth vertical fibers. Recommended for final polishing of soft metals where its softness helps produce deformation free, scratch free surfaces. Good for suspension and skid polishing.

PLAIN BACK

PRODUCT NUMBER CLOTH DIM. WHEEL SIZE UNIT 618-10 254 mm. 8 " 10

618-12 305 mm. 10 " 10 618-14 356 mm. 12 " 10

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A soft synthetic long napped rayon cloth. It is recommended to be used in the final step of polishing with the Colloidal silica, Alumina suspension and Diamond products. It is available in plain back and PSA.

PLAIN BACK PSA PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL UNIT UNIT NUMBER DIM. SIZE NUMBER DIM. SIZE 620-10 254 mm. 8 " 10 621- 2.87 73 mm. 2 7/8 " 10 620-12 305 mm. 10 " 10 621- 8 203 mm. 8 " 10 620-14 356 mm. 12 " 10 621-10 254 mm. 10 " 10 621-12 305 mm. 12 " 10

MAGNETIC PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL UNIT NUMBER DIM. SIZE 621-M008 203 mm. 8 " 5 621-M010 254 mm. 10 " 5 621-M012 305 mm. 12 " 5

A soft synthetic medium napped rayon cloth in which fibers are bonded to woven cotton backing. It is recommended for use with Colloidal silica, Alumina suspensions and diamond products.

PSA MAGNETIC PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL UNIT UNIT NUMBER DIM. SIZE NUMBER DIM. SIZE

619-8 203 mm. 8 " 10 619M-8 203 mm. 8 " 5 619-10 254 mm. 10 " 10 619M-10 254 mm. 10 " 5 619-12 305 mm. 12 " 10 619M-12 305 mm. 12 " 5

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Imperial ©

A 20-mil rayon flock electrostatically coated onto a 3 mil polyester film. A soft short napped cloth. Recommended for final polishing of most materials using Colloidal Silica and Alumina suspension and Diamond polishing compounds.

PSA MAGNETIC PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL UNIT UNIT NUMBER DIM. SIZE NUMBER DIM. SIZE 631- 2.87 73 mm. 2 7/8 " 25 631- 8 203 mm. 8 " 10 631-M008 203 mm. 8 " 5 631-10 254 mm. 10 " 10 631-M010 254 mm. 10 " 5 631-12 305 mm. 12 " 10 631-M012 305 mm. 12 " 5

Red Felt ©

A tightly woven 100 % virgin wool colorfast fabric. The pile is plucked rather than sheared. It stands up to repeated usage. It is recommended for intermediate polishing using Silicon carbide and Aluminum oxide powders.

PLAIN BACK PSA PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL UNIT UNIT NUMBER DIM. SIZE NUMBER DIM. SIZE 650-10 254 mm. 8 " 10 651- 2.87 73 mm. 2 7/8 " 25 650-12 305 mm. 10 " 10 651- 8 203 mm. 8 " 10 650-14 356 mm. 12 " 10 651-10 254 mm. 10 " 10 651-12 305 mm. 12 " 10

MAGNETIC PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL UNIT NUMBER DIM. SIZE 651-M008 203 mm. 8 " 5 651-M010 254 mm. 10 " 5 651-M012 305 mm. 12 " 5

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Billiard ©

The finest quality 21 oz., 100 % virgin wool fabric with uniform sheared pile, is recommended for rough polishing with Silicon carbide or Aluminum oxide powders

PLAIN BACK PSA PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL UNIT UNIT NUMBER DIM. SIZE NUMBER DIM. SIZE

655-10 254 mm. 8 " 10 656- 8 203 mm. 8 " 10

655-12 305 mm. 10 " 10 656-10 254 mm. 10 " 10 655-14 356 mm. 12 " 10 656-12 305 mm. 12 " 10

MAGNETIC PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL UNIT NUMBER DIM. SIZE 656-M008 203 mm. 8 " 5 656-M010 254 mm. 10 " 5

656-M012 305 mm. 12 " 5

Hard non-woven perforated cloth. It is recommended for rough polishing of hard material. It maximizes removal rate while producing a uniform flat finish.

PSA MAGNETIC PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL UNIT UNIT NUMBER DIM. SIZE NUMBER DIM. SIZE 659- 2.87 73 mm. 2 7/8 " 25 659-M008 203 mm. 8 " 5 659- 8 203 mm. 8 " 10 659-M010 254 mm. 10 " 5 659-10 254 mm. 10 " 10 659-M012 305 mm. 12 " 5 659-12 305 mm. 12 " 10

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Jay ©

This cloth is made of chemo textile material. Has a high cutting rate when used with diamond products. It has an excellent edge and inclusion retentions.

PSA MAGNETIC PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL UNIT UNIT NUMBER DIM. SIZE NUMBER DIM. SIZE 667- 2.87 73 mm. 2 7/8 " 25 667-M008 203 mm. 8 " 5 667- 8 203 mm. 8 " 10 667-M010 254 mm. 10 " 5 667-10 254 mm. 10 " 10 667-M012 305 mm. 12 " 5 667-12 305 mm. 12 " 10

Victor ©

A very dense synthetic silk cloth with no nap. For use with diamond polishing abrasives in the intermediate and final stages. Good for polishing most materials.

PSA MAGNETIC PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL UNIT UNIT NUMBER DIM. SIZE NUMBER DIM. SIZE 662- 2.87 73 mm. 2 7/8 " 25 662-M008 203 mm. 8 " 5 662- 8 203 mm. 8 " 10 662-M010 254 mm. 10 " 5 662-10 254 mm. 10 " 10 662-M012 305 mm. 12 " 5 662-12 305 mm. 12 " 10

A natural silk cloth with practically no nap. For use with diamond polishing abrasives in the rough and intermediate stages. Good for polishing most materials. Excellent edge and inclusion retention. .

PSA MAGNETIC PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL UNIT UNIT NUMBER DIM. SIZE NUMBER DIM. SIZE 663- 8 203 mm. 8 " 5 663-M008 203 mm. 8 " 5 663-10 254 mm. 10 " 5 663-M010 254 mm. 10 " 5 663-12 305 mm. 12 " 5 663-M012 305 mm. 12 " 5

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A silk cloth with medium nap. For use with diamond polishing abrasives in the rough and intermediate stages. Good for polishing medium to soft materials. (M: Magnetic).

PSA MAGNETIC PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL UNIT UNIT NUMBER DIM. SIZE NUMBER DIM. SIZE 664- 8 203 mm. 8 " 5 664-M008 203 mm. 8 " 5 664-10 254 mm. 10 " 5 664-M010 254 mm. 10 " 5 664-12 305 mm. 12 " 5 664-M012 305 mm. 12 " 5

An acetate silk cloth with medium nap. It is recommended to be used with diamond abrasives for the intermediate and final steps. Good for polishing medium to soft materials

PSA MAGNETIC PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL UNIT UNIT NUMBER DIM. SIZE NUMBER DIM. SIZE 665- 8 203 mm. 8 " 5 665-M008 203 mm. 8 " 5 665-10 254 mm. 10 " 5 665-M010 254 mm. 10 " 5 665-12 305 mm. 12 " 5 665-M012 305 mm. 12 " 5

Black star ©

The cloth is a porous neoprene, non woven and no nap. The spongy structure of the cloth has a high degree of chemical resistance. It is ideal with colloidal silica and colloidal alumina suspensions. It provides excellent final polishing for all materials.

PSA MAGNETIC PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL UNIT UNIT NUMBER DIM. SIZE NUMBER DIM. SIZE PCBS-008 203 mm. 8 " 10 PCBS-M008 203 mm. 8 " 5 PCBS-010 254 mm. 10 " 10 PCBS-M010 254 mm. 10 " 5 PCBS-012 305 mm. 12 " 10 PCBS-M012 305 mm. 12 " 5

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The pattern of the Cameo surface guarantees a continuous removal of material during the stages of grinding and polishing. It is recommended to use with diamond products (6 – 15 microns). It is

ideal for materials that have a medium too hard in hardness.

PSA PRODUCT NUMBER CLOTH DIM. WHEEL SIZE UNIT

490-200 200 mm. 8 " 1 480-250 250 mm. 10 " 1

490-300 300 mm. 12 " 1

For use with diamond polishing abrasives in the rough and

intermediate stages. Good for polishing soft and non-ferrous materials. The diamond suspension to be used is between 3 to 6 microns)

PSA

PRODUCT NUMBER CLOTH DIM. WHEEL SIZE UNIT 480-200 200 mm. 8 " 1

480-250 250 mm. 10 " 1

480-300 300 mm. 12 " 1

NOTES :

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Pellon I

Made of textile material produced chemically. This sheet has a high sampling rate when used with abrasives. Excellent to minimize the physical / coating and prevent the posting of inclusions. (M: Magnetic).

PSA MAGNETIC PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL UNIT UNIT NUMBER DIM. SIZE NUMBER DIM. SIZE

61-2.87 73 mm. 2 7/8 " 25 661-M008 203 mm. 8 " 5 661-8 203 mm. 8 " 10 661-M010 254 mm. 10 " 5

661-10 254 mm. 10 " 10 661-M012 305 mm. 12 " 5 661-12 305 mm. 12 " 10

Arctic ©

This cloth is made from a synthetic silk cloth that has no nap. .

It is recommended to use with diamond products. It is ideal for materials that have a medium too hard in hardness.

PSA MAGNETIC PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL PRODUCT CLOTH WHEEL UNIT UNIT NUMBER DIM. SIZE NUMBER DIM. SIZE 669N- 2.87 73 mm. 2 7/8 " 10 669N-M008 203 mm. 8 " 5 669N- 8 203 mm. 8 " 10 669N-M010 254 mm. 10 " 5 669N-10 254 mm. 10 " 10 669N-M012 305 mm. 12 " 5 669N-12 305 mm. 12 " 10

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F I E L D M E T A L L O G R A P H Y

Field metallography is a non destructive inspection technique that is helpful in determining the microstructural of the area of work. The procedure is done out in the field without removal of the sample. Field metallography begins with the very rough grinding of the selected area, usually with a 60 grit abrasive. Thick scale and rust must be removed over an area larger than the ultimate spot. Each area worked should be smaller than that worked in the previous step. This reduces the opportunity of dragging large particles across the prepared area. After rough grinding, there is a sequence of fine grinding steps. The use of an etchant after polishing is often required to bring out the relevant microstructure.

Analysis and documentation are the final steps in field metallography. This can be achieved with either the Provil novo method or the cellulose acetate tape. The equipment used in field metallography is very diverse. For rough grinding, right angle grinders or portable belt sanders are popular. Fine grinding and polishing can be accomplished with variable speed drills or Dremel tools.

REPLICA Tape

Cellulose acetate is one of the products that are used to perform a replica of a structure.

PRODUCT NUMBER DESCRIPTION UNIT

290-1 Clear, 1 MIL, 1 inch x 25 feet roll. 1 290-5 Clear, 5 MIL, 1 inch x 25 feet roll. 1

REPLICA Gun & accessories

The Provil novo can be used to replicate surfaces with such precision that deviations are kept lower than 0.1 micron. Due to its excellent resilience Provil novo makes it possible to take impressions in difficult areas.

PRODUCT NUMBER DESCRIPTION UNIT

Dispensing Gun for Provil Novo Light 280-GUN 1 C.D. 280-MIX Mixing Cannula Provil Novo Light C.D. 24 280-TIP Tips for dispensing Provil Novo Light 48

280-CART Provil Novo Light C.D. (100 ml). 1

Two components compound Provil 280-Putty-R 900 ml. Putty Regular Two components compound Provil 280-Putty-S 900 ml. Putty Soft

ANAMET / DRP Ventures Inc. • Tel: 450.646.1290 • Fax: 450.646.4309 • E-mail: [email protected]

PSA Disc holder

The disc holder is one of the tools that are used in sample preparation. It is used from rough grinding to final polishing.

PRODUCT NUMBER DESCRIPTION UNIT

1 inch diameter holder with 1/8 in. 441-0.125 1 shaft. 1 inch diameter holder with 1/4 in. 441-0.25 1 shaft. 2 inch diameter holder with 1/4 in. 441-2 1 shaft.

ABRASIVE discs

Silicon Carbide

Diameter: 1.00 inch ( 25 mm )  PSA PRODUCT NUMBER GRIT UNIT

441- 60 60 100 441-120 120 100 441-180 180 100 441-240 240 100 441-320 320 100 441-400 400 100

441-600 600 100 441-800 800 100 441-1200 1200 100

Diameter: 1.25 inch ( 32 mm )  PSA Diameter: 2.0 inch ( 51 mm )  PSA PRODUCT NUMBER GRIT UNIT PRODUCT NUMBER GRIT UNIT 443- 60 60 100 444- 60 60 100 443-120 120 100 444-120 120 100 443-180 180 100 444-180 180 100 443-240 240 100 444-240 240 100 443-320 320 100 444-320 320 100 443-400 400 100 444-400 400 100 443-600 600 100 444-600 600 100 443-800 800 100 444-800 800 100 443-1200 1200 100 444-1200 1200 100

ANAMET / DRP Ventures Inc. • Tel: 450.646.1290 • Fax: 450.646.4309 • E-mail: [email protected]

POLISHING cloths

For final polishing.

Diameter: 1.00 inch ( 25 mm )  PSA PRODUCT NUMBER TYPE UNIT

606-1 Nylon 25 615-1 Kitten 25 621-1 Final Finish I 25 619-1 Final Finish II 25 631-1 Imperial 25 651-1 Red Felt 25

661-1 Pellon I 25 663-1 Technotron 10

Diameter: 1.25 inch ( 32 mm )  PSA Diameter: 2.0 inch ( 51 mm )  PSA PRODUCT NUMBER TYPE UNIT PRODUCT NUMBER TYPE UNIT 606-32 Nylon 25 606-2 Nylon 25 615-32 Kitten 25 615-2 Kitten 25 621-32 Final Finish I 25 621-2 Final Finish I 25 619-32 Final Finish II 25 619-2 Final Finish II 25 631-32 Imperial 25 631-2 Imperial 25 651-32 Red Felt 25 651-2 Red Felt 25 661-32 Pellon I 25 661-2 Pellon I 25 663-32 Technotron 10 663-2 Technotron 10

NOTES :

ANAMET / DRP Ventures Inc. • Tel: 450.646.1290 • Fax: 450.646.4309 • E-mail: [email protected] 57

H A R D N E S S A C C E S S O R I E S

Hardness testing is a valuable and widely used mechanical test for evaluating properties of a metal. O One of the purposes of hardness testing is to determine the suitability of the material. The hardness of a metal is considered the resistance to permanent indentation. The indenter is pressed onto the surface of the metal to be tested under a specific weight load for a definite time interval. The measurement is made by the size or the depth of the indentation.

Diamonds  Balls INDENTERS PRODUCT NUMBER DESCRIPTION SCALE

Diam-C Diamond. "C" Diam-A Diamond. "A" 900-Ball- 1/16 Ball Penetrator. 1/16" 900-Ball- 1/8 Ball Penetrator 1/8 " 900-Ball- 1/4 Ball Penetrator 1/4" 900-Ball- 1/2 Ball Penetrator. 1/2" Ball- 1/16 Balls. (6/set ) 1/16" Ball- 1/8 Balls . (6/set) 1/8" Ball- 1/4 Balls. (6/set) 1/4"

Ball- 1/2 Balls . (6/set) 1/2"

Specify if you would like a steel or carbide ball.

TEST Blocks

If a hardness tester is used continually, the instrument should be tested against a test block. This will give a good indication if the instrument is out of calibration or if the indenter has been damaged.

HRA90 HRA 89-92 HR15N-L HR15N Low HRA80 HRA 79-82 HR15N-M HR15N Medium HRA70 HRA 69-72 HR15N-H HR15N High HRB92 HRB 90-95 HR30N-L HR30N Low HRB85 HRB 85-90 HR30N-M HR30N Medium HRB60 HRB 60-62 HR30N-H HR30N High HRB50 HRB 40-59 HR15T-L HR15T Low HRC60 HRC 60-65 HR15T-M HR15T Medium HRC40 HRC 40-46 HR15T-H HR15T High HRC30 HRC 30-40 HR30T-L HR30T Low HRC20 HRC 20-30 HR30T-M HR30T Medium HR30T-H HR30T High

ANAMET / DRP Ventures Inc. • Tel: 450.646.1290 • Fax: 450.646.4309 • E-mail: [email protected] 58

MICRO HARDNESS  TEST Blocks

PRODUCT NUMBER SCALE PRODUCT NUMBER SCALE

100HV Vickers 100HK Knoop

200HV Vickers 200HK Knoop

300HV Vickers 300HK Knoop

400HV Vickers 400HK Knoop

500HV Vickers 500HK Knoop

Knoop 600HV Vickers 600HK 700HV Vickers 700HK Knoop

800HV Vickers 800HK Knoop

NOTES

ANAMET / DRP Ventures Inc.

• Tel: 450.646.1290 • Fax: 450.646.4309 • E-mail: [email protected]

TROUBLESHOOTING

SECTIONING

PROBLEM PROBABLE CAUSES POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS • Chisel effect. • Insure coolant is flowing evenly on both sides. • Loose specimen clamping. • Rigidly clamp specimen.

• Excessive initial force applied. • Reduce applied cutting pressure. Frequent wheel breakage. • Missing blotters. • Insert blotters. • Clean flange of surface corrosion. • Select harder wheel. Short wheel life. • Wheel wearing down too fast. • Reduce applied cutting pressure.

• Slow wheel breakdown. • Reduce coolant rate. Wheel not cutting. • Choose harder or softer wheel. • Use swaying stroke.

• Incorrect cutting fluid. • Increase coolant rate. • Improper Cut off wheel. • Reduce applied cutting pressure. Burning of sample. • Excessive initial force applied. • Select softer wheel.

• Reduce applied cutting pressure. Curved cut. • Excessive force applied. • Clean hoses from cutting debris. Non uniform wheel wear. • Flow of coolant not uniform. • Sample cut is too large. • Decrease sample size. Motor stalling.

• Excessive initial force applied. • Reduce applied cutting pressure. • Missing blotters. • Insert blotters. Excessive blade wobble

• Excessive vibration. • Reduce applied cutting pressure. • Excessive initial force applied. • Insert blotters. Burr formation • Missing blotters.

COMPRESSION MOUNTING

PROBLEM PROBABLE CAUSES POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS • Poor adhesion to sample surface. • Decrease molding temperature. Shrinkage. • Cool mount before ejecting sample. • Preheat powders. • Powders absorbed moisture. • Release pressure for a moment during flow • Entrapped gases during molding. stage. • Sample too large for mold area. • Reduce size of specimen. Mold cracking. • Samples have sharp corners. • Clearance between sample and mold should • High internal stress due to rapid be approx. 1/8". Reduce specimen size. cooling. • Allow mounts to cool more slowly. • Not enough mounting power added. Top die damaged. • Not enough mounting power added. • Add sufficient mounting powder.

TROUBLESHOOTING

COMPRESSION MOUNTING

PROBLEM PROBABLE CAUSES POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS • Not enough applied pressure. • Increase pressure. Mold blistering. • Curing time is insufficient. • Increase curing time.

• Mold temperature too high. • Reduce molding temperature. Mounts sticking to mold cylinder. • Apply releasing agent. • Mold temperature too high. • Reduce molding temperature. Staining and dull surfaces.

Color of dye in the mount bleeds • Molding temperature is too low. • Verify temperature. Adjust if necessary. while rinsing in alcohol. • Insufficient curing time. • Increase curing time. • Molding temperature too low. • Vary pressure applied. Adjust if necessary. Unfused mount. • Insufficient curing time. • Lengthen curing time.

• Mounting temperature did not reach • Verify temperature. Adjust if necessary. Cotton ball effect. maximum temperature. • Increase curing time. • Curing time is not sufficient.

AMBIENT (CASTABLE) MOUNTING

PROBLEM PROBABLE CAUSES POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS • Agitation of blend between resin and • Gently blend the resin and hardener. Air entrapment. hardener is too rapid. Alternative is to use pressure vessel or • Improper degassing of specimen. vacuum system. • The proportion of resin and hardener • The reaction between the resin and hardener is incorrect. is too exothermic. Mold cracking. • Insuffisant air cure. • Measure accurate proportions of resin and • Oven curing temperature is too high. hardener.

• Incorrect proportion of resin and • Increase hardener proportion to resin ratio. hardener was used. • Homogenize more thoroughly the mixture of Mounts are soft. • Poor mix between resin and resin and hardener. hardener. Mounts sticking to mold. • Mold temperature is too high. • Apply mold release. • Incorrect proportion of resin and • Measure accurate proportions of resin and Staining and dull surfaces. hardener. hardener. • Oxidized hardener. • Seal hardener container. • Incorrect proportion of resin and • Measure accurate proportions of resin and hardener. hardener. Top of mounts sticky. • Poor mix between resin and • Homogenize more thoroughly the mixture of hardener. resin and hardener.

TROUBLESHOOTING

AMBIENT (CASTABLE) MOUNTING

PROBLEM PROBABLE CAUSES POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS • Not using the appropriate medium for • Clean samples thoroughly before mounting mounting specimen. sample. Poor adhesion between resin • Samples were not cleaned prior to • Use mounting medium that has good adhesion and specimen. mounting sample and no shrinkage. • Mounting shrinkage. • Incorrect proportion of resin and • Measure accurate proportions of resin and Time for polymerization is too hardener. hardener. long. • Exothermic temperature is too low. • Homogenize more thoroughly the mixture of resin and hardener.

GRINDING AND POLISHING

PROBLEM PROBABLE CAUSES POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS • Sharp abrasive particles released • Repeat step until all scratch lines are uniform. from the material being used to grind • Increase the preparation time for the current or polish. step. (Not the pressure) • Contamination of the previous steps • Verify the cutting edge of the abrasive being Scratches. in grinding or polishing. used is effective. If necessary change. • Change polishing cloth. Use a more thorough technique in cleaning between steps. • Clean samples thoroughly in between each step. • Surface of specimen not being cut. • Increase quantity of applied lubricant. • pH of alumina suspension is too • Use a less napped cloth. Smearing/Buffing. high. • Use a coarser grain particle. • Decrease the pH of alumina suspension.

Staining. • pH of alumina suspension is alkaline • Neutralize pH of alumina suspension. • Insufficient steps between grain • Increase grain size steps. sizes. • Use a nap less polishing cloth. • Type of polishing cloth used. • Decrease the polishing time. • Polishing time is too long or to short. • Possibly depending on the application, may Pull outs. • Excessive use of lubricant. have to increase the polishing time. • Reduce quantity of lubricant used. • Moisten cloth with lubricant prior to applying diamond abrasive. • Samples were not mounted. • Mount the samples. • Incorrect mounting medium was • Use mounting medium that has good used. adhesion. Rounding of the edges. • Polishing times were too long. • Keep polishing time to minimum. • Excess pressure applied to • Use shorter and tighter weaved polishing cloth. specimen. • Type of polishing cloth used. • Too much speed. • Reduce speed. • Mixing different hardness of • Use a lower fiber napped cloth Polishing relief materials while polishing.

62 TROUBLESHOOTING

GRINDING AND POLISHING

PROBLEM PROBABLE CAUSES POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS • From cutting the specimen. • Use appropriate cut-off wheel. • Clamping of the sample. • Use protective layer between sample • Wrong mounting medium used. and clamp from cut-off equipment. • Use cold mounting system with the Cracks. • Shrinkage. aid of a vacuum system or pressure vessel. • Use mounting medium that has the least shrinkage properties. • Worn out abrasive. • Change abrasive discs more often. • Type of polishing cloth used. Alternative, use diamond discs. Porosity. • Type of mounting medium. • Use a shorter nap polishing cloth. • With cold resin, use vacuum or pressure vessel systems. • Excess pressure applied to specimen. • Reduce pressure applied to • Type of polishing cloth used. specimen. • Excessive use of polishing abrasive. • Use a shorter nap cloth. Embedded abrasives. • Lubricant has low viscosity. • Decrease the amount of polishing Grinding, especially for soft metals. • Use a higher viscosity lubricant. • Too much pressure. • Reduce pressure applied. • Too much speed. • Reduce speed. • Over polishing on worn grinding cloths. • Change grinding cloth more Comet tails. • Use of same orientation during all polishing steps. frequently. • Change orientation of the sample for every step.

• Sharp abrasive particles from the material being • Repeat step until all scratch lines are used to grind or polish. uniform. • Contamination of the previous steps in grinding or • Increase the preparation time for the polishing. current step. (Not the pressure). • Verify the cutting edge of the Scratch lines are long and dull. abrasive being used is effective. • Change polishing cloth. Use a more thorough cleaning technique between steps. • Clean samples thoroughly in between each step. • Too much pressure. • Reduce pressure applied. • Speed is too low. • Increase grinding speed.

Machine Vibration

• Mounting does not adhere to the specimen. • Clean sample. • Select resin with little or no shrinkage.

Gaps

63 CONVERSION TABLES

GRAIN SIZE COMPARISON CHART FEPA AVERAGE FEPA AVERAGE CAMI CAMI EUROPEAN PARTICLE SIZE EUROPEAN PARTICLE SIZE USA USA (P-GRADE) IN MICRONS (P-GRADE) IN MICRONS *1200 P4000 5 * * 50 800 P2400 10 * P280 52.5 * P1200 15.3 240 * 53.5 600 * 16 * * 55 * P1000 18.3 * P240 58.5 500 * 19.7 * * 60 * * 20 * P220 65 * P800 21.8 220 * 66 400 * 23.6 180 P180 78 * * 25 150 * 93 * P600 25.75 * P150 97 360 * 28.8 120 * 116 * * 30 * P120 127 * P500 30.2 100 * 141 * P400 35 * P100 156 320 * 36 80 * 192 * * 40 * P80 197 * P360 40.5 * P60 260 280 * 44 60 * 268 * * 45 * P50 326 * P320 46.2 50 * 351

VOLUME

U.S. U.S. U.S. FLUID OZ. LITER MILLILITER FROM / TO PINT QUART

U.S. FLUID OZ. x 1 x 0.0625 x 0.031251 x 0.0296 x 296 U.S. PIN T x 16 x 1 x 0.5 x 0.4732 x 473.2 U.S. QUART x 32 x 2 x 1 x 0.9463 x 946.3 LITER x 33.815 x 2.1134 x 1.0567 x 1 x 1000 MILLILITER x 0.0338 x 0.00211 x 0.00106 x 0.001 x 1

GENERAL CONVERSIONS 1 inch = 25.4 mm = 2.54 cm 1oz. = 28 grs.

1 mm = 0.01 cm = 0.039 inch 1 g = 0.035 oz.

1 lb. = 0.45 kg = 454 grs. 1 oz. = 29.6 ml. 1 kg = 1000 grs. = 2.2 lbs. 1N = 0.22480894 lb.