DOCSLIB.ORG

Met-Manual-2B.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Met-Manual-2B.Pdf 1 2 METALLOGRAPHIC HANDBOOK Donald C. Zipperian, Ph.D. Chief Technical Officier PACE Technologies Tucson, Arizona USA Copyright 2011 by PACE Technologies, USA No part of this manual may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyright owner. First printing, 2011 3 Great care is taken in the compilation and production of this book, but it should be made clear that NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ARE GIVEN IN CONNECTION WITH THIS PUBLICATION. Although this information is believed to be accurate by PACE Technologies, PACE Technologies cannot guarantee that favorable results will be obtained from the use of this publication alone. This publication is intended for use by persons having technical skill, at their sole discretion and risk. Since the conditions of product or material use are outside of PACE Technologies control, PACE Technologies assumes no liability or obligation in connection with any use of this information. No claim of any kind, whether as to products or information in this publication, and whether or not based on negligence, shall be greater in amount than the purchase price of this product or publication in respect of which damages are claimed. THE REMEDY HEREBY PROVIDED SHALL BE THE EXCLUSIVE AND SOLE REMEDY OR BUYER, AND IN NO EVENT SHALL EITHER PARTY BE LIABLE FOR SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WHETHER OR NOT CAUSED BY OR RESULTING FROM THE NEGLIGENCE OF SUCH PARTY. As with any material, evaluation of the material under end use conditions prior to specifications is essential. Therefore, specific testing under actual conditions is recommended. Nothing contained in this book shall be construed as a grant of any right of manufacture, sale, use, or reproduction in connection with any method, process, apparatus, product, composition, or system, whether or not covered by letter patent, copyright, or trademark, and nothing contained in this book shall be construed as a defense against any alleged infringement of letters, patent, copyright, or trademark, or as a defense against liability for such infringement. Comments, criticism, and suggestions are invited, and should be forwarded to PACE Technologies staff who worked on this project whom included Donald C Zipperian, Ph.D, Vice President of Technology. PACE Technologies 3601 E. 34th St. Tucson, AZ Printed in China 4 Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Metallography ................................................................ 11 Grain Size ........................................................................................................ 12 Twin Boundaries ............................................................................................. 12 Porosity and Voids ............................................................................................ 13 Cracks ............................................................................................................... 13 Phases ............................................................................................................... 14 Dendrites .......................................................................................................... 15 Corrosion .......................................................................................................... 15 Intergranular Attack ........................................................................................ 16 Coating Thickness ........................................................................................... 17 Inclusions ........................................................................................................ 18 Weld Analysis ................................................................................................... 19 Solder Joint Integrity ....................................................................................... 21 Composites ........................................................................................................ 22 Graphite Nodularity ........................................................................................ 22 Recast ................................................................................................................ 23 Carburizing ...................................................................................................... 24 Decarburization ............................................................................................... 25 Nitriding .......................................................................................................... 26 Intergranular Fracture .................................................................................... 26 Weld Sensitization ........................................................................................... 27 Flow Line Stress ............................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER 2 Abrasive Sectioning ............................................................................... 28 2.0 ABRASIVE SECTIONING ...................................................................... 29 2.1 ABRASIVE BLADE SELECTION GUIDELINES .................................. 30 2.2 ABRASIVE CUTTING PROCESS DESCRIPTION ............................. 32 2.3 RECOMMENDED CUTTING PROCEDURES .................................... 32 2.4 CUTTING FLUIDS .................................................................................. 33 2.5 ABRASIVE SECTIONING TROUBLESHOOTING ............................ 34 5 CHAPTER 3 Precision Wafer Sectioning .................................................................. 35 3.0 PRECISION WAFER SECTIONING ..................................................... 35 3.1 WAFERING BLADE CHARACTERISTICS .......................................... 36 3.2 CUTTING PARAMETERS ...................................................................... 42 CHAPTER 4 Specimen Mounting .............................................................................. 44 4.0 SPECIMEN MOUNTING ....................................................................... 44 4.1 CASTABLE MOUNTING ...................................................................... 44 4.1.2 Acrylic Castable Resins .......................................................................... 47 4.1.3 Polyester Castable Resins ....................................................................... 49 4.2 CASTABLE MOUNTING PROCEDURES ........................................... 50 4.2.1 Vacuum/Pressure Mounting .................................................................. 51 4.3 CASTABLE MOUNTING MISCELLANEOUS ................................... 52 4.4 CASTABLE MOUNTING TROUBLESHOOTING ............................. 54 4.5 COMPRESSION MOUNTING ............................................................. 55 4.6 COMPRESSION MOUNTING RESIN PROPERTIES ...................... 58 4.6.1 Phenolics ................................................................................................ 61 4.6.2 Acrylics ................................................................................................... 61 4.6.3 Epoxies / Diallyl Phthalates .................................................................. 63 4.6.4 Specialized Compression Mounting Resins ........................................ 64 4.7 COMPRESSION MOUNTING PROCEDURES ................................. 64 4.8 COMPRESSION MOUNTING TROUBLESHOOTING ................... 65 CHAPTER 5 Abrasive Grinding .................................................................................. 66 5.0 ABRASIVE GRINDING .......................................................................... 66 5.1.1 Silicon Carbide ....................................................................................... 67 5.1.2 Alumina .................................................................................................. 74 5.1.3 Diamond ................................................................................................. 74 5.1.4 Zircon ...................................................................................................... 78 5.2 ABRASIVE BONDING ........................................................................... 78 5.2.1 Fixed Abrasive Grinding ........................................................................ 78 5.2.2 Free Abrasive Grinding .......................................................................... 79 5.2.3 Semi-fixed Abrasive Grinding ............................................................... 79 5.3 ROUGH GRINDING PARAMETERS .................................................... 81 5.3.1 Grinding Pressure ................................................................................... 81 5.3.2 Relative Velocity ...................................................................................... 82 5.3.3 Machine Considerations ....................................................................... 86 6 5.4 PLANAR GRINDING (ROUGH GRINDING) ...................................... 89 5.4.1 Soft Nonferrous Metals ........................................................................... 89 5.4.2 Soft Ferrous Metals ................................................................................. 89 5.4.3 Hard Ferrous Metals ..............................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Metallography – a Powerful Instrument for Material Characterisation, Material Development and Failure Analysis
    771 Microsc. Microanal. 21 (Suppl 3), 2015 doi:10.1017/S1431927615004651 Paper No. 0386 © Microscopy Society of America 2015 Metallography – A Powerful Instrument for Material Characterisation, Material Development and Failure Analysis Michael Panzenböck1, Francisca Mendez-Martin1, Boryana Rashkova1, Patric Schütz1 1. Department of Physical Metallurgy and Materials Testing, Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria A. Widmanstätten (1754-1849) was one of the first scientists who developed techniques for studying the microstructure of meteorites by grinding and etching them with nitric acid. Also H.C. Sorby (1826- 1908) used such methods for microstructural investigations of minerals and rocks to identify their origin, as well as to examine steels and meteorites. Other famous and nowadays well known researchers such as R. Hadfield (1858—1940), A. Martens (1850-1914), E.C. Bains (1891-1971), K.H. Ledebur (1837- 1906), and H. Brearley (1871-1948) further developed these basic methods to get more information about the microstructure, especially in case of steels. Many microstructural parts or phases of the Fe- Fe3C phase diagram are called in honour of these scientists, e.g., “Widmanstätten ferrite”, “Sorbite”, “Bainite”, “Martensite”, or in case of cast iron “Ledeburite”. Without doubt, a material’s microstructure is decisive, because it is the arrangement, size and distribution of different phases which is responsible for the mechanical properties such as strength, ductility and toughness. In order to develop high-performance materials for existing and new applications it is necessary to establish a basic understanding of the material behaviour or its response under service loads. In addition to the standard methods such as light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), focused ion beam (FIB), also high-resolution methods (transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atom probe tomography (APT)) have been developed over the last three decades.
    [Show full text]
  • Metallographic Preparation 2009
    Inc. DRP Ventures Division METALLOGRAPHIC PREPARATION 2009 y Copyright DRP Ventures Inc. 2007 2008 Division DRP Ventures Inc. # We would like to welcome the opportunity to introduce our latest catalogue. It provides an increasing range of quality products in abrasive cutting, mounting, grinding and polishing. ANAMET Sales and Technical Services are supported by competent and motivated personnel who continue to make every effort to earn and maintain your trust. They are committed to serving their customers by providing sample preparation supplies and offering assistance in improving their metallographic procedures. Over the years, ANAMET has been meeting the requirements of many industries such as aerospace, automotive, ceramics, composites disk drives, electro-optical materials, electronics, geological services, metal converters, metal powders, foundries, mineralogy, optics, plastics, primary and secondary metals, printed circuits, pulp industry, semiconductor substrates, tolls, mold and die finishing, educational institutions and nanotechnology. We thank you for being at the heart of our commitment and look forward to a continued relationship. Our dedication for excellence begins with our commitment in providing you with only the very best. Sincerely, Diane R. Pilley , B.Sc. ANAMET Division DRP Ventures Inc. 655 Jean-Paul Vincent, Suite 9, Longueuil, Qc, Canada J4G 1R3 • Tel: 450.646.1290 • Fax: 450.646.4309 • E-mail: [email protected] • Website: www.anamet.com Î ORDERING INFORMATION ON THE NEXT PAGE Í SECTIONING Abrasive Cut-Off Wheels. 1 Small Abrasive Cut-Off Wheels. 8 Diamond Cut-Off Wheels. 9 Wafering Diamond Wheels. 10 Cubic Boron Nitride. 11 Sectioning Accessories. 12 MOUNTING Compression Mounting. 13 Ambient Mounting. 16 Castable Mounting Accessories.
    [Show full text]
  • Metallographic Sample Preparation Techniques
    Materials Characterization 1ecliniques-Principle s and Applications Eds : G. Sridliar; S. Ghosh Chowdhurv & N. G. Goswanri NML. Janislredpur-83100711999) pp. 163-176 Metallographic Sample Preparation Techniques SAMAR DAS National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur-831007 E-mail : [email protected] ABS'T'RACT Microstructure plays an important role in controlling the properties in metals and allcrvs. Hence i nicrostructu•al study called metallographv has been extensively used for materials selection, failure investigation and materials development. The microstructure of metals are com- monly observed under optical and/or electron microscopes, though other types of microscopes have been developed for specific uses. For any microscopic observation, the preparation of proper sample, which reveals the true microstructure is of prima ti, importance. Numerous and diverse techniques have been developed not only to suit the ma- terial but also for the type of microscope to be used. The techniques also vary with the details to be observed. It is difficult to prepare a comprehensive survey of the techniques developed and practised to- day. An attempt has been made here, to briefly discuss the most corn- monly used specimen preparation techniques for optical, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy together with their merits and demerits. Any specimen preparation method involves several steps. Proper care in each step is essential to avoid difficulty in the subse- quent steps and to reveal the true microstructure. The choice of a technique depends mainly on the materials, the detail required to be observed and the type of microscope to be used. INTRODUCTION The study of microstructural details of metals and alloys is termed as metal- lography.z The microstructure of steel was first observed by H.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Metallographic Etching
    Metallographic Etching 2nd Edition By Günter Petzow In collaboration with Veronika Carle Translated by Uta Harnisch Techniques for Metallography Ceramography Plastography Contents Preface to the German Edition . VIII Preface . IX Introduction . 1 1 Metallography . 7 1.1 Preparation of Metallographic Specimens . 7 1.2 Specimen Sectioning . 8 1.3 Mounting. 11 1.3.1 Clamping . 12 1.3.2 Embedding . 13 1.3.3 Special Mounting Techniques . 15 1.4 Identification (Marking). 18 1.5 Grinding and Polishing . 18 1.5.1 Mechanical Grinding and Polishing . 19 1.5.2 Microtome Cutting and Ultramilling . 29 1.5.3 Electrolytic Grinding and Polishing . 30 1.5.4 Chemical Polishing . 34 1.5.5 Combined Polishing Methods . 34 1.5.6 Evaluation of Polishing Methods . 36 1.6 Cleaning . 37 1.7 Metallographic Etching . 38 1.7.1 Optical Etching . 39 1.7.2 Electrochemical (Chemical) Etching . 40 1.7.3 Physical Etching . 44 1.7.4 Etching Reproducibility . 45 1.7.5 Etching Terminology . 47 1.7.6 Definitions of Etching Terms . 47 1.8 Field Metallography/Nondestructive Metallography. 50 1.9 Preparation and Etching Recipes for Metallic Materials . 51 1.9.1 Silver . 53 1.9.2 Aluminum . 57 1.9.3 Gold . 64 v 1.9.4 Beryllium. 67 1.9.5 Bismuth and Antimony . 70 1.9.6 Cadmium, Indium, and Thallium . 72 1.9.7 Cobalt . 75 1.9.8 Refractory Metals (Chromium, Molybdenum, Niobium, Rhenium, Tantalum, Vanadium, and Tungsten) . 80 1.9.9 Copper. 88 1.9.10 Iron, Steel, and Cast Iron . 94 1.9.11 Semiconductors (Germanium, Silicon, Selenium, Tellurium, AIIIBVI, and AIIBVI Compounds).
    [Show full text]
  • Metallographic Procedures and Analysis – a Review
    ISSN 2303-4521 PERIODICALS OF ENGINEERING AND NATURAL SCIENCES Vol. 3 No. 2 (2015) Available online at: http://pen.ius.edu.ba Metallographic Procedures and Analysis – A review Enes Akca Erwin Trgo Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, International University of Sarajevo, Hrasnicka cesta 15, 71210 Sarajevo, Sciences, International University of Sarajevo, Hrasnicka cesta 15, 71210 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina [email protected] Abstract The purpose of this research is to give readers general insight in what metallography generally is, what are the metallographic preparation processes, and how to analyse the prepared specimens. Keywords: metallography; metallographic specimens; metallographic structure 1. Introduction depends generally on the type of material, and so you can clearly differentiate abrasive cutting (metals), thin Metallography is the study of the microstructure of sectioning with a microtome (plastics), and diamond various metals. To be more precise, it is a scientific wafer cutting (ceramics). discipline of observing chemical and atomic structure of those materials, and as such is crucial for These processes are mostly used in order to minimize determining product reliability. the damage which could alter the microstructure of the material, and the analysis itself. Not only metals, but polymeric and ceramic materials can also be prepared using metallographic techniques, 2.2. Mounting hence the terms plastography, ceramography, materialography, etc. This process protects the material’s surface, fills voids in damaged (porous) materials, and improves handling Steps for preparing metallographic specimen include a of irregularly shaped samples. There are plenty of ways variety of operations, and some of them are: to conduct this operation, and all of them depend on the documentation, sectioning and cutting, mounting, type of material that is being handled.
    [Show full text]
  • Metallography of Titanium and Its Alloys
    MICROSTRUCTURE OF TITANIUM AND ITS ALLOYS George F. Vander Voort Director, Research & Technology, Buehler Ltd., Lake Bluff, Illinois, 60044, USA ABSTRACT A three-step preparation procedure was developed for titanium and its alloys. Attack polishing is utilized in the third step for optimal results, particularly for imaging alpha-Ti with polarized light. Two-phase α-β alloy specimens and all alloys are easier to prepare than single-phase α specimens. Kroll’s reagent appears to be adequate for most alloys. A modification of Weck’s reagent was used for color metallography. INTRODUCTION Titanium and its alloys have become quite important commercially over the past fifty years due to their low density, good strength-to-weight ratio, excellent corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties. On the negative side, the alloys are expensive to produce. Titanium, like iron, is allotropic and this produces many heat treatment similarities with steels. Moreover, the influences of alloying elements are assessed in like manner regarding their ability to stabilize the low temperature phase, alpha, or the high temperature phase, beta. Like steels, Ti and its alloys are generally characterized by their stable room temperature phases - alpha alloys, alpha-beta alloys and beta alloys, but with two additional categories: near alpha and near beta. Titanium and its alloys are more difficult to prepare for metallographic examination than steels. As for all refractory metals, titanium and its alloys have much lower grinding and polishing rates than steels. Deformation twinning can be induced in alpha alloys by overly aggressive sectioning and grinding procedures. It is safest to mount relatively pure Ti specimens, especially those from service in a hydrogen-containing environment, in castable (“cold”) resins rather than using hot compression mounting due to the potential for altering the hydride content and morphology.
    [Show full text]
  • Metallographic Preparation
    Metallographic Preparation Background Materials engineers can predict the general behavior of materials by observing their microstructure. Besides the crystallographic nature of a material, imperfections inside a material have an even greater influence on the mechanical properties, i.e. tensile, fatigue, creep, fracture toughness, impact properties. Some defects such as missing planes of atoms, called dislocations, are responsible for plastic deformation of crystalline solids. Others such as grain boundaries, precipitates, twins and cracks alter stress distribution in a material and the accompanying motion of dislocations. Some defects such as missing atoms and dislocations cannot be observed optically except by their effects, i.e. strain, etch pits, slip lines. Other defects such as grain boundaries, twins, precipitates, can be observed readily in the microscope. Procedures Metallography is essentially the study of the structural characteristics or constitution of a metal or an alloy in relation to its physical and mechanical properties. The most important part of metallography deals with the microscopic examination of a prepared metal specimen. The metallographic microscope is described in Appendix D on the MSE 227L webpage. Correct preparation begins with the selection of a suitable specimen and continues to the etching stage where the structure of the specimen is revealed. The microscopic examination then defines clearly such structural characteristics as grain size, the size, shape and distribution of secondary phases and non-metallic inclusions; and segregation and other heterogeneous conditions. These characteristics profoundly influence the mechanical properties and physical behavior of the metal. Metallographic examination can provide quantitative information about specimen grain sizes, amount of interfacial area per unit volume, and the amount and distribution of phases.
    [Show full text]
  • Metalog Guide Metalog Guide TM
    Your Guide to the Perfect Materialographic Structure Metalog Guide Metalog Guide TM Leila Bjerregaard Kay Geels Birgit Ottesen Michael Rückert Metalog Guide Published by Struers A/S Valhøjs Allé 176, DK-2610 Rødovre Denmark First published 1992 by Struers. Fourth revised and updated edi- tion 2002. All rights reserved. Re- production of this book’s contents is allowed on the condition that acknowledgement is made. Metalog, Metalog Guide and Metalogram are trademarks of Struers. All efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the prepa- ration methods and problem solv- ing advice of this book. However, should any errors be detected, Struers would greatly appreciate being informed of them. The above notwithstanding, Struers can assume no responsi- bility for any consequences of the preparation methods and instruc- tion in the Metalog Guide. ISBN 87-987767-0-3 DKK 265,- incl. VAT Printed in Denmark by Bøhm Offset Page Preface 5 Your direct way to a 1. Metalogram 9 method Method Selection Diagram Metalogram 2. Metalog Methods 11 10 Preparation Methods Metalog Methods You want to know more 3. Preparation Philosophy 37 Cost-effective preparation Philosophy 4. Metalog Process 39 The total preparation process from cutting to the finished sample, ready for microscopy Metalog Process You want to improve the 5. Metalog Master 61 results Expert System Preparation Theory You want to go in depth Metalog Master You want to order 6. Consumables Specification 101 Consumables 7. Miscellaneous 109 Miscellaneous Preface Dear Reader, Metalog Guide has been developed to help you in your work with preparation of materialographic samples. Our main goal when preparing Metalog Guide was to give you a shortcut to efficient sample preparation.
    [Show full text]
  • METALLOGRAPHY of TITANIUM ALLOYS I I I I I I I #., I I I TITANIUM Mej)\Lttlrgical LABORATORY 'I Battelle Memorial Institute Columbus I, Ohio I I I ~ R
    '.....:._-: . TML REF ORT No. 103 /· May 29 ~958 I METALLOGRAPHY OF TITANIUM ALLOYS I I I I I I I #., I I I TITANIUM MEj)\LttlRGICAL LABORATORY 'I Battelle Memorial Institute Columbus I, Ohio I I I_~ r The Titanium Metallurgical• Laboratory was established at Battelle Memorial Institute at the request of the Assistant Secre­ 1 tary of Defense (R & D) to provide the following servi~es: 1. Under the general direction of the Steering Group on Titanium Res.earch and D~velopment, of the I Office of Assistant Secretary of-Defense (R & D), to conduct laboratory investigations directed toward solution of current metallurgical prob­ lems involved in the use of titanium. I 2. As directed by OAS/D, to assist the Government agencies and their contractors in developing data ·1 required for preparation of specifications for ti­ tanium metal and titanium mill products. 3. To provide assistance and advice to OAS/D in its appraisal of the Department of Defense research and development program on titanium and make recommendations with respect to the program .. 4. To collect and~ as directed by OAS/D, disseminate to Government contractors or subcontractors having related Government contracts or subcon-' tracts, available information on the current status of titanium research and deyelopment. 5. When directed by OAS/D, to provide technical consulting services to producers, melters and L fabricators of titanium metal and designers and I fabricators of military equipment containing ti­ tanium, on titanium utilization problems, includ­ ing appropriate consideration of alternate mate - rials. ·1 6. To provide such other research and related serv­ ices, in connection with the titanium program as may be mutually agreed upon betwe·en Battelle.
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 Product Catalog Guide Metallographic Products
    2021 PRODUCT CATALOG GUIDE METALLOGRAPHIC PRODUCTS Metallographic Equipment and Consumables Abrasive & Precision Cutting | Compression & Castable Mounting | Grinding & Polishing Hardness Testing | Microscopes | Image Analysis | Lab Furniture 3601 E. 34th St., Tucson, AZ 85713 Telephone: +1-520-882-6598 Fax: +1-520-882-6599 email: [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE of CONTENTS Customer Assistance ABRASIVE CUTTING .................................4 METALLOGRAPHIC POLISHING ..........84 For sales literature, order placement, prices, delivery 5 84 & order status, contact us: METALLOGRAPHIC ABRASIVE CUTTERS ................................. METALLOGRAPHIC POLISHING PADS ........................... ABRASIVE CUTTING CONSUMABLES.........................................9 POLYCRYSTALLINE DIAMOND ...........................................94 Phone: +1-520-882-6598 12 98 FAX: +1-520-882-6599 ABRASIVE CUTTING RECOMMENDATIONS ........................... MONOCRYSTALLINE DIAMOND ......................................... email: [email protected] DIAMOND EXTENDERS / LUBRICANTS ....................... 100 Websites: https://www.metallographic.com PRECISION SECTIONING ......................... 14 FINAL POLISHING ....................................................................102 https://www.metallographic-equipment.com METALLOGRAPHIC WAFERING SAWS .....................................15 18 109 For product information, metallographic procedures, PRECISION SECTIONING CONSUMABLES .............................. CLEANING ......................................
    [Show full text]
  • Metallographic Techniques in Failure Analysis
    Name /bam_asmint_104738/6072_003j/Mp_1 08/26/2002 10:01AM Plate # 0 pg 1 # Metallographic Techniques in Failure Analysis George F. Vander Voort, Buehler Ltd. METALLOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION is purpose is to determine whether processing or niques and examinations using the light micro- one of the most important procedures used by service conditions have produced undesirable scope (LM) in failure analysis. Metallographic metallurgists in failure analysis. Development of microstructural conditions that have contributed examination typically should follow nondestruc- powerful electron metallographic instruments, to the failure, such as abnormalities due to ma- tive and macroscopic examination procedures such as the scanning electron microscope, has terial quality, fabrication, heat treatment, and and should precede use of techniques of electron not diminished the importance of light micros- service conditions. Examples are given in this microscopy. copy. Basically, the light microscope is used to article to demonstrate such analytical work. Examination of fractured components should assess the nature of the microstructure and its Conducting a materials failure analysis, a begin with the low-power stereomicroscope. influence on the failure mechanism. The purpose common activity for many metallurgists, re- Hand-held magnifying lenses are still widely in using the light microscope may be twofold. quires a carefully planned series of steps (Ref 1, used to study fractures but mainly in the field. One purpose may be to determine the relation- 2) designed to arrive at the cause of the problem. While the light microscope has limited value for ship between the microstructure and the crack Proper implementation of light microscopy is of direct observation of fracture surfaces (more lim- path (in failures involving fracture) and/or the critical importance in failure analysis, and this ited for metals than nonmetals), a great deal can nature of corrosion or wear damage.
    [Show full text]
  • Metallographic Preparation Sequence
    Inc. DRP Ventures METALLOGRAPHIC Division PREPARATION C O N S U M A B L E S Copyright DRP Ventures Inc. 2012 T A B L E O F C O N T E N T ORDERING INFORMATION ON THE NEXT PAGE SECTIONING Abrasive Cut-Off Wheels. 1 Small Abrasive Cut-Off Wheels. 8 Diamond Cut-Off Wheels. 9 Wafering Diamond Wheels. 10 Cubic Boron Nitride. 11 Sectioning Accessories. 12 MOUNTING Compression Mounting. 13 Ambient Mounting. 16 Castable Mounting Accessories. 21 GRINDING Abrasive Belts. 24 Abrasive Rolls. 25 Abrasive Strips. 25 Abrasive Sheets. 26 Abrasive Discs. 27 Double Sided Adhesive. 30 Magnetic Disc System. 31 Diamond Discs. 32 Diamond Spot Discs. 33 Cameo © Grinding System 34 Dressing sticks for Diamond Discs. 34 POLISHING Polishing Powders. 35 Polishing Suspensions. 36 Abrasive Powders. 38 Diamond Extenders. 40 Diamond Pastes. 41 Diamond Suspensions. 42 Diamond Suspensions (Oil base ). 44 Polishing Cloths. 45 FIELD METALLOGRAPHY Sampling. 56 Abrasive Discs. 57 Polishing Cloths. 58 HARDNESS TESTING ACCESSORIES Indenters. 58 Test Blocks. 59 TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE Sectioning. 60 Compression Mounting. 61 Ambient Mounting. 62 Grinding and Polishing. 62 CONVERSION TABLES 64 ORDERING INFORMATION ANAMET is committed to providing finest products and services to its customers. Sales / Service. The majority of the products in our catalogue are in inventory and can be shipped within 24 hours. Rush orders receive special attention and are processed immediately. Technical Service. Specialists are available to answer your questions and advise you in selecting the products best suited to your requirements. Customer Service. ANAMET seeks to improve customer service and products. If, for any reason, you are not satisfied with our service or products, please advise us, so corrective measures can be taken.
    [Show full text]