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Upgrade to Army Armour Fleet Upgrade to Army armour fleet Australia has chosen the Abrams M1A1 Main Battle Tank as its replacement for the 30-year old The recent Defence Capability whole issue into focus. Leopard 1, which no longer has the firepower nor the force Review has endorsed in principle What direction should Australia be protection capability for modern the provision of replacement tanks taking in provisioning the Army land warfare. for the Army’s Leopard I fleet, the with armour over coming decades? replacement since publicly The key questions revolve around announced to be an M1 Abrams the style of combat and the type of variant. Since the campaign in Iraq, terrain on which the Army will armour has again become an issue have to fight. Will it be the open for land forces as, increasingly, terrain of Middle Eastern deserts or armies confront the realities of 21st Asian lowlands and steppes; will it Century urban combat. be the complex forested and jungle The long running and bitter terrain of the Asia-Pacific and argument in the US over the force northern Australia; or will it be structure for light and highly complex urban terrain found deployable army forces brings this globally? 2 DefenceTODAY magazine DefenceTODAY magazine 3 infantry assaults – remain the most frequent Changing role roles of the modern tank. Mobility and * High strategic mobility to permit rapid protection for infantry have seen armoured global and regional deployment by airlift personnel carriers dominate build numbers and regionally of armour in armoured vehicles since 1940. by sealift. Tanks and armoured vehicles remain the The Battle of Bulge set the trend for the This favours backbone of mechanised land manoeuvre latter half of the last century. With the types that are forces, even though helicopters have absence air power, the Panzer divisions lighter and compact supplanted armour in many roles. were highly effective but once the weather over heavier and Historically, armour hit its peak during the cleared they were massacred by allied air bulkier types. 1940s when Guderian blitzkrieged much of power. Iraq’s attempts at tank warfare in * High off-road ground Europe, the USSR and North Africa with 1991 and earlier this year resulted in turkey mobility over soft and M113A1 armoured personnel his force of Panzer II, Panzer III, Panzer IV shoots for coalition pilots dropping smart undeveloped terrain, carriers unload during an tanks and Hanomag half tracks. This bombs. The evolution of nap-of-the-earth especially for use in regional exercise in Shoalwater Bay. Tenix contingencies. This strongly is currently modifying M113A1s blossoming of armoured manoeuvre tank killing helicopters with guided missiles into the M113AS3 and AS4 warfare set the trend for armour - mobility, since the 1970s presents an armour-centric favours tracked vehicles. configurations, the latter a hull firepower and defensive armour following land force with the reality that survival is * High urban mobility in rubble and stretch not unlike the US M113A4 an ongoing path of incremental The Abrams M1A1 chosen by the Australian Army to replace its Leopard I battle tanks will provide barricade rich environments. This strongly contingent upon having air superiority, or increased firepower and better force protection plus networked force capability. MTVL and Canadian MAV. improvement to this day. unusually good terrain cover like dense favours tracked vehicles. forests, jungle or dense urban terrain. * Minimal fuel burn to reduce the size of the Experience in recent urban campaigns has need for high road mobility in this role. Does this threat invalidate the tank and supporting logistical train in-theatre. reaffirmed experience from the 1940s. Much has changed since then across the armoured infantry carrier as a vital land * Armour capable of resisting a wide range Armour must be heavy enough to protect region and globally, with the collapse of the warfare asset? Far from it, as was of armour piercing man portable weapons, the troops and drive through buildings, and Soviet Bloc, the emergence of Islamo- demonstrated in Iraq earlier this year. While guided and unguided, and guns of low and it must have the ability to scale barricades fascist terrorism, and ongoing widespread much has been said about the paucity of medium calibre. and obstacles. Having a gun that can kill an regional instability. Australia faces the tank vs tank engagements in OIF, the reality * A weapons package capable of defeating opposing main battle tank at three miles is prospect over coming decades of ongoing is that the 3 AD and 1 MEF tanks performed opposing armour, bunkers/fortifications, less important than being able to fight peace-enforcement and peacekeeping the critical role of an ‘anvil’ against which and infantry, and able to produce intensive effectively in close quarters day or night. missions, plus participation in coalition allied air power crushed Iraq’s Republican suppressive fire. Shorter barrelled main While wheeled armoured personnel carriers campaigns against rogue states or Islamo- Guard divisions. Without that anvil to force guns trade engagement range for mobility in remain a popular fad, urban combat favours fascist terrorist haven States. opposing land force to mass, Coalition complex terrain but may impose some tracked vehicles that can scale obstacles, Most of such opponents use dense forest, pilots would have had to spend many weeks limitations on usable munition types. pivot around corners at zero forward speed jungle or urban terrain to prepare hidden flushing out hidden tanks to hunt them * Ability to fight at night, using thermal and survive a barrage of RPG-7 and small defensive positions, which given limitations down, which is still a difficult task as imaging and image intensifying sights. arms fire at short range. Where the objective in current sensor technology can be observed in Kosovo four years ago. The * Effective air conditioning to improve crew is to sieze and hold terrain, rather than deny extremely difficult to locate using airborne three-dimensional manoeuvre campaign in endurance in hot/humid regional and desert its effective use with ‘persistent air power’, assets. Such defences may only be detected March this year clearly demonstrated that environments. ground forces are an unavoidable necessity, at tens of metres, and possibly only by synergistic use of armour, infantry and air * NBC filtering systems to protect the crew and their persistent exposure to fire puts a exposure through defending fire. This can power effects such dislocation and against radiological, biological and premium on the mobile cover afforded by exact significant losses in dismounted destruction that organised enemy resistance chemical agents on the battlefield. armour. infantry, observed in jungle combat against The Guderian model saw tanks as the collapses – and in this case in just three * Fire suppression systems to improve the Japanese, NVA/VC and urban combat ‘Scherpunkt’ or spearhead of a manoeuvre weeks. survivability when hit. with Chechen insurgents. force punching through a soft spot in Tanks have demonstrated increasing value * High supportability using Australia’s Such tactics are designed to produce a opposing defences and then driving deep since the 1940s as heavy infantry support Australia’s future industrial base. stream of politically damaging body bags into enemy terrain to cut lines of supply and vehicles, acting as shields and mobile gun * Ability to closely integrate with RAAF and add an important political dimension to encapsulate defending forces. Supported by platforms for infantry. As we see an and US air power using digital radio needs in armour the strategic play of such an opponent. mechanised infantry and special forces, and increasing number of opponents shift to datalinks and laser rangefinders/designators with then new wireless communications, the Empirical experience shows that armour to direct aerial firepower. urban combat and the implicit use of urban The Army today operates a mix of Wehrmacht and Waffen SS Panzer and produces an enormous reduction in infantry * Ability to integrate with RAAF and US terrain for ambushes – and as a source of obsolescent Leopard I medium tanks along Panzer-Grenadier divisions demolished casualties (Roman Legions used shielded ISR assets using digital radio datalinks to human shields to deny the use of with several hundred armoured personnel everything in their path. What is often ‘turtle’ formations to defend against download situational awareness data. overwhelming air power – the tank and carriers and reconnaissance vehicles, a mix forgotten about these archetypal land projectile fire 2000 years ago). While many of these capabilities are retrofit armoured personnel carrier have again of older M113 variants and smaller numbers manoeuvre campaigns is that these were in or upgrade items applicable to almost any proven their worth. of LAV-25 and ASLAV wheeled vehicles. modern terms ‘all arms joint campaigns’ What composition would be most suitable armoured vehicle, some such as size, weight Six decades ago tanks were seen as mobile The newest in the inventory are the 8x8 with Luftwaffe Ju-87 Stukas hammering for a future armoured fleet? Several test and tracks vs wheels are limiting firepower delivery platforms contributing a LAV family, derived from the MOWAG opposing strongpoints and supply columns, criteria can be applied to identify the issues: constraints. large fraction of the total fire on the Piranha 8x8 series. A good proportion of the and Waffen SS special forces teams An upgraded M113AS4 APC battlefield but the emergence of precision existing 1960s built M113A1 fleet are being penetrating deep to disrupt opposing prototype manufactured by Tenix bombs and missiles has seen strike aircraft rebuilt into the M113AS3 and M113AS4 defences and secure key bridges – all under Defence undergoing field trials. and helicopters steal much of this role from configurations, the latter including a hull the protective umbrella of watchful armour. However, the historically most stretch and an additional pair of road Messerschmitt Bf-109 air superiority important role of armour in supporting wheels.
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