Inside the Middle Class
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Underclass, Overclass, Ruling Class, Supernova Class1
EIGHT Underclass, overclass, ruling class, supernova class1 Danny Dorling Introduction One man in his mid-thirties hoped that his six-figure income would grow rapidly, and admitted that his assets would be valued at nearly a million pounds. He held strong views about poverty. “There is no poverty. Now you can get money from the state. People don’t even have to go to work. You don’t have to put up with working in an unrewarding situation.” He strongly disagreed with the propositions that the gap between rich and poor was too wide and that the rich should be more highly taxed. He strongly opposed the idea of putting limits on “some people’s expensive way of living” to reduce poverty and disagreed with the statement that a lot of people entitled to claim benefits do not claim them. Finally, he strongly agreed that cuts in public services like health and education could be made without increasing the number of people in poverty and that, if there was any poverty, it was more likely to be reduced by increasing Britain’s wealth than by making incomes more equal. (Peter Townsend, describing the views of one of the new overclass of London, recorded in 1985-86; see Townsend, 1993, p 109) By 2010 one in ten of all Londoners had the wealth of the man who Peter had described some 25 years earlier as being part of a tiny elite 155 fighting poverty, inequality and social injustice (see Hills et al, 2010). The Hills inquiry into inequality revealed that one in ten Londoners now have wealth of nearly a million pounds, some 273 times the wealth of the poorest tenth of today’s Londoners. -
Most Americans Say the Current Economy Is Helping the Rich, Hurting the Poor and Middle Class
FOR RELEASE December 11, 2019 Most Americans Say the Current Economy Is Helping the Rich, Hurting the Poor and Middle Class Roughly half of lower-income Republicans say current economic conditions are hurting them and their families BY Ruth Igielnik and Kim Parker FOR MEDIA OR OTHER INQUIRIES: Ruth Igielnik, Senior Researcher Kim Parker, Director, Social Trends Research Tanya Arditi, Communications Manager 202.419.4372 www.pewresearch.org RECOMMENDED CITATION Pew Research Center, December, 2019, “Most Americans Say the Economy Is Helping the Rich, Hurting the Poor and Middle Class” 1 PEW RESEARCH CENTER About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping America and the world. It does not take policy positions. The Center conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, content analysis and other data-driven social science research. It studies U.S. politics and policy; journalism and media; internet, science and technology; religion and public life; Hispanic trends; global attitudes and trends; and U.S. social and demographic trends. All of the Center’s reports are available at www.pewresearch.org. Pew Research Center is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts, its primary funder. © Pew Research Center 2020 www.pewresearch.org 2 PEW RESEARCH CENTER Most Americans Say the Current Economy Is Helping the Rich, Hurting the Poor and Middle Class Roughly half of lower-income Republicans say current economic conditions are hurting them and their families By many measures, the U.S. economy is doing well. Public gives the economy mixed reviews; most say it’s Unemployment is near a 50- helping the rich, while few say it’s helping them year low, consumer spending % saying economic conditions in the country are … is strong and the stock market is delivering solid returns for investors. -
Covid Era: the Middle Class in Focus Lucie Tungul, Ed
The (Post)Covid Era: The Middle Class in Focus Lucie Tungul, ed. Alexandra Alvarová Elmar Nass Horst Heitz Rumiana Stoilova Zdeněk Tůma Danuše Nerudová Luděk Niedermayer Jakub Charvát Jaroslav Poláček Ladislav Cabada Michael Romancov Tomáš Prouza Jiří Pehe Bedřich Moldan Lubor Lacina Alena Zemplinerová Filip Nerad Michael Žantovský Eva Zamrazilová Tomáš Petráček Martin Kastler Print ©Jutty, Přerov, 2020 This is a joint publication of the Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies, Hanns-Seidel- Stiftung and TOPAZ. This publication has received funding from the European Parliament. It was funded by the Federal Foreign Office based on a decision of the German Bundestag/Gefördert vom Auswärtigen Amt aufgrund eines Beschlusses des Deutschen Bundestages. The Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies, Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung, TOPAZ and the European Parliament assume no responsibility for the facts or opinions expressed in this publication or any subsequent use of the information contained therein. Sole responsibility lies with the authors of the publication. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known to or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without the permission in writing of the copyright owner except for personal use. Contact: ©TOPAZ Opletalova 1603/57 11000 Praha 1 Czechia For more information please visit: http://www.top-az.eu/home/ The chapters -
Growing Detroit's African-American Middle
v GROWING DETROIT’S AFRICAN-AMERICAN MIDDLE CLASS THE OPPORTUNITY FOR A PROSPEROUS DETROIT GROWING DETROIT’S AFRICAN-AMERICAN MIDDLE CLASS THE OPPORTUNITY FOR A PROSPEROUS DETROIT Photography Tafari Stevenson-Howard 1st Printing: February 2019 GROWING DETROIT’S AFRICAN-AMERICAN MIDDLE CLASS THE OPPORTUNITY FOR A PROSPEROUS DETROIT 4 FOREWORD Foreword There’s a simple, universal concept concerning economic, social and educational growth that must be front of mind in planning about enlarging the black middle class: Authentic development and growth require deliberate investment. If we want to see more black people enter the middle class, we must invest in endeavors and interventions that lead to better- paying jobs, affordable housing, efficient transportation and effective schools. Though these amenities will attract middle- class people back to Detroit, the focus on development must be directed at uplifting a greater percentage of current residents so that they have the necessary tools to enter the middle class. Meaning, growing the black middle class in Detroit should not result from pushing low-income people out of the city. One may think a strategy to attract people back into to the city should take priority. White and middle-class flight significantly influenced the concentrations of families who make less than $50,000 in the suburbs (30 percent) and in Detroit (75 percent), according to findings in Detroit Future City’s “139 Square Miles” report. Bringing suburbanites back into the city would alter these percentages, and we most certainly want conditions that are attractive to all middle- class families. However, we also don’t want to return to the realities where the devaluing of low-income and black people hastened the flight to the suburbs. -
Bangor, Maine, 1880-1920 Sara K
The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library 2001 "The Littleit C y in Itself ": Middle-Class Aspirations in Bangor, Maine, 1880-1920 Sara K. Martin Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Human Geography Commons, Social History Commons, and the Urban, Community and Regional Planning Commons Recommended Citation Martin, Sara K., ""The Little itC y in Itself": Middle-Class Aspirations in Bangor, Maine, 1880-1920" (2001). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 197. http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/197 This Open-Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. "THE LITTLE CITY IN ITSELF": MIDDLE-CLASS ASPIRATIONS IN BANGOR, MAINE, 1880-1920 By Sara K. Martin Thesis Advisor: Dr. Martha McNamara An Abstract of the Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (in History) December, 2001 This thesis examines the inception and growth of "the Little City in Itself," a residential neighborhood in Bangor, Maine, as a case study of middle-class suburbanization and domestic life in small cities around the turn of the twentieth century. The development of Little City is the story of builders' and residents' efforts to shape a middle-class neighborhood in a small American city, a place distinct from the crowded downtown neighborhoods of immigrants and the elegant mansions of the wealthy. The purpose of this study is to explore builders' response to the aspirations of the neighborhood's residents for home and neighborhood from 1880 to 1920, and thus to provide insight into urban growth and ideals of family life in small American cities. -
Civis Romanus Sum Citizenship in Ancient Rome Was Valued Not Only
Civis Romanus Sum Citizenship in Ancient Rome was valued not only for the rights and social status it provided, but also for the sense of patriotism and honor it instilled in the Roman people. The gravity of citizenship allowed the Roman Empire’s multitudinous regions to become vastly and impossibly connected by a sense of pride for one Italian city. Citizenship was a commodity valuable enough for soldiers such as Mucius Scaevola to give their right hands for, as well as for plebeians to secede and fight for with their lives. Citizens felt an unbreakable bond between themselves and their nation; they were dedicated to representing and defending Rome at any cost. It was this strong sense of identity that united so many people and created such a dominant empire. Roman citizenship was one of the most prized possessions a European inhabitant could have, bearing the magnitude of rights, ranking, honor, and a powerful sense of Roman identity. Although some Roman people were born into citizenship, the rest of the population yearned for such rights and status, and took whatever action they could to become true, legal members of Roman society. Citizenship included suffrage, the right to run for and occupy office, the right to not be tortured, crucified, or be sentenced to death unless found guilty of treason, the right to marry, to hold property, and to have a trial, as well as various “public” and “private” prerogatives. Romans born into a noble family inherited citizenship and social status; they made up the patrician class, while the lower plebeian class was made up of free non-citizens. -
Nobility As Historical Reality and Theological
C HAPTER O NE N OBILITY AS H ISTORICAL R EALITY AND T HEOLOGICAL M OTIF ost students of western European history are familiar with a trifunc- Mtional model of medieval social organization. Commonly associated with modern scholar Georges Duby and found in medieval documents in various forms, this model compartmentalizes medieval society into those who pray (oratores), those who fight (bellatores), and those who work (lab- oratores).1 The appeal of this popular classification is, in part, its neatness, yet that is also its greatest fault. As Giles Constable explains in an ex- tended essay, such a classification relies too fully on occupational status and thus obscures more fruitful and at times overlapping ways of classifying individuals and groups.2 Constable explores other social classifications, such as those based on gender or marital status; founded on age or gen- eration, geographical location, or ethnic origin; rooted in earned merit, function, rank, or on level of responsibility; and based in inborn or inher- ited status. Some social systems express a necessary symbiosis of roles within society (such as clergy, warriors, and laborers), while others assert a hierarchy of power and prestige (such as royal, aristocratic, and common, or lord and serf). Certain divisions, such as those based on ancestry, can be considered immutable in individuals although their valuation in a given society can fluctuate. Others, such as status in the eyes of the church, might admit of change in individuals (through, for instance, repentance) 1 2 Nobility and Annihilation in Marguerite Porete’s Mirror of Simple Souls while the standards (such as church doctrine regarding sin and repentance) might remain essentially static over time. -
Middle Class Index
2011Middle Class Index SPONSORS: MEDIA PARTNER: ABOUT MASSINC The Massachusetts Institute for a New Commonwealth (MassINC) is a non-partisan think tank and civic organization focused on putting the American Dream within the reach of everyone in Massachu- setts. MassINC uses three distinct tools—research, journalism, and civic engagement—to fulfi ll its mission, each characterized by accurate data, careful analysis, and unbiased conclusions. MassINC sees its role not as an advocacy organization, but as a rigorously non-partisan think tank, whose outcomes are measured by the infl uence of its products in helping to guide advocates and civic and policy leaders toward decisions consistent with MassINC’s mission, and in helping to engage citizens in understanding and seeking to infl uence policies that affect their lives. MassINC is a 501(c)3, tax exempt, charitable organization supported by contributions from indi- viduals, corporations, and foundations. MassINC’s work is published for educational purposes. Views expressed in the Institute’s reports are those of the authors and not necessarily those of MassINC’s directors, staff, sponsors, or other advisors. This work should not be construed as an attempt to infl uence any election or legislative action. ABOUT THE AMERICAN DREAM INITIATIVE The American Dream Initiative is a multi-dimensional project that includes the MassINC Middle Class Index, long-form journalism in a special fall issue of CommonWealth magazine, and a major forthcoming research report prepared jointly with the Center for Labor Market Studies at Northeastern University. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS MassINC would like to acknowledge Partners Health Care and Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts for their generous support of MassINC’s American Dream Initiative. -
Introductory Handbook on the Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders
Introductory Handbook on The Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders CRIMINAL JUSTICE HANDBOOK SERIES Cover photo: © Rafael Olivares, Dirección General de Centros Penales de El Salvador. UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna Introductory Handbook on the Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders CRIMINAL JUSTICE HANDBOOK SERIES UNITED NATIONS Vienna, 2018 © United Nations, December 2018. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Publishing production: English, Publishing and Library Section, United Nations Office at Vienna. Preface The first version of the Introductory Handbook on the Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders, published in 2012, was prepared for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) by Vivienne Chin, Associate of the International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy, Canada, and Yvon Dandurand, crimi- nologist at the University of the Fraser Valley, Canada. The initial draft of the first version of the Handbook was reviewed and discussed during an expert group meeting held in Vienna on 16 and 17 November 2011.Valuable suggestions and contributions were made by the following experts at that meeting: Charles Robert Allen, Ibrahim Hasan Almarooqi, Sultan Mohamed Alniyadi, Tomris Atabay, Karin Bruckmüller, Elias Carranza, Elinor Wanyama Chemonges, Kimmett Edgar, Aida Escobar, Angela Evans, José Filho, Isabel Hight, Andrea King-Wessels, Rita Susana Maxera, Marina Menezes, Hugo Morales, Omar Nashabe, Michael Platzer, Roberto Santana, Guy Schmit, Victoria Sergeyeva, Zhang Xiaohua and Zhao Linna. -
The Politics of Poverty: Elites, Citizens and States
The Politics of Poverty: Elites, Citizens and States Findings from ten years of DFID-funded research on Governance and Fragile States 2001–2010 A Synthesis Paper Acknowledgements This paper was written by DFID Research and Evidence Division Staff, with help and advice from Graeme Ramshaw of IDS and from the directors and staff of the four Re search centres. Disclaimer: This synthesis presents some key findings of DFID-funded research and the resulting policy recommendations of the researchers: it does not necessarily reflect DFID policy. Cover Photo: Justice and Peace Commissioners, Masisi, DR Congo. © Sarah MacGregor / DFID The Politics of Poverty: Elites, Citizens, and States EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive Summary Evidence shows that in order to deliver sustainable international development we must be able to understand and work with its politics. Governance describes the way countries and societies manage their affairs politically and the way power and authority are exercised. For the poorest and most vulnerable, the difference that good, or particularly bad, governance, makes to their lives is profound: the inability of government institutions to prevent conflict, provide basic security, or basic services can have life-or-death consequences; lack of opportunity can prevent generations of poor families from lifting themselves out of poverty; and the inability to grow economically and collect taxes can keep countries trapped in a cycle of aid-dependency. Understanding governance, therefore, is central to achieving development and ending conflict. During the 1990s donors came to realise that development required better ‘governance’, and DFID recognised early on the need to work with the research community to identify ways of improving governance for better development outcomes. -
Social Status and Group Norms: Indirect Reciprocity in a Helping
TI 2001 -003/1 Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper Social Status and Group Norms: Indirect Reciprocity in a Helping Experiment Ingrid Seinen Arthur Schram Tinbergen Institute The Tinbergen Institute is the institute for economic research of the Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. Tinbergen Institute Amsterdam Keizersgracht 482 1017 EG Amsterdam The Netherlands Tel.: +31.(0)20.5513500 Fax: +31.(0)20.5513555 Tinbergen Institute Rotterdam Burg. Oudlaan 50 3062 PA Rotterdam The Netherlands Tel.: +31.(0)10.4088900 Fax: +31.(0)10.4089031 Most recent TI discussion papers can be downloaded at http://www.tinbergen.nl Social Status and Group Norms: Indirect Reciprocity in a Helping Experiment Ingrid Seinen and Arthur Schram∗ CREED Department of Economics and Econometrics University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat 11 1018 WB Amsterdam The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] ∗ [email protected] Manuscript, submitted Printed April 19, 2000 Abstract This paper provides experimental evidence showing that indirect reciprocity may important in economic decision making and in the development of group norms. We study a ‘repeated helping game’ with random pairing in large groups, with individuals equally divided between donors and recipi- ents. Donors decide whether to help the individuals they are matched with against a certain cost or not to help, enduring no costs. We observe that many decision makers respond to the information we give them about for- mer decisions of the recipients, even if they -
Class and Ocupation
Theory and Society, vol. 9, núm. 1, 1980, pp. 177-214. Class and Ocupation. Wright, Erik Olin. Cita: Wright, Erik Olin (1980). Class and Ocupation. Theory and Society, 9 (1) 177-214. Dirección estable: https://www.aacademica.org/erik.olin.wright/53 Acta Académica es un proyecto académico sin fines de lucro enmarcado en la iniciativa de acceso abierto. Acta Académica fue creado para facilitar a investigadores de todo el mundo el compartir su producción académica. Para crear un perfil gratuitamente o acceder a otros trabajos visite: http://www.aacademica.org. 177 CLASS AND OCCUPATION ERIK OLIN WRIGHT Sociologists have generally regarded "class" and "occupation" as occupy- ing essentially the same theoretical terrain. Indeed, the most common operationalization of class is explicitly in terms of a typology of occupa- tions: professional and technical occupations constitute the upper-middle class, other white collar occupations comprise the middle class proper, and manual occupations make up the working class. Even when classes are not seen as defined simply by a typology of occupations, classes are generally viewed as largely determined by occupations. Frank Parkin expresses this view when he writes: "The backbone of the class structure, and indeed of the entire reward system of modern Western society, is the occupational order. Other sources of economic and symbolic advantage do coexist alongside the occupational order, but for the vast majority of the population these tend, at best, to be secondary to those deriving from the division of labor."' While the expression "backbone" is rather vague, nevertheless the basic proposition is clear: the occupational structure fundamentally determines the class structure.