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INTRODUCTION Johan Huizinga, the Waning of the Middle Ages

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INTRODUCTION Johan Huizinga, the Waning of the Middle Ages Notes INTRODUCTION l. Johan Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages (London, 1949) p. 69. 2. Memorandum by Sir Alexander Cadogan, 20 April 1949, FO 371/75341 E 5263. CHAPTER ONE I. Very little has been written on Bernadotte's early life. Books and articles written in memoriam (minnesboks) are historically of little value. According to Mrs. Ekstrand, very little material has survived in family circles. Author's correspondence with Mrs. Ekstrand and Count Bertil Bernadotte, April 1980 and November 1983. Bernadotte's autobio- graphy, I stallet for Vapen (Instead of Arms) Stockholm, 1948 and R. Hewins's, Count Folke Bernadotte, His Life and Work (Minneapolis, 1951) are useful but understandably uncritical. Of particular value to the author were two manuscripts written at his request by the late Mrs. Ekstrand, formerly Countess Bernadotte, and by Dr. Ragnar Svan- strom, Bernadotte's ghost-writer. They will be referred to as 'Ekstrand' and 'Svanstrom'. For the period after 1928 the American press contains a good deal of current news and after 1943 there is more in the Swedish Red Cross Archives (now part of the Swedish Riksarkivet), British PRO, US National Archives, UN Archives, and so on. 2. The Observer, London, 4 July 1948. 3. Ekstrand, op. cit. 4. Ibid. 5. F. D. Scott, Sweden, The Nation's History (Minneapolis, 1977) p. 49l. 6. Interview given by Bernadotte to the American Swedish Monthly (referred to as ASM), February 1945; Instead of Arms, pp. 8-11; Ekstrand. op. cit. 7. Instead of Arms, p. 12; F. Bernadotte, To Jerusalem (London, 1950) p. 79; NYT, Supplement, 14 July 1948; interview with Dr. Svanstrom at the Sallskapet Club, Stockholm, August 1980. 8. Ekstrand, op. cit. and in her draft reply to Gustafson of Life Magazine, July 1948. 9. Among the thousands of documents written during Bernadotte's mission in the summer of 1948, only a few scribbles in Bernadotte's handwriting or with his signature were found. 258 Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948 10. Ekstrand, op. cit.; interview with John Reedman, Tunbridge Wells, November 1980; and with Barbro Jerring (formerly Wessel), Stockholm, August 1985. II. Ekstrand, op. cit. 12. Slutet (Stockholm, 1945); the author used the English edition, The Curtain Falls published in New York, 1945. Miinniskor jag mott (People whom I Met) Stockholm, 1947: I Stallet for Vapen (Instead of Arms) Stockholm, 1948 and Till Jerusalem (To Jerusalem) Stockholm, 1950. 13. Interview with Svanstrom, op. cit. 14. Ekstrand, op. cit.; Instead of Arms, p. II; Hewins, p. 25. 15. Ekstrand, op. cit. 16. Dr. J. Smithline to Bernadotte, the Folke Bernadotte Papers (FBP), Swedish Red Cross Archives, Riksarkivet, Stockholm; Ekstrand, op. cit.; the last two severe attacks of internal bleeding occurred in 1944 and 1947. Interview with Mrs. Jerring. 17. Ekstrand, op. cit.; the anecdote, repeatedly told, indicates the general family habit of poking fun at Bernadotte's lack of interest in reading. 18. ASM, February 1945; NYT, 2 December 1928 and 18 June 1944. 19. Cf. F. L. Allen, Only Yesterday (New York, 1931) in particular p. 161; see also NYT, II November 1926. 20. NYT,2 December 1928. 21. Ibid, 28, 29 November 1928. 22. NYT, 2 December 1928, also 4 November 1940 [sic] where the Manvilles' wealth is assessed. 23. Ekstrand, op. cit. 24. Ibid. 25. Ibid; see also Hewins, pp. 65-8. 26. Ekstrand; for the 'King of the Baltic States' affair see also NYT, 4 January 1929; ASM, January 1938; on Estelle's intervention with Gustav see a NYTreport from the French Riviera, 17 March 1932. 27. Ekstrand, op. cit.; ASM, December 1945. 28. Hewins, pp. 52-6; ASM, January 1938 and September 1939. 29. Interview with Dr. Svanstrom, op. cit; Ekstrand, op. cit. 30. W. M. Carlgren, Swedish Foreign Policy during the Second World War (London, 1977) pp. 28-36; Instead of Arms, pp. 15-22. 31. Instead of Arms, ibid. 32. Hewins, pp. 88-9, notes that the creation of the post and nomination of Folke were the initiatives of regulars on the Red Cross Board of Directors, namely, Axel Hultkrantz, formerly a General, and Sigfrid Edstrom, a manufacturer. Indeed, the two are on record as supporting the appointment. In addition, Baron Stjernstedt, the outgoing Red Cross Secretary-General had long been a friend of the Bernadottes as had Edtsrom, who befriended Folke during their joint mission to the Delaware celebrations of 1938 and their vacation in Pleasantville. But Mrs. Ekstrand pointed out honestly that Bernadotte's appointment was pre-arranged according to King Gustav's wish and with the keen support of Prince Karl. Ekstrand op. cit.; Minutes of the Governing Board of the Red Cross, 1 and 18 June 1943, the Swedish Red Cross Archives, Stockholm; see also the Swedish Red Cross Year Book 1943, pp. 83, 84. Notes 259 33. Swedish Red Cross Yearbook, ibid. Also Instead of" Arms, pp. 28-34. In corespondence with other Red Cross organisations Bernadotte often signed 'Vice President', and later 'President', since that was the title of his counterparts in most other organisations. 34. FBP, Box 32, contains both drafts, the actual plan dated 14 September 1943, and its'subsequent deliberation by the Board. 35. A. A. Stomberg, A History (~f"Sweden (New York, 1931) p. 789. 36. Instead of" Arms, pp. 35-9; Hewins, pp. 91-\03; The London Times, 22, 25,26 October 1943,19 January 1944. 37. Instead of Arms, pp. 8, 39, 224 and passim; ASM, February 1945. 38. Instead 01 Arms, pp. 44-57; FO 371/43457, N 4202; F. Furnworth, Alexandra Kolontai (Stanford, 1980) p. 388. 39. Instead of Arms, p. 53. 40. FO 371/43510, E 5252. On Sweden's relations with the Allies while the former was waiting for the Axis's defeat, see Carlgren, pp. 147-68. For the operation of the second round of exchange between Germany and Britain in the authumn of 1944, and details of Bernadotte's official meetings in London see the London Times, 8 January, 4 19, 22, 25 February and II, 12,15,16 September 1944. 41. 'Rapport fran reisa till London och Paris', 29 October and 14 November 1944, FBP, Box 32. 42. 'Rapport fran', ibid; The Curtain Falls, pp. 3-6 and 7-15; Instead of Arms, pp. 66-70. CHAPTER TWO I. The main sources of the description of the background to the Swedish Red Cross Expedition of 1945 are the Swedish Foreign Office documents of series HP39.VII to XIV (the old archive system); FO 371/4806-7, 51192-3, and 48026. The most valuable account of that mission is the Swedish Foreign Office publication 1945 ars Svenska hjiilpexpedition till Tyskland (Stockholm, 1956). See also L. Rotkirchen, The final solution at its last stage', Yad Vashem, vol. 8 (1971), pp. 7-27; L. Yahil, 'Scandinavian help and rescue of concentration camp inmates', Yad Vashem, vol. 6 (1969) pp. 155-89; D. S. Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews, America and the Holocaust 1941-1945 (New York, 1984) pp. 229-31 and passim. I am also indebted to Prof. Koblick of Pomona College, California. 2. The leading publications on the Bernadotte-Kersten controversy which is in the centre of that dispute, are: H. Trevor-Roper, 'Kersten, Himmler and Count Bernadotte', Atlantic Monthly, February (1953) p. 44; idem, Introduction to The Kersten Memoirs, 1940-1945, (London, 1956); L. de Jong, 'Hat Kersten Das Niederlandische Volk GerrettedT, Vierteljahrs- helte fiir Zeitgeschichte, Schriftenreihe, vol. 28 (1974); and J. Fleming, 'Die Herkunft des "Bernadotte Brief' an Himmler von Marz 1945', Zeitgeschichte, no. 4 (1978). 3. See for insance B. Nadel, Retzah Bernadotte (Tel Aviv, 1968) and idem, Bernadotte Affaren (Copenhagen, 1970); Gali-Zahal, Radio interview with LHI man, Yehoshua Cohen, 1977. 260 Bernadotte in Palestine. 1948 4. Carlgren, pp. 200-15. 5. Mallet to FO, 12 February 1945, FO 371/48046, N 1446. 6. Y. Bauer, The Holocaust in Historical Retrospect (Seattle, (1978) pp. 153-5; idem. 'The Negotiation Between Sally Mayer and the SS Representatives, 1944--1945', (Hebrew), Rescue during the Holocaust (Jerusalem, 1976) pp. 31-5 and 'The Death March - January-May 1945, (Hebrew), Yahadut Zmanenu, vol. I (1984). 7. Mallet to Eden, 27 March 1945, FO 371/51194 WR 931 and 932G; Minutes by Warner and Cadogan, 28-29 March; Eden to Churchill, I April 1945, FO 371/51194, WR 961, FO 371/51194, WR 961 and Minutes by Henderson, 4 April, FO 371/51194, WR 897G. 8. Carlgren to the author, September 1985, correcting an inaccurate English translation of his book. 9. FO 371/48026, N 1479. 10. Trevor-Roper, Introduction, p. 12. 11. FO 371/48026, N 2017; the author's interview with Storch, Stockholm, August 1980. 12. Richert-von Post exchange; Brandel to von Post and von Post to Soderblom (Moscow), all between 10 and 14 February 1945, UD.HP39. XIV, 1945. 13. The Curtain Falls, p. 29; A. Bullock, Introduction to W. Schellenberg, The Labyrinth, (London, 1960). 14. Bullock, op. cit. 15. A telephone call from the Berlin Legation on 3 March 1945 put the number of Scandinavians who could be reached at 6,996. UD HP39, XIV 1945. With the addition of 700 who had been in Neuengamme in the first place and 600 who were brought there by the Germans the total number within reach was around 9,000, FO 371/48047, N 3957. 16. Summary of meeting on 19 February, signed by Bernadotte; various cables from the Swedish Legation in London and Berlin, 22, 24 February, UD39, XIV, 1945. 17. Reports by Colonel Sutton-Prut. British Military Attache, Stock- holm, 27 February, FO 371/48046, N 2556 and N 2414; cf. G. Bjorck, 'Hur Svenska rodakorsexpeditionen varen 1945 organiserades'; G.
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