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N o t e s 1 Introduction 1 . ( 2 0 0 6 ) . The Future Vision of the Palestinian Arabs in Israel . The National Committee of Arab Local Council Heads (NCALCH) in Israel. p. 3. 2. This preliminary perception of 1948 Palestinian behavior is later contested following the results of a thorough field research that revealed instances of 1948 Palestinian civil disobedience, and provided evidence of a more com- plex 1948 Palestinian political behavior. 3 . My doctoral dissertation on which this book is based. 4 . “Second Lebanon War.” Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved January 3, 2009, from: http:// www.pmo.gov.il/PMOEng/Communication /IsraelUnderAttack/Lebanon+North/attacklebanonnorth.htm. 5. (September 9, 2006). “1948 Arabs: Victims of War and Racism.” CNN , Dubai. Retrieved January 3, 2009, from: http://www.newsarchiver.com /calendar/2/2006/html/ind_2012.htm. (In Arabic). 6 . Cook, Jonathan (Thursday, July 20, 2006). “Israeli-Arabs Killed in Attack.” Retrieved January 3, 2009, from: http://www.jkcook.net/Articles2/0260 .htm. 7 . As will be explained later, the term Habbat October was introduced by some 1948 Palestinians to describe the October 2000 protests, which escalated into days of clashes between Israeli security forces and 1948 Palestinians, resulting in 13 deaths. 8 . See, for example, the case of al-Ard movement and their unsuccessful attempt to join the Knesset, discussed later in the 1976 Land Day chapter. 9 . According to figures released on April 27, 2009, by the Central Bureau of Statistics, the Jewish population of Israel stood at 5,593,000 and the Arab population was listed at 1,498,000, or 20.2 percent of the general population. Retrieved May 4, 2009, from: http://www.haaretz.com/hasen /spages/1081532.html. 10 . See, Christison, K. M. (1987). “Myths about Palestinians.” Foreign Policy (66): 109–127. 11 . For more on the identity crisis of 1948 Palestinians see the International Crisis Group report (March 4, 2004). “Identity Crisis: Israel and Its Arab 176 Notes Citizens.” Middle East report number 25. Also available online at http:// www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=2528&l=1. 12 . International Crisis Group report (March 4, 2004). “Identity Crisis: Israel and Its Arab Citizens.” 13 . The terms are borrowed from Benedict Anderson’s concept of imagined community, which states that a nation is a community socially constructed or imagined by the people who perceive themselves as part of the same group. See, Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism . London; New York, Verso. 14 . For more on the Druze in Israel and their special relationship with the state, see, Al-Qasim, N. (1995). The Druze in Israel: The Historical and Current Dimension . (in Arabic); Parsons, L. (2000). The Druze between Palestine and Israel, 1947–49. New York, St. Martin’s Press. 15 . See, for example, Sofer, Arnon (2000). Israel: Demography 2000–2020 . Haifa, University of Haifa. 16 . According to HRA, a conference held on security issues, in December 2003, and organized by the Institute of Policy and Strategy of the Interdisciplinary Center in Hertzilya, proved that demographics have become a favorite topic among Israel’s political elite. See, Arab Association for Human Rights (HRA) press release issued on January 14, 2004. 17 . Minns, A. and N. Hijab (1990). Citizens Apart: A Portrait of the Palestinians in Israel . London, I. B. Tauris & Co Ltd; Zughaib, Y. (2003). 1948 Palestinians: Identity, Reality, and Future . Beirut, Baheth Centre for Studies. (in Arabic); Jiryis, S. (1972). Democratic Freedoms in Israel . Beirut, Institute for Palestine Studies; Masalha, N., ed. (1993). The Palestinians in Israel: Is Israel the State of All Its Citizens and “Absentees?” Haifa, Galilee Center for Social Research. 18 . Tessler, Mark and Audra K.Grant. (1998). “Israel’s Arab Citizens: The Continuing Struggle.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 555: 97. 19 . Also know as Taba agreement. The Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip was signed September 24, 1995, in Taba, Egypt. 20 . For more on the so-called illegitimacy of Arab vote to determine the fate of the Jewish state, see, Shahak, Israel (1993). “Questioning the Legitimacy of the Arab Vote in Israel as a Result of the Peace Process.” Middle East Policy 2(2). Also available online at www.mepc.org/journal_shahak/shahak44.asp. 2 1 . D a l a l , M . ( 2 0 0 3 ) . October 2000: Law and Politics Before the Or Commission of Inquiry. Israel, Adalah: The Legal Center for Arab Minority Rights in Israel. 22 . See, for example, Sultany, Nimer (2003). Citizens without Citizenship: Mada’s First Annual Political Monitoring Report: Israel and The Palestinian Minority 2000–2002 . Haifa, Mada al-Carmel—The Arab Centre for Applied Research; Louer, Laurence. (2007). To Be an Arab in Israel. New York, Columbia University Press; Zughaib, 1948 Palestinians: Identity, Reality, and Future ; Dwairy, Marwan (October 2005). “October 2000: Defined Goals and New Mechanisms.” Adalah’s Newsletter 19; Raphael Israeli. (2002). Arabs Notes 177 in Israel: Friends or Foes? Israel, ACPR Publishers (in Hebrew); Rabinowitz, Dan, Asad Ghanem, and Oren Yiftachel, eds. (2000). After the Break: New Directions to the Government’s Policy towards the Arabs in Israel. An emer- gency report presented to Prime Minister Ehud Barak. 2 3 . S u l t a n y , Citizens without Citizenship . 2 4 . F r o m a p o s t e r i s s u e d b y Ihud denouncing Military Rule. Ihud (Union) was a historically significant political party for Palestine/Israel reconciliation call- ing for a binational state in Palestine instead of partition. The poster issued in 1958, ten years after the introduction of Military Rule, complained about the exploitation of power by Military governors, and called for the abolition of Military Rule. The poster signed by Prof. Martin Buber, Prof. E. Simon, Prof. A. Bonné, of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem and others. See, Schwarz, W. (1959). The Arabs in Israel . London, Faber and Faber. p. 11 and 79. 25 . Shafir, G. and Y. Peled (2002). Being Israeli: The Dynamics of Multiple Citizenship . Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press. p. 112. 26 . (September 27, 1945). Palestine Gazette No. 1442. pp. 1055–1098. 27 . For more on the many restrictions of 1948 Palestinian freedoms under Military Rule, see, Jiryis, S. (1981). “Domination by the Law.” Journal of Palestine Studies 11(1): 67–92. 2 8 . S c h w a r z , The Arabs in Israel . 29 . Palestinian national songs or those that might carry national messages (i.e. with reference to land, homeland, family reunification, or right of return) were banned in private and public events. According to oral testimonies gathered for this book, many were arrested for singing such songs or even attending gatherings where such songs were sung. 30 . Jamal Abdel Nasser (1918–1970), the late Egyptian president who promoted the idea of Arab nationalism. 31 . For more on Military Rule practices see, Lustick, I. (1980). Arabs in the Jewish State. Israel’s Control of a National Minority . Austin, TX, University of Texas Press. 32 . Interview, Mohammed Shoughry (June 6, 2005), Kufor Yassif. 33 . General Security Services or Shabak, is Israel’s domestic security agency. 34 . For more on the network of 1948 Palestinian informers, and Shin Bet involvement to control the 1948 Palestinian minority, see Cohen, H. (2006). Good Arabs: The Israeli Security Services and the Israeli Arabs . Jerusalem, Ivrit - Hebrew Publishing House. 35 . Melman, Y. (May 25, 2004). “Even the Shin Bet Is Against Discrimination.” Haaretz , Also available online at http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages /ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=431606&contrassID=2&subContrassID=20&sbSub ContrassID=0&listSrc=Y. 3 6 . D a v i s , U . ( 2 0 0 3 ) . Apartheid Israel: Possibilities for the Struggle Within . London, Zed Books. 37 . Lustick, I. (1980). “The System of Control over Arabs.” In The Sociology of the Palestinians . Edited by K. Nakhleh and E. Zureik, Taylor & Francis. pp. 64–76. Also see, Defence Law (Emergency Regulations), 1945 (September 20, 1945) Palestine Gazette No. 1440, Supplement No. 2. pp. 1059–1099. 178 Notes 3 8 . B r i t i s h M a n d a t e L a w . 3 9 . S c h w a r z , The Arabs in Israel , p. 61. 40 . Jiryis, “Domination by the Law,” 67–92. 41 . An alliance of Israel, United Kingdom and France fought a war against Egypt following Jamal Abdel Nasser’s declaration to nationalize the Suez Canal Company. 42 . Jiryis, S. (1976). The Arabs in Israel . New York, Monthly Review Press. 43 . Robinson, S. (2003). “Local Struggle, National Struggle: Palestinian Responses to the Kafr Qasim Massacre and Its Aftermath, 1956–66.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 35(3): 397. 44 . Morris, B. (1997). Israel’s Border Wars, 1949–1956. Oxford, Clarendon Press. 4 5 . ( 1 9 9 6 ) . Kufor Qasim: The Massacre and the Lesson . The Central Committee of The Israeli Communist Party. Excerpts from the book available online at http://www.baqoon.com/qasim/qasim/new_page_3.htm; Ahmad Sa’ad, “On the 50th Anniversary of the Kufor Qasim Massacre.” AlhewarAlmutamadden . Available online at http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=79468. 4 6 . J i r y i s , The Arabs in Israel , p. 141. 47 . Karpel, D. (2000). “Yes, We Are from the Same Village.” In Kufor Qasim: Events and Myths . Edited by R. Rosental. Tel Aviv, Hakibutz Hameuhad. pp. 178–195. (In Hebrew); Rosental, R. (2000). “Who Killed Fatmah Sarsur.” In Kufor Qasim: Events and Myths . Edited by R. Rosental. Tel Aviv, Hakibutz Hameuhad. pp. 11–51. (In Hebrew). 4 8 . J i r y i s , The Arabs in Israel , p.
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  • NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES MOTHER's SCHOOLING, FERTILITY, and CHILDREN's EDUCATION: EVIDENCE from a NATURAL EXPERIMENT Victor

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    NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES MOTHER'S SCHOOLING, FERTILITY, AND CHILDREN'S EDUCATION: EVIDENCE FROM A NATURAL EXPERIMENT Victor Lavy Alexander Zablotsky Working Paper 16856 http://www.nber.org/papers/w16856 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 March 2011 We benefited from comments by Josh Angrist, Esther Duflo, Ephraim Kleinman, Melanie Luhrmann, Daniele Paserman, Steve Pischke, Yona Rubinstein, Natalia Weisshaar, Asaf Zussman and seminar participants at the Bocconi University, Hebrew University, LSE, NBER Labor Studies conference in Autumn 2010, Oxford University, RH University of London, Tel Aviv University, and University of Zurich. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. © 2011 by Victor Lavy and Alexander Zablotsky. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Mother's Schooling, Fertility, and Children's Education: Evidence from a Natural Experiment Victor Lavy and Alexander Zablotsky NBER Working Paper No. 16856 March 2011 JEL No. I1,J2 ABSTRACT This paper studies the effect of mothers‘ education on their fertility and their children‘s schooling. We base our evidence on a natural experiment that sharply reduced the cost of attending school and, as a consequence, significantly increased the education of affected cohorts. This natural experiment was the result of the de facto revocation in October 1963 of the military rule that had been imposed on Arabs in Israel, immediately creating free access to institutions of schooling.