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Nutritional Composition of Liver (Digestive Gland) from Thondi Squid (Sepioteuthis Lessoniana)

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Nutritional Composition of Liver (Digestive Gland) from Thondi Squid (Sepioteuthis Lessoniana) View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NOPR Indian Journal of Geo Marine Sciences Vol. 48 (09), September 2019, pp. 1398-1403 Nutritional composition of liver (Digestive gland) from thondi squid (Sepioteuthis lessoniana) Meivelu Moovendhan1,2*, Annian Shanmugam1, & Vairamani Shanmugam 1Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India. 2Bioengineering and Drug Design Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. *[E-mail: [email protected]] Received 25 April 2018; revised 05 June 2018 The present study was undertaken to investigate the nutritional composition such as protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and ash of Sepioteuthis lessoniana liver. The liver was collected from the fish landing centre and the proximate composition total protein, carbohydrate and lipid content were found to be 31.16 ± 0.28%, 3.9 ± 0.05% and 21.06 ± 0.11%, respectively. The moisture and ash content of the S. lessoniana liver were recorded as 52.1 ± 0.17 % and 8.03 ± 0.05 %, respectively. The heavy metal content was estimated by acid digestion method and was found to be as follows: Cd-0.020 ppm, Cu-2.723 ppm, Mn-1.121 ppm, Ni-0.109 ppm, Pb-0.190 ppm, and Zn - 0.522 ppm. The present study concluded that the S. lessoniana liver (non-edible part) is suitable for human consumption, and is good for aquaculture and poultry feed formulations. [Keywords: Proximate composition; Liver; Squid; Heavy metals.] Introduction 1.4% times more protein and 3.6-7.5% times more lipid, Cephalopods are considered delicacy in foreign than muscular tissues2. The weight of the liver in S. markets and its high quality is the norm especially in oualaniensis is more than 4% of total body mass4,5 and is international trade. It is a remarkable feature that discarded during processing. The cephalopods store and almost all the cephalopods processed are exported. utilize the lipid as a source of energy. The current Cephalopods have good nutritive value with the discrimination for cephalopods is that lipids can’t be amino acid content almost similar to fish1. About 70% digested rapidly. However, in cephalopods more lipids of the cephalopod body is edible (mantle, arms, are constantly present in the digestive gland involved in tentacles and fin) and as such most importantly used digestion and storage3. Hence in the present study, it was as human food. In India, the entire catch is exported planned to study the proximate composition such as mostly in the frozen form with very little being protein, lipid, carbohydrate, moisture and ash content consumed in the domestic market. The viscera of apart from heavy metals and elements such as carbon, squids is a good poultry feed, and a good source of hydrogen and nitrogen in the liver (digestive gland) of manure and is served as fishmeal. squid, S. lessoniana. Cephalopods don’t have a well developed Materials and Methods liver, called “Liver-cum-Digestive gland” or “hepatopancreas”2. The liver (digestive gland) attracts Collection and processing of liver sample extraordinary consideration, since the role of the liver in Squid liver was collected from fresh specimens the total metabolism of squid (as well as molluscs in of S. lessoniana, at the processing plant “Nila Sea general) seems to be specifically essential. The Foods”, Thondi (Lat. 9o 44’ N; Long. 079o 02’ E) cephalopod liver differs from other tissues by having (Ramanathapuram), Tamil Nadu, India. They were more amounts of basic biochemical substances (Protein, brought to the laboratory in ice. After thoroughly lipids and glycogen)3. Several reports were found washed in distilled water to remove the ink and regarding the biochemical composition and weight of adhered particles, they were dried in incubator at the squid liver: S. oualaniensis liver reported 1.5-7.5% 35 oC and used for evaluation of physico-chemical times more dry weight, 2 times additional glycogen, 1.2- and biochemical studies. All the biochemical and MOOVENDHAN et al.: NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF LIVER (DIGESTIVE GLAND) 1399 analysis of heavy metals was done in triplicate and the analyses in inductively coupled plasma mass standard deviation was calculated. spectrometry (ICP) (Perkin-Elmer Analyst 300) following the AOAC method AOAC9. Estimation of total protein The protein content of S. lessoniana liver was C, H & N analysis estimated by following the method described by Lowry 6 The composition of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen using Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a standard. in S. lessoniana liver was done in the Perklin Elmer 2400 series II elemental analyzer. Estimation of total lipid The total lipid content of S. lessoniana liver was Results quantified gravimetrically after extracting the lipid 7 Proximate composition using chloroform: methanol (2:1) folch . The proximate composition (total protein, lipid, Estimation of carbohydrate carbohydrate, moisture and ash content) of The total carbohydrate content of S. lessoniana liver S. lessoniana liver is given in Table 1. The average was estimated calorimetrically by the phenol-sulfuric total protein, carbohydrate and lipid content were acid method described by Dubois8. D-Glucose was used found to be 31.16 ± 0.28%, 3.9 ± 0.05% and 21.06 ± as a standard. 0.11%, respectively. The moisture and ash content of the S. lessoniana liver were recorded as 52.1 ± 0.17 % Estimation of moisture and 8.03 ± 0.05 %, respectively. The moisture content of S. lessoniana liver was analyzed as described in AOAC9. The percentage of Heavy metal content moisture content was calculated using the formula, The content of the heavy metals such as cadmium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc of Percentage of moisture = ×100 S. lessoniana liver is presented in Figure 1. The amount of heavy metals reported in the liver Estimation of ash content tissue is as follows: Cd-0.020 ppm, Cu-2.723 ppm, The ash content was determined by burning the Mn-1.121 ppm, Ni-0.109 ppm, Pb-0.190 ppm and pre-weighed sample (2g of liver (dry weight)) in a Zn-0.522 ppm. muffle furnace (Subra Scientific, Pondicherry) at o 10 C, H & N analysis 560 C (AOAC, 1995) for 5 hr. The final residue The percentage of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen was weighed and the percentage was calculated using present in S. lessoniana liver is given in Table 2. the formula, Percentage of Ash = ×100 Heavy metal analysis Three grams of dried and powdered liver sample was taken in 100 ml teflon vials and digested overnight with 7 ml of pure nitric acid and 3 ml of hydrogen peroxide on a hot plate (High Performance Microwave Labstation, Milestone, USA). The digested content was transferred to acid-washed polypropylene bottle and made up to 25 ml with double distilled water and subjected to various metal Fig. 1 — Heavy metal content in S. lessoniana liver Table 1 — Proximate composition of S. lessoniana liver Sample Total Protein (%) Total Carbohydrate (%) Total Lipid (%) Moisture (%) Ash (%) S. lessoniana liver 31.16 ± 0.28 3.9 ± 0.05 21.06 ± 0.11 52.1 ± 0.17 8.03 ± 0.05 Table 2— Percentage of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen in the S. lessoniana liver Sample Carbon (%) Hydrogen (%) Nitrogen (%) S. lessoniana liver 32.68 ± 0.03 11.06 ± 0.11 5.10 ± 0.005 1400 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 48, NO. 09, SEPTEMBER 2019 Discussion content of 16.91, 18.6, 14.83 and 12.21% was According to Anon11, the cephalopod production estimated in the arms (viscera) of S. officinalis, was 1,12,762 tonnes and the waste was calculated as L. vulgaris, O. vulgaris and E. Moschata, respectively 21 22 50,742 tonnes equal to 45% of the total production. from Mediterranean Sea . Likewise, Sambasivam Squids represent a major fishery resource widely estimated the total protein content of 45.85-62.67% in distributed throughout the oceans of the world12 arm, 54.50-62.96% in mantle, 17.45-18.77% in representing 73% of the cephalopod world catches. digestive gland, and 53.98-74.56% in gonad in According to the Ministry of Agriculture, different size groups of octopus (Octopus dollfusi). In Government of India, the total cephalopod catches all the above findings, in edible and non-edible parts (particularly squids and cuttlefishes in Tamil Nadu) of different species of cephalopods, the total protein during 2007-2012 were as follows: 2007-11,646 and content was found varying from 6.20 to 63.88%. 9,581 tonnes; 2008–11,813 and 6,116 tonnes; 2009– Whereas, in the present study, the protein content of 12,561 and 6,819 tonnes; 2010–12,781 and 6,923 the squid S. lessoniana liver was found to be 31.16 ± 23 tonnes; 2011–12,835 and 6,572 tonnes; and 2012– 0.28%. Suresh documented the protein content of 14,388 and 10,616 tonnes, respectively (Fisheries the squid liver as 47.5% and also pointed out the cost Statistics, 2014). of the squid liver powder as Rs. 26,000/tonne in Especially in cephalopods, the edible parts such as India for the preparation of feed in aquaculture. 24 mantle, arms, tentacles and fins contribute 60-80% Similarly, Salim Uddin analyzed the proximate and non-edible visceral parts contribute 15-25% composition of raw and deoiled squid viscera and among which the digestive gland (liver) shares 15% mentioned the protein content as 45.76 and 71.12%, (of the viscera)13. The four major biochemical respectively. On comparison, the S. lessoniana liver constituents of both the edible and non-edible portions (non-edible part) showed moderate range of protein in cephalopods are: Water, proteins, lipids and ash (31.16 ± 0.28%), and so the liver can also be utilized (minerals), which are referred as proximate as protein supplement wherever possible.
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