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Fishery Biology of Arrow Squids, Nototodarus Gouldi and N. Sloanii, in New Zealand Waters

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Fishery Biology of Arrow Squids, Nototodarus Gouldi and N. Sloanii, in New Zealand Waters 1 遠洋水研報 第35号 1-111頁 平成10年3月 Bull. Nat. Res. Inst. Far Seas Fish., No. 35, 1-111, March 1998 Fishery Biology of Arrow Squids, Nototodarus gouldi and N. sloanii, in New Zealand Waters Yuji UOZUMI* The arrow squid stock in New Zealand waters, consisting of Nototodarus gouldi and N. sloanii, is one of the important squid resources for the Japanese squid fishery. The present study revealed some biological characteristics of the two species such as growth, maturation, migration, and annual variation of abundance based on the statistics of the Japanese squid fisheries and biological data of squid collected by the various research activities. The results of ageing based on daily increment counts show that spawning occurs throughout the year. The both species are distributed mainly on the shelf throughout their life span with some inshore-offshore migration with age, but they do not migrate on large scale. The analysis of CPUE for each month class shows the seasonal cohorts in each area fluctuate independently. This phenomenon points out that the small-scale environmental factors may be relatively important for the fluctuation of each cohort. The main target of management for a fishery on annual squid is to allow enough spawners to escape. Considering the characteristics of arrow squid, effort regulation is the best way to manage the fishery. At the present situation, the regulation on rough scale regardless the fishing areas may be the most practical way under the existence of self regulation characteristics if the fishery which tends to target most abundant cohort. Key words: Arrow squid, Nototodarus gouldi, Nototodarus sloanii, biology, statolith. Contents Preface･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ 1 I. Arrow squids fisheries around New Zealand ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ 2 II. Identification of Todarodinae squids, their geographical distributions, and mixing of Nototodarus gouldi and N. sloanii in New Zealand waters ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ 10 III. Age and growth based on daily increments counts in statoliths ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ 20 IV. Sexual maturation ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ 38 V. Month class-length key and iterative month class-length key ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ 44 VI. Distribution and migration of N. gouldi and N. sloanii by development stage･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ 47 VII. Food ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ 66 VIII. Month class composition and annual variation of abundance ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ 71 IX. General discussion and a consideration on assessment and management ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ 84 X. Summary ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ 89 XI. Acknowledgments ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ 93 XII. References ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ 93 XIII. Japanese summary ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ 100 Appendix tables ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ 103 developed by Japanese, Russian, and Korean vessels Preface produced 30,000-60,000 metric tons in the 1980s. The total catch of flying squids (Ommastrephidae) attained Arrow squid resources in New Zealand waters, to 800,000-900,000 metric tons annually in the world consisting of Nototodarus gouldi and N. sloanii, have in the mid-1980s. The catch of arrow squids in New been utilized by the jigging and trawl fisheries since Zealand waters occupied more than 10% of the world the early 1970s and rapidly became one of the most catch of flying squids, but in the late 1980s, the catch important fishery resources, starting from an of flying squids increased to more than 1,300,000 insignificant bycatch. A jig fishery developed by metric tons due to the drastic increase of catch of Japanese, Korean, and Taiwanese vessels around the Argentine shortfin squid (Illex argentinus). The mainland of New Zealand produced 30,000-60,000 percentage of arrow squid catch became lower in the metric tons annually in the 1980s. A trawl fishery recent years. 1997年12月12日受理 遠洋水産研究所業績 第347号 Received December 12, 1997. Contribution No. 347 of the National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries. *National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries; 7-1, Orido 5-chome, Shimizu-shi, Shizuoka 424-8633, Japan. 2 Y. Uozumi The Japanese fisheries have utilized the several assessment and management methods. resources of flying squids in the world. Major resources are Japanese common squid (Todarodes pacificus) around Japan, neon flying squid I. Arrow squids fisheries around New Zealand (Ommastrephes bartrami) in the north Pacific, Argentine shortfin squid on the Patagonian Shelf, Arrow squids fishery commenced in the late 1960's northern shortfin squid (Illex illecebrosus) in the by the Japanese fishery. This fishery developed under northwest Atlantic, and arrow squids around New some influence of the other squid fisheries in the world Zealand. Total Japanese catch of flying squid attained including the one around Japan. Furthermore, this to nearly 500,000 metric tons in the mid 1980s and fishery, especially the fisheries of foreign countries, then drastically increased to more than 700,000 metric has been affected by the management regime of the tons in the late 1980s which occupied about 60% of the New Zealand Government. There are two kinds of the world catch of flying squids. The Japanese catch of squid fisheries, trawl and squid jigging fisheries, in arrow squids around New Zealand occupied nearly New Zealand waters. In this Chapter, the historical 15% of the Japanese flying squid catch until the late development of the Japanese and other nations' squid 1980s when the drastic increase of Argentine shortfin fisheries around New Zealand was reviewed. squid occurred. In the 1990s the catch of arrow squid decreased substantially due to the socioeconomic 1. Materials and methods situations, but the arrow squids resources are still (1) Catch and effort statistics of the Japanese important for the Japanese fisheries, especially for the jigging fishery around New Zealand distant water squid jigging fishery, because these The Japanese squid jigging companies have stocks make it possible for this fishery to operate in the submitted the report of catch and effort voluntarily to various waters seasonally throughout the year. National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries Few biological studies had been made on arrow (NRIFSF) since 1979 till 1986. Since 1987, the report squids before the development of the fishery and the of catch and effort has been submitted to the Japanese resource was assumed to be composed of one species Government mandatorily from every fishing vessel. (Kawakami, 1976; Roberts, 1978). The development These data have been compiled at the NRIFSF. Each of squid fisheries stimulated research on squid. record in the voluntary report was composed of squid Several biochemical-genetic and morphological studies catch (number of trays by size categories) in a day, revealed the presence of two Nototodarus species in locality, maximum depth of gear, bottom depth, surface New Zealand waters (Smith et al., 1987). Other temperature and hours operated. The size of squid research activities have provided information on was categorized into 12 classes by the number of squid species composition, distribution, size composition, in a tray. Mean weight of a tray is 8.5 kg and catch in and stock abundance (Roberts, 1979; Roberts, 1983; weight was estimated by the number of trays and mean Uozumi et al., 1987; Hatanaka et al., 1989; Hurst et al., weight of a tray. In the mandatory report, each record 1990). These results presented some general ideas on was composed of daily catch in weight, locality, and biology of arrow squids (Smith et al., 198). However, number of jigging lines. there are few studies on biology of arrow squids systematically by seasonal brood and by areas (2) Catch statistics compiled by the Japan National throughout their life span. Squid Jigging Association Biological data were accumulated through the The Japan National Squid Jigging Association research cruises and samplings from the fisheries (JNSJA) has collected catch statistics from all Japanese during the recent two decades. There were ten trawl squid jigging vessels operated around New Zealand surveys and two larval net surveys which were carried waters since 1973. This statistics are composed of out jointly between Japanese and New Zealand weekly catch in weight and number of vessel operated scientists. Many research cruises by trawl and squid around New Zealand. There is no information on the jigging vessels, which belonged to Japan Marine localities of vessels operated. Resource Research Center, were carried out to make feasibility study on fisheries and to collect biological (3) Catch and effort statistics of the Japanese trawl information on arrow squid. Furthermore, more than fishery around New Zealand one thousand samples of statolith of arrow squids have The reports of catch and effort have been been collected through these research activities. mandatorily submitted to the Japanese Government by Based on all
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