DOS MINUTOS DE DOCTRINA 1 De Septiembre De 2020 LITTEN C

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DOS MINUTOS DE DOCTRINA 1 De Septiembre De 2020 LITTEN C Montevideo 850 Piso:1 C1019ABR - Buenos Aires Argentina Tel: (54-11) 5556-8000 e-mail: [email protected] web: www.negri.com.ar DOS MINUTOS DE DOCTRINA OTRO LENGUAJE PARA LA COMPRENSIÓN DEL DERECHO Año XVII Número 889 1 de septiembre de 2020 LITTEN c. HITLER: HOMENAJE A UN ABOGADO VALIENTE Para celebrar el Día del Abogado, nada mejor que recordar la valentía de un colega que se animó a citar a declarar a Adolf Hitler. Pero le costó la vida. Berlín, mayo de 1931. En una sala de au- En términos jurídicos, Litten quiere respon- diencias está Adolfo Hitler, de 41 años, ro- sabilizar a los líderes del partido nazi por jo de ira: un abogadito insolente, Hans los actos de sus militantes, por los que Litten, de apenas 27 años, lo ha obligado, deben responder. mediante una citación judicial a declarar como testigo en el caso “Edén”. El interrogatorio lleva ya tres horas. Litten pregunta con calma y minuciosamente. Poco tiene de paradisíaco el asunto: el 22 Hitler nunca se ha visto en una situación de noviembre del año anterior (hace casi semejante. Incurre en flagrantes contradic- noventa años exactos) un grupo de asalto ciones, está muy nervioso y, sobre todo, de jóvenes militantes afiliados al partido fuera de quicio: Litten es joven, digno, in- nacional-socialista alemán, del que Hitler teligente, agudo y… aunque bautizado co- es uno de los líderes principales y mo cristiano, es de origen judío. presidente del bloque de diputados en el Parlamento, había irrumpido violentamente El testigo pierde los estribos y tartamudea en el Edén, un salón de baile frecuentado cuando el letrado lo rebate, leyéndole en por jóvenes de izquierda, de los que voz alta y serena un artículo de uno de sus murieron tres. secuaces y funcionario de su partido, un tal Joseph Goebbels, en el que exige “destruir La estrategia de Litten, además de intentar el Parlamento” y “hacer picadillo a los acciones penales individuales contra los rivales”. militantes, consiste en demostrar que el partido nazi no es la organización pacífica, Litten: “Ud. dijo que no habría actos vio- democrática y “comprometida con la lega- lentos por parte del Partido Nacional-So- lidad” con la que Hitler pretende seducir a cialista. ¿No fue acaso Goebbels el crea- la clase media alemana, sino una máquina dor del eslogan “hay que convertir en pi- aceitada en pos de aterrorizar a sus oposito- cadillo al adversario”?” res y socavar las instituciones democráticas Hitler: “Eso debe entenderse como que uno de la República de Weimar y que, además, debe actuar con diligencia al combatir a es el responsable de la matanza. las organizaciones opositoras”. - 1 - Hitler intenta demostrar sin éxito que su En 1932, en el caso “Felseneck”, represen- partido es ajeno a esas incitaciones a la vio- tó a los vecinos de un barrio popular de lencia, pero Litten demuele, uno a uno, sus Berlín atacados con palos y piedra por mili- argumentos. Para colmo, en un juicio en tantes nazis. Hubo dos muertos. Litten fue Leipzig, poco tiempo atrás, Hitler, bajo ju- expulsado de la sala de audiencias y dejado ramento, había descripto a los grupos vio- fuera del caso por el tribunal, con el argu- lentos de su partido como una organiza- mento de que había convertido el pleito en ción “de ilustración intelectual”. La torpeza “un semillero de pasiones políticas”. del testigo es tan evidente que uno de los jueces suspende el interrogatorio. La Cámara de Apelaciones revocó la medida, ante lo cual el tribunal de primera Al día siguiente, los diarios publican en instancia cerró el caso. Lo mismo ocurrió detalle el episodio. Pero la prensa nazi se en otro pleito poco después ―nuevamente encarniza con él, llamándolo “el abogado Litten fue apartado del caso―, pero cuando comunista”. la Corte Suprema no hizo lugar a su rein- corporación, todos sus colegas berlineses, Aunque Litten se había graduado de aboga- aún aquellos para quienes Litten era un cas- do poco tiempo atrás, en 1927, ya había carrabias intolerante, se manifestaron en su tenido ocasión de demostrar su compro- favor. miso con los sectores más débiles de la sociedad. Rechazó ofertas para trabajar en Su férrea adhesión a sus principios, obvia- el Ministerio de Justicia y en un importan- mente, no le generaban demasiadas simpa- te estudio jurídico, para montar el suyo a tías entre sus colegas, muchos de los cuales partir de 1928, dedicado al derecho laboral. debieron mostrar “flexibilidad” ante los atropellos del régimen. En 1929, en el caso “Zörgiebel”, defendió a quienes participaron en las manifestaciones Aunque de ideas de izquierda, Litten era del 1° de Mayo, que reaccionaron ante la absolutamente independiente, al extremo represión policial. Los tumultos posterio- de que el comunismo alemán nunca perdo- res, en lo que se llamó “el Mayo sangrien- nó sus ataques a Stalin y sus reproches por to” (“Blutmai”) arrojaron 33 muertos. El dejarse conducir desde Moscú. Solía decir propio Litten estuvo entre los contusos, al que su propio partido político nunca tendría acudir en ayuda de los heridos y ser gol- más de un único afiliado. Su objetivo no peado por la policía, a pesar de haberse era la creación de “mártires de izquierda”, identificado como abogado. sino alertar a la opinión pública acerca de los peligros que entrañaba el partido nazi. Su estrategia legal fue sostener la ilegalidad de la actuación policial, para lo que, entre En enero de 1933, los nazis llegaron al po- otras cosas, demandó al Jefe de Policía de der. Hitler no había olvidado el bochorno al Berlín, acusándolo de haber dado órdenes que Litten lo había sometido. basado en razones políticas personales an- tes que por motivos de seguridad pública (y Sus amigos le sugirieron que se exiliara. así poder acusarlo de homicidio). La Cá- Como respuesta, se limitó a decir “Hay mara de Apelaciones rechazó las pruebas millones de trabajadores que no pueden que Litten ofreció. irse. Yo también me quedo”. - 2 - Pronto ―el 28 de febrero, la misma noche Die Gedanken sind frei, wer kann sie en que ardió el Reichstag, lo que dio a erraten,/sie fliegen vorbei wie nächtliche Hitler un argumento para suspender los Schatten./Kein Mensch kann sie wissen, derechos civiles― Litten fue enviado a kein Jäger sie schießen/mit Pulver und Spandau, una prisión cerca de Berlín, sin Blei: Die Gedanken sind frei! audiencia ni juicio previo. Y a pesar de estar detenido y ya no ser una amenaza Libres son las ideas, ¿quién las puede para el Führer, éste jamás permitió que se adivinar?/Vuelan en derredor como som- volviera a mencionar el nombre de Litten bras en la noche./Nadie las puede cono- en su presencia. cer; ningún cazado las puede derribar/con pólvora y con plomo. ¡Libres son las ideas! De Spandau, el joven abogado fue traslada- do sucesivamente, durante cinco años, a Pero semejantes sufrimientos fueron mi- todos los campos de concentración exis- nando la voluntad de Litten. En octubre de tentes en suelo alemán: Sonnenburg, Da- 1937 fue enviado desde Buchenwald a chau, Buchenwald, Lichtenburg, Moorla- Dachau, donde fue incorporado al pabellón gen… de los judíos, a quienes se mantenía aislados del resto de los prisioneros, para En cada uno de esos lugares fue sometido a evitar que las noticias sobre su infame brutales torturas y vejámenes para obtener destino en los hornos crematorios se información sobre sus clientes del caso desparramaran por Europa. En noviembre “Felseneck”. Sus carceleros, por supuesto, pudo enviar una última carta a su familia. estaban al tanto del odio que Hitler sentía por ese joven abogado. Pero cinco años de detención y torturas fueron minando la esperanza de volver a Así fue que Litten perdió varios dientes, un ser libre. Y en febrero de 1938, Hans ojo, un oído y un brazo y quebraron su Litten, de 34 años, se ahorcó en su celda. mandíbula. Aun así, se animó a escribir a la Las 1600 páginas de la monumental bio- Gestapo, la policía nazi, para recordarles 1 que cualquier confesión que pudieran obte- grafía de Hitler escrita por Kershaw no ner de él bajo tortura sería inválida. mencionan a Litten. Tampoco lo hizo la Bundesrechtsanwaltkammer (el Colegio Su conducta en las cárceles y campos de Federal de Abogados de Alemania) cuando concentración fue ejemplar. En 1934, a en 2000 presentó la muestra “Lawyers pesar de los castigos, cuando los guardias without Rights” (“Abogados sin derechos”) obligaron a los prisioneros a celebrar una en los Estados Unidos 2. festividad nazi, en 1934 se animó a silbar ante sus carceleros “Die Gedanken sin ¿Por qué? La figura de Litten se mantuvo Frei” (“Las ideas son libres”) una famosa oculta durante los años de la tiranía nazi en canción alemana nacida en la Edad Media Alemania. Y a partir de 1945, la memoria pero, por suerte, aquellos no la conocían (o no la reconocieron). Los compañeros de 1 Kershaw, Ian, Hitler, 1886-1936: Hubris , Litten en la prisión recordarían siempre ese WWNorton & Co., Nueva York, 1998; ISBN episodio, demostrativo de un coraje indo- 0393046710. 2 blegable. “Lawyers without Rights: Jewish Lawyers in Germany under the Third Reich”, muestra ofrecida por el Colegio Federal de Abogados de Alemania y la American Bar Association, Chicago, 2000 - 3 - de Litten se fue extinguiendo, víctima de la actores no creen en la validez de una guerra fría: mientras el bloque soviético norma, no hay nada en ella que, per se , la silenció su recuerdo a raíz de sus críticas a haga prevalecer. ¿Un ejemplo? Los argen- Stalin y al control de Moscú sobre los tinos tenemos una excelente Constitución, partidos comunistas de Europa Central, en pero nada impidió que, a pesar de ella, hu- Occidente sus simpatías socialistas lo biera golpes de estado.
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