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Osteoglossomorpha (Bonytongues)

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Osteoglossomorpha (Bonytongues) Actinopterygian Relationships II Biology of Fishes 10.2.2012 Overview Group Projects Exam I (10.9.2012) Review (Actinopterygian Relationships I) Actinopterygian Relationships II Actinopterygian Relationships Sarcopterygii (lobe fins) Actinopterygii (ray fins) - Cladistia (bichirs, reedfish) - Chondrostei (sturgeons, paddlefishes) -Holostei (gars, bowfins) Neopterygii -Teleostei (teleosts, “modern fishes”) Actinopterygian Relationships II Chondrichthyes CRANIATES Sarcopterygii Vertebrates Osteichthyes Actinopterygii Actinopterygian Relationships II Teleostei (“modern fishes”) Caudal fin symmetrical – homocercal Uroneural bones in tail support upper lobe – both lobes Scales reduced – more flexible body Mobile premaxilla – suction feeding capabilities Advanced modes of locomotion and feeding, and therefore success (~24,000 species) Actinopterygian Relationships II Actinopterygian Relationships Sarcopterygii (lobe fins) Actinopterygii (ray fins) - Cladistia (bichirs, reedfish) - Chondrostei (sturgeons, paddlefishes) -Holostei (gars, bowfins) Neopterygii -Teleostei (teleosts, “modern fishes”) Actinopterygian Relationships II Holostei (gars, bowfins) Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”) - Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives) - Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues) (herrings, shad, relatives) -Clupeomorpha -Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives) Euteleostei (“true teleosts”) Teleostei -Protacanthopterygii Neoteleostei Acanthomorpha Actinopterygian Relationships II Holostei (gars, bowfins) Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”) - Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives) - Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues) -Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives) -Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives) Euteleostei (“true teleosts”) -Protacanthopterygii Neoteleostei Acanthomorpha Actinopterygian Relationships Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives) Most “primitive” teleosts (sister group to all other teleosts) Leptocephalus larvae Primarily marine Includes Tarpon, bonefish, ladyfish, morays, freshwater eels, gulper eels, swallower eels Elopomorpha Actinopterygian Relationships II Holostei (gars, bowfins) Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”) - Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives) - Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues) -Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives) -Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives) Euteleostei (“true teleosts”) -Protacanthopterygii Neoteleostei Acanthomorpha Actinopterygian Relationships Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues) Formerly most “primitive” teleosts Asia, Australia, North & South America, Africa Freshwater lakes and rivers; primarily tropical (2 N.American species) Bony tongues – well-developed teeth on tongue, bite against teeth on roof Arowana, arapaima, African butterflyfish, mooneyes, knifefishes, elephant fishes, gymnarchids Osteoglossomorpha Actinopterygian Relationships II Holostei (gars, bowfins) Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”) - Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives) - Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues) -Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives) -Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives) Euteleostei (“true teleosts”) -Protacanthopterygii Neoteleostei Acanthomorpha Actinopterygian Relationships Clupeomorpha (herrings, shads, sardines, relatives) Mostly open water (pelagic), schooling, filter feeders 80% marine, large distribution Important commercial group Populations exhibit large fluctuations in abundance Otophysic – special connection between gas bladder and inner ear (increases hearing sensitivity) Herring, sardines, anchovies, shad, alewife, menhaden, pilchards, sprats Clupeomorpha Actinopterygian Relationships II Holostei (gars, bowfins) Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”) - Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives) - Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues) -Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives) -Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives) Euteleostei (“true teleosts”) -Protacanthopterygii Neoteleostei Acanthomorpha Actinopterygian Relationships II Actinopterygian Relationships Ostariophysi 64% of all freshwater fishes Swim bladder divided into two parts – anterior for sound, posterior for buoyancy Produce and respond to alarm substance Includes Gonorynchiformes and Otophysi Actinopterygian Relationships Otophysi Weberian apparatus – series of bones transmits vibrations from swim bladder to inner ear; amplifies sound Cypriniformes (minnows, carps, relatives) Characiformes (characins, relatives) Siluriformes (catfishes) Gymnotiformes (“New World” knife fishes) Otophysi Cypriniformes Otophysi Characiformes Otophysi Siluriformes Otophysi Gymnotiformes Actinopterygian Relationships II Holostei (gars, bowfins) Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”) - Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives) - Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues) -Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives) -Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives) Euteleostei (“true teleosts”) -Protacanthopterygii Neoteleostei Euteleostei Acanthomorpha Actinopterygian Relationships II Actinopterygian Relationships Euteleostei (“true teleosts”) 95% of all teleosts Stegural bones – uroneural with ossified outgrowth Protacanthopterygii Salmoniformes (salmon, trout, coregonids) Osmeriformes (smelt, galaxiids, salamanderfish) Esociformes (pikes, pickerels, mudminnows) Neoteleosts Protacanthopterygii Salmoniformes & Osmeriformes Protacanthopterygii Esociformes Actinopterygian Relationships Euteleostei (“true teleosts”) Protacanthopterygii Neoteleosts Rostral cartilage – lies between skull and upper jaws Retractor dorsalis – connects vertebral column to pharyngeal jaws Trend of pelvics moving forward and pectorals upward Stenopterygii, Aulopiformes, Scopelomorpha Primarily deep-sea marine fishes Actinopterygian Relationships II Holostei (gars, bowfins) Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”) - Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives) - Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues) -Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives) -Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives) Euteleostei (“true teleosts”) -Protacanthopterygii Neoteleostei Acanthomorpha Actinopterygian Relationships Acanthomorpha Spiny-rayed teleosts Spines in dorsal and anal fins Lampridioformes Opahs and oarfish (up to 55 feet) marine Paracanthopterygii Actinopterygian Relationships Acanthomorpha Spiny-rayed teleosts Spines in dorsal and anal fins Lampridioformes Opahs and oarfish (up to 55 feet) marine Paracanthopterygii Actinopterygian Relationships II Actinopterygian Relationships Paracanthopterygii Mostly benthic marine fishes 20 freshwater species Cods, cavefishes, anglerfishes Actinopterygian Relationships II Neoteleostei Acanthomorpha (teleosts “modern fishes”) - Paracanthopterygii (cods, anglers, cavefishes) Acanthomorpha - Acanthopterygii Actinopterygian Relationships II Actinopterygian Relationships Acanthopterygii .
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