Actinopterygian Relationships II Biology of Fishes 10.2.2012

Overview

 Group Projects

 Exam I (10.9.2012)

 Review (Actinopterygian Relationships I)

 Actinopterygian Relationships II

Actinopterygian Relationships

 Sarcopterygii (lobe fins)

 Actinopterygii (ray fins) - Cladistia (bichirs, reedfish) - Chondrostei (sturgeons, paddlefishes) -Holostei (gars, bowfins) Neopterygii -Teleostei (teleosts, “modern fishes”)

Actinopterygian Relationships II

Chondrichthyes CRANIATES

Sarcopterygii Vertebrates

Osteichthyes

Actinopterygii Actinopterygian Relationships II

 Teleostei (“modern fishes”)

 Caudal fin symmetrical – homocercal

 Uroneural bones in tail support upper lobe – both lobes

 Scales reduced – more flexible body

 Mobile premaxilla – suction feeding capabilities

 Advanced modes of locomotion and feeding, and therefore success (~24,000 species)

Actinopterygian Relationships II Actinopterygian Relationships

 Sarcopterygii (lobe fins)

 Actinopterygii (ray fins) - Cladistia (bichirs, reedfish) - Chondrostei (sturgeons, paddlefishes) -Holostei (gars, bowfins) Neopterygii -Teleostei (teleosts, “modern fishes”)

Actinopterygian Relationships II

 Holostei (gars, bowfins)

 Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”) - Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives) - Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)

-Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives)

-Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives)

Euteleostei (“true teleosts”) Teleostei -Protacanthopterygii Neoteleostei Acanthomorpha

Actinopterygian Relationships II

 Holostei (gars, bowfins)

 Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”) - Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives) - Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues) -Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives) -Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives) Euteleostei (“true teleosts”) -Protacanthopterygii Neoteleostei Acanthomorpha

Actinopterygian Relationships

 Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives)

 Most “primitive” teleosts (sister group to all other teleosts)

 Leptocephalus larvae

 Primarily marine

 Includes Tarpon, bonefish, ladyfish, morays, freshwater eels, gulper eels, swallower eels

Elopomorpha Actinopterygian Relationships II

 Holostei (gars, bowfins)

 Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”) - Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives) - Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues) -Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives) -Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives) Euteleostei (“true teleosts”) -Protacanthopterygii Neoteleostei Acanthomorpha

Actinopterygian Relationships

 Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)

 Formerly most “primitive” teleosts

 Asia, Australia, North & South America, Africa

 Freshwater lakes and rivers; primarily tropical (2 N.American species)

 Bony tongues – well-developed teeth on tongue, bite against teeth on roof

 Arowana, arapaima, African butterflyfish, mooneyes, knifefishes, elephant fishes, gymnarchids

Osteoglossomorpha Actinopterygian Relationships II

 Holostei (gars, bowfins)

 Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”) - Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives) - Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues) -Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives) -Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives) Euteleostei (“true teleosts”) -Protacanthopterygii Neoteleostei Acanthomorpha

Actinopterygian Relationships

 Clupeomorpha (herrings, shads, sardines, relatives)

 Mostly open water (pelagic), schooling, filter feeders

 80% marine, large distribution

 Important commercial group

 Populations exhibit large fluctuations in abundance

 Otophysic – special connection between gas bladder and inner ear (increases hearing sensitivity)

 Herring, sardines, anchovies, shad, alewife, menhaden, pilchards, sprats

Clupeomorpha Actinopterygian Relationships II

 Holostei (gars, bowfins)

 Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”) - Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives) - Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues) -Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives) -Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives) Euteleostei (“true teleosts”) -Protacanthopterygii Neoteleostei Acanthomorpha

Actinopterygian Relationships II Actinopterygian Relationships

 Ostariophysi

 64% of all freshwater fishes

 Swim bladder divided into two parts – anterior for sound, posterior for buoyancy

 Produce and respond to alarm substance

 Includes Gonorynchiformes and Otophysi

Actinopterygian Relationships

 Otophysi

 Weberian apparatus – series of bones transmits vibrations from swim bladder to inner ear; amplifies sound

 Cypriniformes (minnows, carps, relatives)

 Characiformes (characins, relatives)

 Siluriformes (catfishes)

 Gymnotiformes (“New World” knife fishes)

Otophysi Cypriniformes Otophysi Characiformes Otophysi Siluriformes Otophysi Gymnotiformes Actinopterygian Relationships II

 Holostei (gars, bowfins)

 Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”) - Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives) - Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues) -Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives) -Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives) Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)

-Protacanthopterygii Neoteleostei

Euteleostei Acanthomorpha

Actinopterygian Relationships II Actinopterygian Relationships

 Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)

 95% of all teleosts

 Stegural bones – uroneural with ossified outgrowth

 Protacanthopterygii

 Salmoniformes (salmon, trout, coregonids)

 Osmeriformes (smelt, galaxiids, salamanderfish)

 Esociformes (pikes, pickerels, mudminnows)

 Neoteleosts

Protacanthopterygii Salmoniformes & Osmeriformes Protacanthopterygii Esociformes Actinopterygian Relationships

 Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)

 Protacanthopterygii

 Neoteleosts

 Rostral cartilage – lies between skull and upper jaws

 Retractor dorsalis – connects vertebral column to pharyngeal jaws

 Trend of pelvics moving forward and pectorals upward

 Stenopterygii, Aulopiformes, Scopelomorpha

 Primarily deep-sea marine fishes

Actinopterygian Relationships II

 Holostei (gars, bowfins)

 Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”) - Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives) - Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues) -Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives) -Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives) Euteleostei (“true teleosts”) -Protacanthopterygii Neoteleostei Acanthomorpha

Actinopterygian Relationships

 Acanthomorpha

 Spiny-rayed teleosts

 Spines in dorsal and anal fins

 Lampridioformes

 Opahs and oarfish (up to 55 feet)

 marine

 Paracanthopterygii

Actinopterygian Relationships

 Acanthomorpha

 Spiny-rayed teleosts

 Spines in dorsal and anal fins

 Lampridioformes

 Opahs and oarfish (up to 55 feet)

 marine

 Paracanthopterygii

Actinopterygian Relationships II Actinopterygian Relationships

 Paracanthopterygii

 Mostly benthic marine fishes

 20 freshwater species

 Cods, cavefishes, anglerfishes

Actinopterygian Relationships II

 Neoteleostei

 Acanthomorpha (teleosts “modern fishes”) - Paracanthopterygii (cods, anglers, cavefishes) Acanthomorpha - Acanthopterygii

Actinopterygian Relationships II Actinopterygian Relationships

 Acanthopterygii