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Lecture Note on Fis 503 LECTURE NOTE ON FIS 503 FIS 503 – PRODUCTION OF OTHER MARINE PRODUCTS (2 UNITS) This Course is taught by three (3) lecturers - Dr. I.T. Omoniyi, Dr. F.I. Adeosun and Dr. A.A. Idowu The Course synopsis is further outlined on lecture basis as follows: Lectures 1 – 4: Ecology, life histories of crustaceans and aquatic molluscs Lecture 5 – 8: Culture of Shrimps, Oysters, crayfish, crabs, periwinkles and frogs Lecture 9: Culture of edible sea weeds Lecture 10 – 11: Sea and Shore farming of some products Lecture 12: Processing and preservation of marine products. ECOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORIES OF CRUSTACEANS At elementary level, crustaceans are a class of primarily aquatic arthropods. The name crustacean is derived from the Latin words ‘crusta’ meaning hard shell. The class is large (about 26,000 known species) and includes a variety of aquatic animals such as shrimps, crabs, lobsters, barnacles, water fleas etc. Some crustaceans occur in the seas and freshwaters, some are semi-terrestrial. They are mostly free-living, but few are parasitic. The common names shrimps and prawns are used interchangeably but it has now been resolved at FAO Convention to call marine and brackish water forms shrimps and freshwater forms prawns. Technically, the prawns have pleura of 2nd abdominal segment overlapping with 1st and 3rd segments ventrally. But in shrimps, the somite of 2nd abdominal segment overlaps the 3rd somite. Before commercial importance of crustaceans could be appreciated, the characteristics and the relationships need be mentioned. The main diagnostic features of the Class are: The occurrence of 2 pairs of pre-oral appendages which are antenniform and sensory in functions i.e. possession of 2 pairs of antennae. The body consists of the head, the thorax and the abdomen with a tendency for the head and anterior segments of the thorax fusing to form a cephalothorax. The head consists of six segments and bears 3 pairs of post-oral appendages which act as jaws; mandibles, the maxillules and the maxilla. The trunk appendages vary in number, forms and functions occurring on every segment and they are typically biramous. Respiration is usually by means of gills or through the general body surface. Excretion is by means of green glands. The sexes are usually separate but some members are hermaphroditic e.g. barnacles. The typical crustacean larva is the Nauplius which has 3 pairs of appendages – antennules, antennae and mandibles. Make a well labeled lateral view of Penaeid shrimp. CLASSIFICATION Order: Decapoda Suborder: Natantia Reptantia Infraorder: Penaeidea Caridea Macrura Brachyura Penaeidae Palaemonidae Pandalidae Portunidae Penaeus (Portunus Crabs) Metapenaeus (Shrimps) Astacidae Nephropidae Palinuridae Astacus Homarus Panulirus (FW Crayfish) (Clawed lobsters) (Spiny rocky lobster) The order Decapoda is distinguished by its first 3 pairs of thoracic limbs modified into maxillipeds while the other 5pairs are walking legs (hence, the name Decapoda meaning 10 legs). The 1st pair of walking legs are often enlarged to form chelae or chelepeds. This order consists of 2 sub-orders. a. Natantia – swimmers (b) Reptantia – the crawlers. The suborder natantia includes the shrimps and the prawns which are adapted for swimming. They show adaptation for swimming as their bodies are laterally compressed, legs are long and slender, and are of no use for walking. The cephalothorax is prolonged into a rostrum which acts like a keel. The pleopods are fringed with bristles or setae which increase the surface area for swimming. The antennae are usually large and used as a rudder during swimming. The sub-order Reptantia is more numerous decapods which are highly modified for crawling. They include crabs, lobsters and hermit crabs. The crawling adaptations are: (i) bodies tend to be dorso-ventrally compressed (ii) have heavy legs that can support the body for crawling (iii) pleopods are small and not modified for swimming (iv) antennae are small. The true crabs belonging to the infra-order brachyuran meaning short-tail and flattened dorsoventrally. The abdomen is greatly reduced and flexed tightly beneath the cephalothorax. There is terrestrial crab which burrow and go to sea to breed. Uropods are lacking in both male and female crabs. The hermit crabs differ from true crabs in having receptacle abdomen which is not flexed beneath the cephalothorax. The abdomen in hermit crab is asymmetrical and with thin soft non-segmented cuticle. Hermit crabs occupy mollusk shell to enjoy movement (Phoresy association). Decapods provide a good source of human protein, even surpassing the bivalve molluscs. The decapods molluscs together comprise the so called shell-fishes. The fishing of decapods constitute an important industry. For example, Penaeus shrimps are caught in large numbers off the coast of Nigeria. Shrimps and prawns account for over 1million tons/year in Indian and Pacific oceans. Mexico is said to be the richest shrimp fishing area of the world and the commercially important shrimp include Penaeus duorarum (also in Nigeria coast), P.Schmitti, P. aztecus. In British water, important shrimp include the (Crangon crangon (brown shrimp), Pandalus montagni (Pink shrimp). Lobsters also contribute to the world crustacean fisheries especially the European lobsters. Homarus vulgaris found in the coast of Britain where they are mostly caught in baited pots. The freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium vollenhoenii is caught all the year round at Asejire lake near Ibadan. LIFE HISTORY – Sexes are separate in most cultivated decapods especially Penaeid shrimps. A few species e.g. Pandalus sp (caridean) change sex at some time during their lives. Mating occurs when the female is in a soft shelled condition (i.e. newly moulted) and the mating results into the deposition of one or more spermatophores (containing many sperms) in, on or close to the genital aperture/opening of the female. Note that mating can occur with hard shelled female in spiny lobster (Palinuridae) and penaeid shrimps which have setose genital region (i.e. open thelyca). These crustaceans with open thelyca ( the thelycum-singular) rely on bristles or cement to hold the spermatophore in place externally. Lobster and certain species of penaeid shrimps have a closed thelycum or pouch to retain the spermatophores until spawning occurs. Spawning is the release of eggs either directly into the sea especially in the penaeid shrimps or to the brood chamber beneath the abdomen. The eggs are fertilized as they are spawned but in species with internal sperm storage this may occur several hours or even days after mating according to species. Sperms from one mating are sufficient to fertilize more than one batch of eggs in lobsters and penaeid shrimp with closed thelyca. Penaeid eggs hatch a few hours after spawning and each larva is left to fend for itself as it develops through about 12 free-swimming planktonic stages of nauplius, protozoea and mysis transforming or metamorphosing into a post-larvae (See Diagram A). The nauplii feed on internal stores of yolk while the protozoea stages filter unicellular algae from the water. The mysis stages feed voraciously on zooplankton (rotifers) and in this respect they are like the larvae of caridean prawns and lobsters (See Diagram B), the phyllosoma larvae of spiny lobster (Diagram C) and crabs (Diagram D). Incubation in non-penaeid decapods lasts from a few weeks in the prawn to as long as 4 months in lobsters. During this period, the female tends and ventilates the clutch until hatching occurs. During incubation, the early nauplius and protozoea stages are often by-passed in the egg so that when hatching occurs, the larvae are almost immediately able to catch and feed on zooplankton. For instance, an extreme case of abbreviated development occurs in freshwater crayfish where there is no free-living larval phase and the post-larvae hatch directly into juvenile (See Diagram E). Crustaceans especially the penaeid shrimps are cannibalistic and unless the young can escape from the mother they stand the risk of being eaten. It has been reported that neither the presence of shelter nor the availability of adequate food eliminates cannibalism, but the absence may increase it. Note: as the exoskeleton (ext. shell) of crustaceans is capable only of limited expansion, growth occurs throughout life through moulting or ecdysis i.e. shedding of exoskeleton at intervals. The rate of growth is a function of the frequency of moulting and the increase in size at each moult. The frequency of moulting varies naturally between species, with size and age. Young shrimp larvae moult 2 or 3 times in a day, juveniles every 3-25days depending on temperature and species, while adult lobsters are crayfish may only moult once every year or two years. Adverse nutritional or environmental conditions can decrease the frequency of moulting and size at each moult. Crustaceans often eat cast shells which is a convenient source of minerals that would have - been lost. Mineralization of the new shell is affected by the availability of calcium ions, HCO3 and pH in the surrounding water and in the diet. Attend class for some biological data on life histories of penaeid and caridean shrimps. The diagrams are provided during lectures. AQUATIC MOLLUSCS (MOLLUSCA) The Phylum Mollusca constitute the 2nd largest animal phylum. There are about 80,000 living and 35,000 fossil species of molluscs. Basically, molluscs are triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical and non-metamerically segmented coelomates. The molluscan body consists of three parts; the head, the foot and the two eyes. The foot is ventral, muscular, flat and used for creeping. The dorsally situated dome shaped visceral mass is covered by the mantle, a fold of skin which secretes the dome-shaped shell. The mantle overhangs the visceral mass posteriorly to form a mantle cavity. The mantle cavity contains (i) the gills or ctenidia (ii) the hypobrachial gland (iii) the anus (iv) kidney opening and (v) the osphradium-a chemoreceptor.
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