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NORTH CAROLINA REPORTS VOLUME 362 SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA 7 DECEMBER 2007 12 DECEMBER 2008 RALEIGH 2009 CITE THIS VOLUME 362 N.C. This volume is printed on permanent, acid-free paper in compliance with the North Carolina General Statutes. IN MEMORIAM JUSTICE JOHN WEBB ASSOCIATE JUSTICE 26 NOVEMBER 1986 - 30 SEPTEMBER 1998 iii IN MEMORIAM JUSTICE FRANCIS I. PARKER ASSOCIATE JUSTICE 2 SEPTEMBER 1986 - 25 NOVEMBER 1986 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Justices of the Supreme Court . vii Superior Court Judges . viii District Court Judges . xii Attorney General . xx District Attorneys . xxii Public Defenders . xxiii Table of Cases Reported . xxiv Orders of the Court . xxvi Petitions for Discretionary Review . xxvii Petitions to Rehear . xxxiii General Statutes Cited . xxxiv Constitution of United States Cited . xxxiv Rules of Evidence Cited . xxxiv Rules of Appellate Procedure Cited . xxxv Licensed Attorneys . xxxvi Opinions of the Supreme Court . 1-688 Presentation of Associate Justice James William Pless, Jr. Portrait . 693 Rules of Appellate Procedure . 699 Amendment to the Rules and Regulations of the North Carolina State Bar Concerning the Administrative Committee . 703 Amendments to the Rules and Regulations of the North Carolina State Bar Concerning the Paralegal Certification Program . 708 Amendments to the Rules and Regulations of the North Carolina State Bar Concerning Transfer to Inactive Status . 710 Amendments to the Rules and Regulations of the North Carolina State Bar Concerning the Model District Bar Bylaws . 714 v Amendments to the Rules and Regulations of the North Carolina State Bar Concerning the Practical Training of Law Students . 716 Amendments to the Rules and Regulations of the North Carolina State Bar Concerning the Continuing Legal Education Program . 721 Amendments to the North Carolina State Bar Rules of Professional Conduct . 731 Amendments to the Rules and Regulations of the North Carolina State Bar Concerning the Judicial District Bars . 744 Amendments to the Rules and Regulations of the North Carolina State Bar Concerning the Iolta Program . 746 Amendments to the Rules and Regulations of the North Carolina State Bar Concerning Membership . 751 Amendments to the Rules and Regulations of the North Carolina Board of Law Examiners . 754 Amendment to the Rules and Regulations of the North Carolina State Bar Concerning Discipline and Disability of Attorneys . 756 Order Adopting Amendments to the Rules Implementing Settlement Procedures in Equitable Distribution and Other Family Financial Cases . 759 Order Adopting Rules Implementing Mediation in Matters Before the Clerk of Superior Court . 793 Order Adopting Amendments to the Rules Implementing Statewide Mediated Settlement Conferences and Other Settlement Procedures in Superior Court Civil Actions . 808 Amendment to the Rules and Regulations of the North Carolina State Bar Concerning the Legal Specialization Program . 851 Headnote Index . 861 Word and Phrase Index . 885 vi THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA Chief Justice SARAH PARKER Associate Justices MARK D. MARTIN PAUL MARTIN NEWBY ROBERT H. EDMUNDS, JR. PATRICIA TIMMONS-GOODSON EDWARD THOMAS BRADY ROBIN E. HUDSON Former Chief Justices RHODA B. BILLINGS JAMES G. EXUM, JR. BURLEY B. MITCHELL, JR. HENRY E. FRYE I. BEVERLY LAKE, JR. Former Justices DAVID M. BRITT WILLIS P. WHICHARD ROBERT R. BROWNING JAMES A. WYNN, JR. J. PHIL CARLTON FRANKLIN E. FREEMAN, JR. FRANCIS I. PARKER1 G. K. BUTTERFIELD, JR. HARRY C. MARTIN ROBERT F. ORR JOHN WEBB2 GEORGE L. WAINWRIGHT, JR. Clerk CHRISTIE SPEIR CAMERON Librarian THOMAS P. D AVIS ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE OF THE COURTS Director JOHN W. SMITH3 Assistant Director DAVID F. H OKE APPELLATE DIVISION REPORTER RALPH A. WHITE, JR. ASSISTANT APPELLATE DIVISION REPORTERS H. JAMES HUTCHESON KIMBERLY WOODELL SIEREDZKI 1. Deceased 6 March 2008. 2. Deceased 18 September 2008. 3. Appointed by Chief Justice Sarah Parker effective 1 January 2009 to replace Ralph A. Walker who retired 31 December 2008. vii TRIAL JUDGES OF THE GENERAL COURT OF JUSTICE SUPERIOR COURT DIVISION DISTRICT JUDGES ADDRESS First Division 1 J. RICHARD PARKER Manteo JERRY R. TILLETT Manteo 2 WILLIAM C. GRIFFIN, JR. Williamston 3A W. RUSSELL DUKE, JR. Greenville CLIFTON W. EVERETT, JR. Greenville 6A ALMA L. HINTON Halifax 6B CY A. GRANT, SR. Windsor 7A QUENTIN T. SUMNER Rocky Mount MILTON F. (T OBY) FITCH, JR. Wilson 7BC WALTER H. GODWIN, JR.1 Tarboro Second Division 3B BENJAMIN G. ALFORD New Bern KENNETH F. C ROW New Bern JOHN E. NOBLES, JR. Greenville 4A RUSSELL J. LANIER, JR. Kenansville 4B CHARLES H. HENRY Jacksonville 5W. ALLEN COBB, JR. Wilmington JAY D. HOCKENBURY Wilmington PHYLLIS M. GORHAM Wilmington 8A PAUL L. JONES Kinston 8B ARNOLD O. JONES II2 Goldsboro Third Division 9 ROBERT H. HOBGOOD Louisburg HENRY W. HIGHT, JR. Henderson 9A W. OSMOND SMITH III Yanceyville 10 DONALD W. STEPHENS Raleigh ABRAHAM P. J ONES Raleigh HOWARD E. MANNING, JR. Raleigh MICHAEL R. MORGAN Raleigh PAUL C. GESSNER Raleigh PAUL C. RIDGEWAY Raleigh 14 ORLANDO F. H UDSON, JR. Durham A. LEON STANBACK, JR. Durham RONALD L. STEPHENS Durham KENNETH C. TITUS Durham 15A J. B. ALLEN, JR. Burlington JAMES CLIFFORD SPENCER, JR. Burlington 15B CARL R. FOX Chapel Hill R. ALLEN BADDOUR Chapel Hill viii DISTRICT JUDGES ADDRESS Fourth Division 11A FRANKLIN F. L ANIER Buies Creek 11B THOMAS H. LOCK Smithfield 12 E. LYNN JOHNSON Fayetteville GREGORY A. WEEKS Fayetteville JACK A. THOMPSON Fayetteville JAMES F. A MMONS, JR. Fayetteville 13A DOUGLAS B. SASSER Whiteville 13B OLA M. LEWIS Southport 16A RICHARD T. BROWN Laurinburg 16B ROBERT F. F LOYD, JR. Lumberton JAMES GREGORY BELL3 Lumberton Fifth Division 17A EDWIN GRAVES WILSON, JR. Eden RICHARD W. STONE Wentworth 17B A. MOSES MASSEY Mt. Airy ANDY CROMER King 18 CATHERINE C. EAGLES Greensboro HENRY E. FRYE, JR. Greensboro LINDSAY R. DAVIS, JR. Greensboro JOHN O. CRAIG III Greensboro R. STUART ALBRIGHT Greensboro 19B VANCE BRADFORD LONG Asheboro 21 JUDSON D. DERAMUS, JR. Winston-Salem WILLIAM Z. WOOD, JR. Wiinston-Salem L. TODD BURKE Winston-Salem RONALD E. SPIVEY Winston-Salem 23 EDGAR B. GREGORY North Wilkesboro Sixth Division 19A W. ERWIN SPAINHOUR Concord 19C JOHN L. HOLSHOUSER, JR. Salisbury 19D JAMES M. WEBB Whispering Pines 20A TANYA T. WALLACE4 Rockingham KEVIN M. BRIDGES5 Oakboro 20B W. DAVID LEE Monroe 22A CHRISTOPHER COLLIER Mooresville JOSEPH CROSSWHITE6 Statesville 22B MARK E. KLASS Lexington THEODORE S. ROYSTER,JR.7 Lexington Seventh Division 25A BEVERLY T. BEAL Lenoir ROBERT C. ERVIN Morganton 25B TIMOTHY S. KINCAID Hickory NATHANIEL J. POOVEY Hickory 26 ROBERT P. J OHNSTON Charlotte W. ROBERT BELL Charlotte RICHARD D. BONER Charlotte J. GENTRY CAUDILL Charlotte ix DISTRICT JUDGES ADDRESS DAVID S. CAYER Charlotte YVONNE MIMS EVANS Charlotte LINWOOD O. FOUST Charlotte 27A JESSE B. CALDWELL III Gastonia TIMOTHY L. PATTI Gastonia 27B FORREST DONALD BRIDGES Shelby JAMES W. MORGAN Shelby Eighth Division 24 JAMES L. BAKER, JR. Marshall CHARLES PHILLIP GINN Marshall 28 DENNIS JAY WINNER Asheville ALAN Z. THORNBURG8 Asheville 29A LAURA J. BRIDGES Marion 29B MARK E. POWELL Rutherfordton 30A JAMES U. DOWNS Franklin 30B BRADLEY B. LETTS9 Sylva SPECIAL JUDGES KARL ADKINS Charlotte ALBERT DIAZ Charlotte RICHARD L. DOUGHTON10 Sparta THOMAS D. HAIGWOOD11 Greenville JAMES E. HARDIN, JR. Durham A ROBINSON HASSELL12 Greensboro D. JACK HOOKS, JR. Whiteville JACK W. JENKINS Morehead City JOHN R. JOLLY, JR. Raleigh SHANNON R. JOSEPH13 Raleigh CALVIN E. MURPHY Charlotte WILLIAM R. PITTMAN14 Raleigh RIPLEY EAGLES RAND Raleigh JOHN W. SMITH15 Wilmington BEN F. T ENNILLE Greensboro CRESSIE H. THIGPEN, JR.16 Raleigh GARY E. TRAWICK, JR. Burgaw EMERGENCY JUDGES W. DOUGLAS ALBRIGHT Greensboro STEVE A. BALOG Burlington MICHAEL E. BEALE17 Rockingham HENRY V. BARNETTE, JR. Raleigh ANTHONY M. BRANNON Durham STAFFORD G. BULLOCK Raleigh NARLEY L. CASHWELL Raleigh C. PRESTON CORNELIUS Mooresville B. CRAIG ELLIS Laurinburg LARRY G. FORD Salisbury x DISTRICT JUDGES ADDRESS ERNEST B. FULLWOOD Wilmington HOWARD R. GREESON, JR. High Point ZORO J. GUICE, JR. Rutherfordton THOMAS D. HAIGWOOD18 Greenville MICHAEL E. HELMS North Wilkesboro CLARENCE E. HORTON, JR. Kannapolis DONALD M. JACOBS Raleigh JOSEPH R. JOHN, SR. Raleigh CLIFTON E. JOHNSON19 Charlotte CHARLES C. LAMM, JR. Boone JAMES E. LANNING Charlotte JOHN B. LEWIS, JR. Farmville GARY LYNN LOCKLEAR20 Pembroke JERRY CASH MARTIN King JAMES E. RAGAN III Oriental DONALD L. SMITH Raleigh SUSAN CHANDLER TAYLOR21 Albemarle JOHN M. TYSON22 Fayetteville GEORGE L. WAINWRIGHT Morehead City RETIRED/RECALLED JUDGES FRANK R. BROWN23 Tarboro GILES R. CLARK Elizabethtown JAMES C. DAVIS Concord MARVIN K. GRAY Charlotte KNOX V. JENKINS Smithfield ROBERT D. LEWIS Asheville F. F ETZER MILLS Wadesboro HERBERT O. PHILLIPS III Morehead City JULIUS A. ROUSSEAU, JR. North Wilkesboro THOMAS W. SEAY Spencer RALPH A. WALKER, JR.24 Raleigh 11. Appointed and sworn in 3 November 2008 to replace Frank R. Brown who retired 31 October 2008. 12. Elected and sworn in 1 January 2009. 13. Appointed and sworn in 16 January 2009 to replace Gary L. Locklear who retired 31 December 2008. 14. Elected and sworn in 1 January 2009 to replace Michael Earle Beale who retired 31 December 2008. 15. Elected and sworn in 1 January 2009 to replace Susan C. Taylor who retired 31 December 2008. 16. Elected and sworn in 1 January 2009 to replace Kimberly S. Taylor who retired 31 December 2008. 17. Elected and sworn in 1 January 2009. 18. Appointed and sworn in 8 January 2009 to replace Ronald K. Payne who retired 31 December 2008. 19. Appointed and sworn in 31 March 2009 to replace Janet Marlene Hyatt who retired 27 February 2009. 10. Appointed and sworn in 25 February 2008. 11. Retired 30 April 2009. 12. Appointed and sworn in 27 March 2009. 13. Appointed and sworn in 8 January 2009. 14. Appointed and sworn in 8 January 2009. 15. Appointed by Chief Justice Sarah Parker as Director of the Administrative Office of the Courts effective 1 January 2009. 16. Appointed and sworn in 15 May 2008.