57 Turkish Prime Time Television

İLETİŞİM FAKÜLTESİ DERGİSİ/ Turkish Prime Time Television: Mass Culture and Tabloidization

TURKISH PRIME TIME TELEVISION: MASS CULTURE AND TABLOIDIZATION

Ayşen AKKOR GÜL*

Abstract The main objective of this study is to observe the new tendencies on prime time Turkish television. Especially the main news bulletins of TRT1 and three private channels, namely ATV, Kanal D and Samanyolu TV will be analysed in order to trace tabloidization in the news bulletins. Moreover, a comparison of the rest of prime time television programmes will be drawn in order to see the changes in Turkish television, especially the effects of mass culture. Some of our findings can be given as follows: It was detected that news about celebrities, mostly female, was the most frequent news both on Kanal D and ATV. We had repetitions of the same or similar pictures one after the other with less text and information. During the week of analysis, it was observed that news on politics was the most frequent on TRT1 and Samanyolu TV. And political news generally appreciated the government’s actions. As a contrast to the other channels, Samanyolu TV broadcasted news with religious content. The rest of prime time programmes on the private channels were generally Turkish dramas. Most of them were the products of mass culture. On the other hand, programme distribution of TRT1 was quite balanced. Key Words: Prime Television, tabloidization, mass culture.

Özet: Prime Time Kuşağında Türk Televizyonları : Kitle Kültürü ve Tabloidleşme Bu çalışmanın amacı, prime-time kuşağındaki televizyon programlarında gözlemlenen yeni eğilimleri ortaya koymaktır. En çok izleyiciye ulaşıldığı kabul edilen, saatlerde yayınlanan programların incelediği çalışmada; Kanal D, ATV, Samanyolu TV ve TRT1’in programları, kaydedilerek çözümlenmiştir. Böylece bu kanallarda yayınlanan ana haber bültenleri, ‘tabloidleşme’; yerli drama, spor, müzik programları ve belgeseller ise ‘kitle kültürü’nü yansıtmaları açısından ele alınmıştır. Ulaşılan bazı sonuçları şu şekilde özetlemek mümkündür: Kanal D ve ATV’de haber konuları tabloidleşme eğilimini açık bir biçimde gözler önüne sermektedir.Örneğin, incelenen tarihlerde öncellikle şöhretler ile ilgili haberlere ağırlık verilmiştir. Öyle ki, ekonomi ile ilgili haberlerin bile şöhretler ile ilişkilendirilerek verildiği kaydedilmiştir. Ayrıca haberlerde gözlenen diğer önemli bir bulgu, aynı veya benzer görüntülerin tekrar tekrar verilerek, enformasyonun sınırlı tutulduğudur. Samanyolu TV ve TRT 1’de ise, politika haberleri baskın bir biçimde yer almıştır. Bu kanallardaki haberlerde özellikle hükümetin icraatlerini savunan tek taraflı bir yaklaşım saptanmış; ayrıca, politikacıların özel hayatlarına ilişkin bilgilerin öne çıkartıldığı bir anlayışın benimsendiği görülmüştür. Diğer kanallardan farklı bir biçimde, Samanyolu TV’nunda, din ile ilgili haber konuları kaydedilmiştir. Haberler dışındaki programlar incelendiğinde ise, özel kanalların ağırlıklı olarak yerli

* Yrd.Doç.Dr., İstanbul Üniversitesi, İletişim Fakültesi, Radyo Televizyon Sinema Bölümü.

İLETİŞİM FAKÜLTESİ DERGİSİ/ Turkish Prime Time Television: Mass Culture and Tabloidization dramalara yer verdikleri kaydedilmiştir. Yerli dramalar daha çok kitle kültürünü yansıtmaktadırlar. Öte yandan TRT 1’de diğer kanallardan farklı olarak dengeli bir program dağılımı saptanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Prime time kuşağı programları, tabloidleşme, kitle kültürü

......

INTRODUCTION private channels, namely ATV, Kanal D and For more than two decades television in Samanyolu TV will be analysed in order to Turkey was synonymous with the Turkish trace tabloidization in the news bulletins. Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) Moreover, a comparison of the rest of prime which was founded in 1964. The Turkish time television programmes will be drawn in Constitution had awarded the sole order to see the changes in Turkish broadcasting licence to TRT. This monopoly television, especially the effects of mass lasted until 1990 when the first privately culture. owned television station started broadcasting to Turkey via satellite from the Programmes of The Turkish Prime Time Federal Republic of Germany. This was Television followed by other stations beaming from Research shows that Turkish people watch abroad. With the deregulation movement, television approximately 4 hours a day (Alv- the mushrooming of private channels er and Gül: 2006). The majority of the people changed the whole broadcasting scene in watch television especially after work, Turkey. At first, the Turkish public between 19.00-23.00, in other words, during embraced the new channels because they the prime time hours. If we analyse the thought that these new channels would programmes of the Turkish channels during bring diversity with new types of prime time we see that every channel first programmes that would be alternatives to broadcasts its main news bulletin then most the long running, uninspiring TRT of the schedule is filled with contests, films programmes. In fact, in the first couple of and mostly with Turkish dramas such as years, films and types of music that had not family based dramas, crime dramas, been found suitable to be broadcast on TRT historical dramas in the form of series or were on the screens of these new channels. serials. Here, it is important to note that At prime time debate programmes on most of the dramas are products of themes considered taboo; such as independent Turkish producers. While in homosexuality, Shi’ism the problems in the first years of deregulation private South East Turkey, Kemalism etc., were broadcasters seemed bent on buying as broadcast one after the other. The rest of the many American and Latin American imports prime time schedule was filled with foreign as possible, within a few years these films, series, serials and soap-operas etc. imported films, dramas etc. were unable to compete with local productions. However, when we come to the early 2000’s new tendencies are observed on the Turkish Today the major discussion among the channels. In this article, a light will be shed Turkish scholars about prime time on prime time Turkish television. Especially television focuses especially on the main the main news bulletins of TRT1 and three news bulletins of these channels. Most of

İLETİŞİM FAKÜLTESİ DERGİSİ/ Turkish Prime Time Television: Mass Culture and Tabloidization

them point to the tendency defined as become celebrities, paid and promoted as tabloidization. such’. He does not criticize the changes, moreover he states that: Tabloidization of News Bulletins McLachan and Golding (2000) state that there may be more than one way or one tabloidization is characterized by fewer television genre to inform citizens about international news stories, more pictures and politics, ranging from mainstream news and less text, more human interest and current affairs through call-in programs<..other hybrid infotainment entertainment news stories and less political formats, as well as soap operas and dramas and parliamentary news, and repetitions. in realistic settings that highlight current Ergül (2000) describes the tabloidization of issues. the news in two ways: the increase of less newsworthy elements in the news bulletins; Most of the researchers who draw attention and the placing of popular and tabloid to the tabloidization of news state that the elements of secondary importance in the personalization of politics is an important foreground. He assumes that tabloidization issue that should be considered. The issue is something that derives from the nature of criticized is not politics being popular but the medium. Thus, in the case of television more about it losing its content. news, the structural characteristics of Personalization of politics is mostly seen as television, its language and technology are Gencel (2004:377) puts it, ‘in the news items the important factors that help to develop that focus on the human dimension of tabloidization. Some scholars state that politicians’. Moreover as a contrast to Ergül, tabloidization is an advanced form of Gencel(2004:376) claims that tabloidization is infotainment. In other words, tabloidization the outcome of the characteristics of the is a form that joins information with current media industry: especially the fierce entertainment. Brants (1998) who is rather competition between media groups for concerned with the tendency towards ratings, the low investment in experienced tabloidization, offers a research tool, termed employees and the consequent decrease in as an ‘infotainment scale’ and coded not only investigative reporting . the news bulletins but all programmes for the presence of defined informational and/or Of course there are more cautious or even entertainment characteristics in respect of optimistic views concerning the tendency their topics, styles and formats. He comes towards tabloidization. For example, Fiske out in relief with a conclusion that in the (1992) argues that tabloid journalism can Netherlands, the evidence ‘does not point to criticize dominant understandings, be infotainment taking over’ (329) and ‘tabloid subversive and offer an alternative reality to television news<..is still practically absent the official one. Actually in his previous in Europe’ (323). On the contrary Blumler work Fiske (1990:166-170) analyzed how (1999:243) who finds Brants rather Weekly World News a tabloid newspaper, paternalistic observes the changes in achieved to be subversive. television as quite natural and he writes for the news bulletins that they have been ‘cosmetically revamped; news readers have

İLETİŞİM FAKÜLTESİ DERGİSİ/ Turkish Prime Time Television: Mass Culture and Tabloidization

Products of Mass Culture of capitalist societies’. Moreover, they also Throughout the twentieth century saw culture as a form of ‘resistance to expressions like mass culture and popular capitalist society’ and both the earlier culture have been among the main subjects forerunners of British Cultural Studies, such of many scholars. They tried to clarify the as Raymond Williams and the theorists of meaning of these expressions in relation to the Frankfurt School saw high culture as the socio-economic development of society. forces of resistance to capitalist modernity. However these two expressions were likely Later, British Cultural Studies would to be interchanged in various contexts. ‘valorize resistant moments in media culture Therefore the great critical theorists Adorno and audience interpretations and use of and Horkheimer felt themselves obliged to media artifacts’, while the Frankfurt School make a distinction between mass culture and tended, ‘with some exceptions, to see mass popular culture in many of their works. For culture as a homogeneous and potent form example, Adorno(1975) in his article entitled of ideological domination’. This Kellner Culture Industry Reconsidered, defined believed was a difference that would popular culture as something that arises seriously divide the two traditions ‘spontaneously from the masses themselves, (Kellner,2005). the contemporary form of popular art’. And mass culture as a product that is ‘tailored for Today the attempts of distinguishing consumption by masses’ for certain different types of culture still continue. For purposes. In order to eliminate any further example, according to Türkoğlu(2004:92), misunderstanding between mass culture and mass culture should be distinguished from popular culture, Adorno ve Horkheimer folk culture and popular culture asking coined a new term ‘culture industry’ to use questions such as ‘who produced it’ and ‘for instead of mass culture. In their work they whom they produce it?’. The answers she argued that culture industries with their has given are that the mass culture is used ‘mechanical reproduction’ manipulated the for products produced through an masses into passivity, and in turn the easy industrial mass production system, on the pleasures available through consumption of other hand folk culture is about products mass culture make people docile and produced by the public for their own use. content, no matter how difficult their As for popular culture, it is said to be the economic circumstances(Zipes,1980). As products used and loved by everybody. Kellner puts it, like the Frankfurt School, British Cultural Studies concluded that mass On the other hand Oskay(2004) states that culture was playing an important role ‘in ‘popular culture- in other words the culture integrating the working class into existing of folk - has no longer a chance to survive. capitalist societies and that a new consumer Today culture has been transformed into a and media culture was forming a new mode culture that is, uniform, mass produced by of capitalist hegemony’. Both also saw certain organizations, with criterias and culture as a ‘mode of ideological values determined by central organizations. reproduction and hegemony, in which Culture that is changed in this way is not cultural forms help to shape the modes of popular culture anymore but becomes mass thought and behavior that induce culture’. For him many programmes on individuals to adapt to the social conditions television reflect popular culture.

İLETİŞİM FAKÜLTESİ DERGİSİ/ Turkish Prime Time Television: Mass Culture and Tabloidization

Similiar to what Oskay says our analysis there is no regulation concerning the reflec- showed that during prime time Turkish tion of cultural diversity etc. in the Broad- channels first broadcast their main news casting Law one might state that market bulletins then the remaining schedule is forces have worked well in forcing broadcas- filled with contests, films and mostly with ters to observe cultural diversity and com- Turkish dramas which are the products of a mon history etc. mass culture. In other words, they mostly reflect the culture in the two big cities, SAMPLING AND METHODOLOGY Istanbul and Ankara where the national As the sample of our study three national television channels, dailies and also the private television channels namely Kanal D, private producers are located. In reality, it is ATV and Samanyolu TV and the public difficult to talk about the culture of Istanbul service channel TRT1 were selected. Kanal D or Ankara because these cities have lost their and ATV, from different major cross-media identities mostly due to huge migrations. groups were identified because of their The original population of Istanbul has satisfactory prime time ratings among the disappeared. On the other hand, the people other channels. On the other hand, who come from all the other small cities or Samanyolu TV was chosen because it is a rural areas first experience an identity crisis channel of a smaller cross-media group with where they feel themselves neither an Islamic tendency. The period of analysis belonging to Istanbul nor to their home was determined as April 17-April 23, 2006. towns (0skay: 2004). Then they slowly accept The prime time programmes of these this culture, pumped especially by media channels, in other words the ones shown and the people around them. This culture between 18.45 and 23.00 were recorded and unifies people with the lowest common analysed. The prime time programmes we denominator in general moral values and had chosen to analyse can be defined as basic emotions - sorrow, love, hate, curiosity follows: the main news bulletins (except for etc. In turn, all people help to build on and sports news and the weather forecast), films, strengthen this culture as they use it. Thus, dramas and other programmes such as con- according to Fiske’s explanation (1990:162) tests, sports programmes, music we can say that on Turkish television the programmes and documentaries. parts of each programme or drama are actually the ‘paroles’ of the ‘langue’ which is RESEARCH FINDINGS in fact the product of the mass culture. The Main News Bulletins If we look at the duration of the main news As we look at the programme ratings in bulletins of the analysed channels, the news prime time we see that the Turkish dramas on Kanal D and ATV were two of the longest, have quite high ratings. People prefer to approximately 50 minutes. They were watch these dramas with their families. It is followed by Samanyolu TV with pleasing to see that people no longer prefer approximately 40 minutes. On the other the foreign productions. Today there is a hand TRT 1 was the shortest with about 30 new tendency in the dramas. Dramas have minutes. Table 1 presents the dispersion of started to foreground regional cultures, news items according to the themes of the common Turkish history, etc. Although main news bulletins of the analysed

İLETİŞİM FAKÜLTESİ DERGİSİ/ Turkish Prime Time Television: Mass Culture and Tabloidization channels. The above finding is also reflected Looking at the main news bulletins of in the number of news items on each Samanyolu TV during the week of analysis, it channel. was observed that news on politics was the most frequent (n:33; 28%), followed by news It was detected that news about celebrities, on the Iraq war and military operations mostly female, was the most frequent news (n:19; 16%). Political news generally both on Kanal D and ATV (Kanal D n:50; 31% appreciates the government’s actions such as and ATV n:58; 40%). One can state that the news items on the new Social Security celebrities are judged more ‘newsworthy’ Law or the Minister of Environment’s than politicians. Then comes news of crimes statements about the poisonous waste found (Kanal D n:20; 13% and ATV n:18; 12%). This in the Tuzla district and the new finding supports Gencel’s (2004) claim: the Environment Law. The news on war and news on these channels is generally military operations reflected the disputes concerned with two groups of people: the going on in Iraq and the possibility of a new poor with their tragedies and misfortunes, war in Iran. There was also some news about and the rich, with their wealth, gossip and the military operations against the PKK, the glamorous lifestyles. Of course, this is terrorist group that hides in the high dangerous as it reflects the inequitable mountains in the South East of Turkey. income distribution in society and which in turn can accelerate the polarization of As a contrast to the other channels, classes. Looking at the news on politics it Samanyolu TV broadcasted news with was possible to detect the sign of religious content (n:10; 8,4%). For example, personalization. In other words news during this week the channel gave special foregrounded the ‘human’ side of attention to the celebrations held in Turkey politicians. For example, reports on the on the anniversary of birth of the Prophet Prime Minister’s back trouble were given Muhammed. In fact, most of these day after day on every channel. ceremonies were arranged by organizations close to the government. During the week of On the whole, the reporting used in the analysis only one news item on economics news was not the investigative type; rather it was found and in short it stated how rapidly stated that something had happened but it the Turkish economy had developed in did not deeply delve into why and how it recent years, in other words appreciating the happened, and moreover it did not present efforts of the government. different points of view. Thus we have repetitions of the same or similar pictures When we analysed the main news bulletins one after the other with less text and on TRT1 we found that politics was the information. News on economics in the predominant theme on TRT1 (n:54; 42%) analysed week was rather low on Kanal D followed by news of the Iraq war and and ATV (KanalD n:1; 0,6% and ATV n:5; military operations (n: 20; 16%). The news 3,4%). There were also sensational news items were not sensationalist or tabloidized headlines like, ‘Natashas to pay income like the ones on the two private channels. taxes, too!’ However, the news bulletins of TRT1 reflected the priorities of the State and were reluctant to debate any controversial issues

İLETİŞİM FAKÜLTESİ DERGİSİ/ Turkish Prime Time Television: Mass Culture and Tabloidization

on the public agenda. Predominantly, the hard to earn her living. Avrupa Yakası is activities of the ruling party received actually a situation comedy depicting a coverage first, followed then by news about middle-class family living in Istanbul. The the opposition parties. protagonist is a journalist named Aslı, who has been educated in New York. Her TRT 1 also covered the national ceremonies conflicts with her parents and brother and like ‘April 23rd The National Sovereignty and also her relationship with her friends at the Children’s Day’ during the week analysis, office are shown in an ironic way. reminding the public of national history. As a contrast to the commercial channels, the If we look at the dramas on Kanal D we see main news bulletin of TRT had no news of that regional cultures are reflected in many celebrities and moreover unlike Samanyolu of them. For example, in Yabancı Damat a TV there was no news with religious content. family living in Diyarbakır who have a baklava-making business is depicted. Their

daughter falls in love with a Greek businessman. Both families of the young

Themes

lovers at first try to separate them and then

give up and bless the marriage. Most of the

Kanal D Kanal ATV Samanyolu TV TRT 1 Total Accidents/Disas scenes reflect the people of Diyarbakir and 11 3 16 2 32 ters their traditions and customs. However the Crime 20 18 17 5 60 Economics 1 5 1 14 21 regional culture is given in a modernized Iraq War – way reminding us of the mass culture of Military 12 7 19 20 58 Istanbul and Ankara, the two biggest cities Operation Politics 20 15 33 54 122 of Turkey. Sports 18 17 6 9 49 Celebrities 50 58 6 - 115 Human Interest 10 9 8 7 34 On the other hand, historical dramas are also Religion - - 10 - 10 shown on Kanal D for example, Kırık Kanatlar Other 17 13 2 17 49 is about the years of the Turkish War of In- Total 159 145 118 128 550 Table 1: The Dispersion of News Items According to dependence. Different districts of Anatolia their Themes are again depicted. Two young officers fell in love with two young girls. These girls Other Programmes in Prime Time who were actually relatives try to help Mus- Television tafa Kemal’s soldiers and the villagers. They Looking at the prime time programmes of also help to disguise and protect a Greek the selected channels, as table 2 displays, the soldier who was once their neighbour be- private channels have given place mostly to cause they know that he does not oppose the Turkish dramas (Kanal D n:8; 57%; ATV n:10; soldiers of Mustafa Kemal. 77%; Samanyolu TVn:8; 61%). Most of ATV’s dramas are the ones which reflect mass If we look at the dramas on Samanyolu TV we culture. For example, Aliye is about a see that most of them are rather moral and divorced woman who wants to regain mystical dramas. For example, Sırlar Dünyası custody of her daughter and son from her is about extraordinary events people ex-husband. She lives in Istanbul and works experience. The moral message is usually

İLETİŞİM FAKÜLTESİ DERGİSİ/ Turkish Prime Time Television: Mass Culture and Tabloidization

that if you are good to everyone, if you are Table 2 shows that the programme patient and are a good Muslim you will be distribution of TRT1 is quite balanced. If we rewarded in heaven. look at the Turkish dramas on TRT1 we can say that they reflect cultural diversity. For On both ATV and Kanal D there are talent example, Hayat Türküsü is a drama where a contests like Star Avı and Benimle Dans Eder young idealist primary school teacher travels misin? In both contests, there are juries of all around Anatolia and teaches students. celebrity singers and dancers. Every week Most of the scenes depicted Van. The each candidate comes in front of the jury and problems in education, cultural differences, performs his/her act. Viewers vote for the the negative sides of customs and traditions best performance each week, by sending are the social themes covered. On the other SMS messages. Both of these are the Turkish hand, just like on Samanyolu TV versions of foreign contests. documentaries related with Anatolia such as Erguvan and Zamanın Tanığı are broadcast. As a contrast, Samanyolu TV did not have The contests on TRT1 are mainly lottery any contests but instead showed drawings rather than talent contests. In the documentaries and foreign films. Yaban is analysed week we detected only one music actually a National Geographic documentary programme called Safalar Getirdiniz. It is a programme. On the other hand, Kimse Yok long programme, about two hours. Turkish mu? and Mavi Rüya are the productions of Art Music songs were performed. The pre- Samanyolu TV. In the first one, the senter of the programme is herself a singer programme team travels all around and she invites singers, lyric writers and Anatolia, they reflect various places as well composers to the programme as guests and as the inhabitants’ traditions, customs etc. In they talk about Turkish Art Music. the second one again the features of Anatolia have been displayed. Programmes of the Selected Channels 17th. 18th. 19th. 23th. 20th. April 21th. April 22th. April Channels April April April April Total Thur. Fri. Sat. Mon Tue. Wed. Sun. Turkish Film 1 ------1 Foreign Film - 1 - 1 - - 1 3 Turkish KanalD 1 1 2 1 2 - 1 8 Drama Series Contests - - 1 - - 1 - 2 Total 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 14 Turkish 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 10 Drama Series Music Variety ATV ------1 1 Show Contests - - - - 1 1 - 2 Total 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 13 Foreign Film 1 - - - 1 1 - 3 Saman Turkish 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 yolu Drama Series TV Documentaries - - - - 1 - 1 2 Total 3 1 1 1 3 2 2 13

İLETİŞİM FAKÜLTESİ DERGİSİ/ Turkish Prime Time Television: Mass Culture and Tabloidization

Turkish Film 1 ------1 Foreign Film - - - - 1 - - 1 Foreign - 1 1 - - - - 2 Drama Series Turkish - - - 1 - 1 - 2 Drama Series Documenta- TRT1 - - - 1 - - 1 2 ries Contests 1 - 1 - - - - 2 Music - 1 - - - - - 1 Programme Sports - - - - - 1 1 2 Programme Total 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 13 General Total 9 6 8 7 8 7 8 53 Table 2: Dispersion of the Prime Time Programmes of the Selected Channels

CONCLUSION They reflected the culture in the two big The Turkish Broadcasting System has been a cities, Istanbul and Ankara. Moreover, there dual system for more than a decade. is also a new tendency in the dramas. They However, still neither the public broadcaster have started to foreground regional cultures nor the private channels can present and reflect common Turkish history, which satisfying prime time programming. After is quite pleasing. However the regional cul- the deregulation most of the people thought tures are given in some programmes as in that TRT which is the sole public broadcaster the case of Yabancı Damat in a modernized would change its state-centric and way reminding us of mass culture. paternalistic attitude in time, but it hasn’t. The rest of the channels although named as When we analyzed the news bulletins of private channels in the law are in fact profit TRT1, it was seen that politics was the motivated commercial channels who are predominant theme on TRT1. The news running after ratings. items were not sensationalist or tabloidized like the ones on the other two commercial When we analyzed Turkish prime time channels. However the Turkish public television, we detected tabloidization in the service broadcasting channel did not serve news bulletins of the private channels. They the public sphere any better than the reflected fewer international news stories, commercial ones. The news bulletins of more pictures and less text, entertainment TRT1 reflected the priorities of the State. news stories and less political and Again the news foregrounds the human side parliamentary news and repetitions. On the of politicians. When we looked at the rest of other hand, news foregrounded the human the prime time programmes of TRT1, it was side of politicians. Both Kanal D and ATV detected that the programme distribution of especially preferred to broadcast news on TRT1 was quite balanced. There were mostly female celebrities. The rest of prime Turkish dramas, documentaries, contests, time programmes on the private channels films, music programmes and sports were generally Turkish dramas. Most of programmes. them were the products of mass culture.

İLETİŞİM FAKÜLTESİ DERGİSİ/ Turkish Prime Time Television: Mass Culture and Tabloidization

Another interesting finding is that all prime original prime time programmes. However, time television lacked debate programmes we believe that with the digital environment because most of them are broadcast after where there will be hundreds of programme 23.00. alternatives, competition among the channels will change the appearance of As a last remark, we can say that at present, prime time Turkish television. Of course, neither the public broadcaster nor the this depends to a great degree on the media private channels present satisfying news literacy of the viewers. bulletins and quality based, folk oriented

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