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Cycling As a Part of Sustainable Urban Transport in Helsinki: CHASTENET

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Cycling As a Part of Sustainable Urban Transport in Helsinki: CHASTENET TRAVAIL DE FIN D’ETUDE University of Helsinki École d'ingénieurs de l'Ecologie, de l'Energie, du Développement Durable et de la Mer Cycling as a part of sustainable urban transport in Helsinki: Assessing the influence of weather on cycling activity École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État CHASTENET DE CASTAING Ludovic Promotion 62 VA : Transport et Territoire Année 2016-2017 rue Maurice Audin 69518 Vaulx-en-Velin Cedex téléphone : +33 (0)4 72 04 70 70 télécopie : +33 (0)4 72 04 62 54 Jury : http://www.entpe.fr Président de Jury : Patricia LEJOUX Tuteur entreprise : Olle JARV Expert : Julie PELATA Membre du parcours VET : Jean Pierre NICOLAS Date de soutenance : 14/09/2017 1 Analytical notice NAME SURNAME AUTHOR CHASTENET DE CASTAING LUDOVIC TITLE OF THE TFE Cycling as part of sustainable urban transport in Helsinki AFFILIATE ORGANIZATION NAME AND SURNAME AND LOCALISATION TFE SUPERVISOR University of Helsinki-Helsinki Olle JARV COLLATION Number of page of the report Nber d'annexes Nber of biblio. ref. 99 6 109 (Nber of pages) 3 KEY WORDS Bicycle, weather, modeling GEOGRAPHIC Helsinki 2016 TERMS RÉSUMÉ L’utilisation du vélo est en pleine extension dans les zones urbaines - développement d’infrastructures cyclables, mise en place des systèmes de vélo en libre-service. Cependant, certains inconvénients, comme la présence de fortes intempéries, mettent un frein à son développement. Le but de ce rapport est d’étudier l’influence des différentes conditions météorologiques sur l’utilisation du vélo (aux niveaux journaliers, heures, saisons,..). L’étude se porte sur Helsinki en 2016 et prend en compte deux sources de données : le système de vélo en libre- service et le comptage automatique de vélo. Ce rapport présente divers résultats permettant une meilleure compréhension de l’influence des conditions météorologiques sur l’utilisation du vélo et suggère des améliorations possibles pour les plans de déplacement urbain. ABSTRACT Cycling, as a zero emission vehicle, is a relevant transport mode concerning sustainable development. Bicycle use is increasing as development of cycling infrastructures and introduction of bicycle sharing system are made through cities. However, cycling still has many restriction such as being dependent of the weather conditions. The aim of this study is to assess how weather influences bicycle use from different perspective (e.g. depending on time periods and weather attributes). Empirical research is conducted in Helsinki in 2016 with two different data sources - the bicycle sharing system and the automatic bicycle counter systems. The report presents main findings, which are further discussed and reasoned; and practical implications in improving planning cycling infrastructure and promoting bicycle use are made. 2 Acknowledgment I would like to thank first my supervisor, Olle JARV, for his continuous help along the internship. I would also like to thank two colleagues in particular in the Digital Geography Lab in the University of Helsinki, Enrico Di Minin and Maria Salonen, who helped me have a better understanding of my work. I would also like to thank Patricia LEJOUX, Julie PELATA, and Jean-Pierre NICOLAS, as respectively the presidential jury, the expert and the representative of my master VEU, for their participation in the jury. 3 Contents Analytical notice ................................................................................................................................................ 2 Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................................................... 3 Figure list ........................................................................................................................................................... 6 Table list............................................................................................................................................................. 7 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 8 Objective and research question ................................................................................................................. 11 I- Theoretical background ........................................................................................................................... 13 I-1 Development of cycling and bicycles ..................................................................................................... 13 I-1.1 The many roles of bicycles .............................................................................................................. 13 I-1.2 The promotion of bicycles and bicycle sharing systems ................................................................. 14 I-2 Bicycle in urban planning ....................................................................................................................... 15 I-2.1 Bicycles and urban planning in European countries ....................................................................... 15 I-2.2 Bicycle and urban planning in local scale ........................................................................................ 16 I-2.3 What influence cycling and cyclist .................................................................................................. 18 I-3 Weather .................................................................................................................................................. 19 I-3.1 Weather influence on human behavior .......................................................................................... 19 I-3.2 Weather influence on bicycle use ................................................................................................... 20 I-3.3 How to analyze weather influence on bicycle use .......................................................................... 22 II- Presentation of the case study area ........................................................................................................ 23 II-1 Geographical context ............................................................................................................................ 23 II-1.1 Finland ............................................................................................................................................ 23 II-1.2 Helsinki ........................................................................................................................................... 24 II-2 Cycling ................................................................................................................................................... 25 II-2.1 Finland ............................................................................................................................................ 25 II-2.2 Helsinki ........................................................................................................................................... 27 II-3 Weather conditions and biking ............................................................................................................. 30 II-3.1 Finland’s cities ................................................................................................................................ 30 II-3.2 Helsinki ........................................................................................................................................... 30 III- Methodology .............................................................................................................................................. 32 III-1 Presentation of the data ...................................................................................................................... 33 III-1.1 Data sources .................................................................................................................................. 33 IIII-1.2 Weather data ............................................................................................................................... 34 III-1.3 Automatic Bicycle Counter data .................................................................................................... 38 III-1.4 Bicycle Sharing System .................................................................................................................. 40 III-2 Analyzing the data ................................................................................................................................ 44 4 III-2.1 From linear analysis to GLMs model: the negative binomial model ............................................. 44 III-2.2 Verification of the model .............................................................................................................. 46 III-2.3 Statistical analysis .......................................................................................................................... 49 IV- Empirical results ......................................................................................................................................... 51 IV-1 Weather influence on cycling at daily level ......................................................................................... 51 IV-1.1 Weather influence on cycling at daily level all year period .......................................................... 51 IV-1.2 Weather influence on cycling at daily level on “summer” period ...............................................
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