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Sustainable Urban Mobility and Public Transport FINAL UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE SUSTAINABLE URBAN MOBILITY AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN UNECE CAPITALS 1 2 SUSTAINABLE URBAN MOBILITY AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN UNECE CAPITALS This publication is part of the Transport Trends and Economics Series (WP.5) New York and Geneva, 2015 3 ©2015 United Nations All rights reserved worldwide Requests to reproduce excerpts or to photocopy should be addressed to the Copyright Clearance Center at copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to: United Nations Publications, 300 East 42nd St, New York, NY 10017, United States of America. Email: [email protected]; website: un.org/publications United Nations’ publication issued by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Maps and country reports are only for information purposes. ECE/TRANS/245 4 Transport in UNECE The UNECE Sustainable Transport Division is the secretariat of the Inland Transport Committee (ITC) and the ECOSOC Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods and on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals. The ITC and its 17 working parties, as well as the ECOSOC Committee and its sub-committees are intergovernmental decision-making bodies that work to improve the daily lives of people and businesses around the world, in measurable ways and with concrete actions, to enhance traffic safety, environmental performance, energy efficiency and the competitiveness of the transport sector. The ECOSOC Committee was set up in 1953 by the Secretary-General of the United Nations at the request of the Economic and Social Council to elaborate recommendations on the transport of dangerous goods. Its mandate was extended to the global (multi-sectoral) harmonization of systems of classification and labelling of chemicals in 1999. It is composed of experts from countries which possess the relevant expertise and experience in the international trade and transport of dangerous goods and chemicals. Its membership is restricted in order to reflect a proper geographical balance between all regions of the world and to ensure adequate participation of developing countries. Although the Committee is a subsidiary body of ECOSOC, the Secretary-General decided in 1963 that the secretariat services would be provided by the UNECE Transport Division. ITC is a unique intergovernmental forum that was set up in 1947 to support the reconstruction of transport connections in post-war Europe. Over the years, it has specialized in facilitating the harmonized and sustainable development of inland modes of transport. The main results of this persevering and ongoing work are reflected, among other things, (i) in 58 United Nations conventions and many more technical regulations, which are updated on a regular basis and provide an international legal framework for the sustainable development of national and international road, rail, inland water and intermodal transport, including the transport of dangerous goods, as well as the construction and inspection of road motor vehicles; (ii) in the Trans-European North-south Motorway, Trans-European Railway and the Euro-Asia Transport Links projects, that facilitate multi-country coordination of transport infrastructure investment programmes; (iii) in the TIR system, which is a global customs transit facilitation solution; (iv) in the tool called For Future Inland Transport Systems (ForFITS), which can assist national and local governments to monitor carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions coming from inland transport modes and to select and design climate change mitigation policies, based on their impact and adapted to local conditions; (v) in transport statistics – methods and data – that are internationally agreed on; (vi) in studies and reports that help transport policy development by addressing timely issues, based on cutting-edge research and analysis. ITC also devotes special attention to Intelligent Transport Services (ITS), sustainable urban mobility and city logistics, as well as to increasing the resilience of transport networks and services in response to climate change adaptation and security challenges. In addition, the UNECE Sustainable Transport and Environment Divisions, together with the World Health Organization (WHO) – Europe, co-service the Transport Health and Environment Pan-European Programme (THE PEP). Finally, as of 2015, the UNECE Sustainable Transport Division will be providing the secretariat services for the Secretary General’s Special Envoy for Road Safety, Mr. Jean Todt. Inland Transport Committee (ITC) – Centre of United Nations Transport Conventions 5 6 Acknowledgements The study was prepared by Mr. Konstantinos Alexopoulos and Mr. Lukasz Wyrowski. The authors worked under the guidance of and benefited from significant contributions by Dr. Eva Molnar, Director of UNECE Sustainable Transport Division and Mr. Miodrag Pesut, Chief of Transport Facilitation and Economics Section. 7 8 Table of Contents Executive Summary .................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 1: Sustainable urban mobility and public transport development .............. 19 1.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 20 1.2. Objectives and challenges of urban transport and mobility ....................................... 20 1.3. Demand for urban transport and quality of service ................................................... 22 1.4. Urban transport and traffic congestion ....................................................................... 26 1.5. Urban transport and road safety. ................................................................................ 29 1.6. Urban transport and environmental pollution including climate change. ................ 31 1.7. Cycling and walking: the “facilitators” of co-modality and well-being. .................... 35 Chapter 2: Urban Mobility and Public Transport situation in UNECE capitals ............ 39 2.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 40 2.2. Urbanization level and demand for urban transport and mobility in UNECE capitals .............................................................................................................................................. 42 2.2.1. Urbanization level ................................................................................................. 42 2.2.2. Demand for urban transport and mobility in UNECE capitals ................................. 49 2.3. Urban public transport accessibility, comfort and urban traffic congestion ............. 55 2.3.1. Urban public transport accessibility ....................................................................... 55 2.3.2. Urban public transport comfort ............................................................................. 62 2.3.2. Urban traffic congestion........................................................................................ 67 2.4. Urban transport and road safety ................................................................................. 70 2.5. Urban transport and environmental pollution including climate change ................. 74 2.6. Cycling and walking in capital cities ............................................................................ 78 2.7. Urban transport and financing .................................................................................... 81 2.7.1. Affordability of public transport ............................................................................ 81 2.7.2. Public transport profitability ................................................................................. 86 2.7.3. Financing urban public transport and Economic growth ......................................... 91 2.7.3.1 World Bank ........................................................................................................ 93 2.7.3.2. European Investment Bank ................................................................................. 95 2.7.3.3. Asian Development Bank. .................................................................................. 98 2.7.3.4. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.......................................... 99 2.7.3.5. Additional sources for funding public transport ................................................ 100 Chapter 3: Profiles of capital cities ........................................................................... 104 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 105 3.2 Profiles ......................................................................................................................... 106 9 Yerevan ............................................................................................................................... 106 Vienna ................................................................................................................................. 107 Baku ...................................................................................................................................
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