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Frequently Used Stems FREQUENTLY USED STEMS The following list includes those Greek and Latin words Greek and a Latin word are given. Presence of a dash before occurring most frequently in this Dictionary, arranged or after such an element indicates that it does not occur as alphabetically under their English combining forms as an independent word in the original language. Information rubrics. The dash appended to a combining form indicates necessary to the understanding of the form appears next in that it is not a complete word and, if the dash precedes the parentheses. Then the meaning or meanings of the word combining form, that it commonly appears as the terminal are given, followed where appropriate by reference to a element of a compound. Infrequently a combining form is synonymous combining form. Finally, an example is given both preceded and followed by a dash, showing that it to illustrate use of the combining form in a compound usually appears between two other elements. Closely English derivative. related forms are shown in one entry by the use of If this list is used in close conjunction with the parentheses: thus carbo(n)-, showing it may be either etymological information given in the body of the carbo-, as in carbohydrate, or carbon-, as in carbonuria. Dictionary, no confusion should be caused by the similarity Following each combining form the first item of of elements in such words as melalgia, melancholia, and information is the Greek or Latin word, identified by melicera, where the similarity is only apparent and the [Gr.] or [L.], from which it is derived. Occasionally both a derivation of each word is different. a-1 a- [Gr.] (n is added before words beginning with a amphi- amphi [Gr.] (i is dropped before words beginning with vowel) negative prefix. Cf. in-3. ametria a vowel) on both sides. amphicentric a-2 a- [L.] separation, away from. avulsion ampho- ampho¯ [Gr.] both. amphogenic ab- ab [L.] away from. Cf. apo-. abducent amygdal- amygdale [Gr.] almond. amygdalin, amygdaloid abdomin- abdomen, abdominis [L.] abdomen. abdominoscopy amyl- amylon [Gr.] starch. amyluria abs- abs [L.] variant of ab. abscess an-1 See a-1. aniridia ac- See ad-. accretion an-2 See ana-. anode acanth- akantha [Gr.] thorny, spiny. acanthocyte ana- ana [Gr.] (final a is dropped before words beginning acar- akari [Gr.] mite. acarodermatitis with a vowel) up, positive. anabolism acet- acetum [L.] vinegar. acetic acid ancyl- See ankyl-. ancylostomiasis acid- acidus [L.] sour. aciduric andr- aner, andros [Gr.] man. androgen acou- akouo¯ [Gr.] hear. acoustic. (Also spelled acu-) angi- angeion [Gr.] vessel. Cf. vas-. angioma acr- akron [Gr.] extremity, peak. acromegaly anis- anisos [Gr.] unequal, uneven. anisocoria act- ago, actus [L.] do, drive, act. reaction ankyl- ankylos [Gr.] crooked, looped. ankylosis. (Also spelled actin- aktis, aktinos [Gr.] ray, radius. Cf. radi-. Actinobacillus ancyl-) acu- See acou-. dysacusis anomal- ano¯malos [Gr.] irregular. anomalous ad- ad [L.] (d changes to c, f, g, p, s,ort before words ant- See anti-. antacid beginning with those consonants) to. adrenal ante- ante [L.] before. anteflexion -ad1 -ad [L.] toward. cephalad anthrac- anthrax [Gr.] coal, charcoal. anthracosilicosis -ad2 -as, ados [Gr.] group, derivation from, connection with. anthrop- anthro¯pos [Gr.] man, human being. anthropomorphism pseudomonad anti- anti [Gr.] (i may be dropped before words beginning -adelphus adelphos [Gr.] brother. deradelphus with a vowel) against, counter. Cf. contra. aden- aden [Gr.] gland. Cf. gland-. adenoma antipruritic adip- adeps, adipis [L.] fat. Cf. lip- and stear-. antr- antron [Gr.] cavern. antrocele adipocellular ap-1 See apo-. apeidosis aer- aer [Gr.] air. anaerobiosis ap-2 See ad-. appendage af- See ad-. afferent aph- hapto¯, haph- [Gr.] touch. dysaphia. (See also hapt-) ag- See ad-. agglutinant apic- apex [L.] top, summit. apicoectomy agam- agamos [Gr.] unmarried. agamous apo- apo [Gr.] (o may be dropped before words beginning -agogue ago¯gos [Gr.] leading, inducing. galactagogue with a vowel) away from, detached. Cf. ab-. -agra agra [Gr.] catching, seizure. podagra apolipoprotein -al1 -alis [L.] pertaining to, characterized by. arterial, appendic- appendix, appendicis [L.] appendix. appendicitis diarrheal arachn- arachne [Gr.] spider. arachnodactyly -al2 -alia [L.] act, process. denial arch- arche [Gr.] beginning, origin. archenteron alb- albus [L.] white. Cf. leuk-. albiduria arteri- arteria [Gr.] (i is sometimes dropped) windpipe, artery. alg- algos [Gr.] pain. neuralgia arteriosclerosis, periarteritis algesi- algesis [Gr.] sense of pain. analgesia, algesimeter arteriol- arteriola, dim. of arteria [L.] arteriole. arteriolopathy all- allos [Gr.] other, different. allergy arthr- arthron [Gr.] joint. Cf. articul-. synarthrosis allant- allas, allantos [Gr.] sausage, allantiasis. allantoid articul- articulus [L.] joint. Cf. arthr-. disarticulation allel- allelo ¯n [Gr.] of one another. allelic as- See ad-. assimilation allotri- allotrios [Gr.] strange. allotriogeustia asthen- asthenes [Gr.] weak. asthenocoria alve- alveus [L.] trough, channel, cavity. alveobronchiolitis astr- astron [Gr.] star. astrocyte alveol- alveolus, dim. of alveus [L.] alveolus. alveolitis at- See ad-. attenuate ambi- ambi- [L.] (i may be dropped before words beginning atel- ateles [Gr.] incomplete. atelocardia with a vowel) on all sides. ambidexterity ather- ather e [Gr.] gruel. atherosclerosis ambly- amblys [Gr.] dull. amblyopia atlant- atlas, atlantos [Gr.] atlas. atlantoaxial ambo- ambo [L.] both. ambosexual atm- atmos [Gr.] steam, vapor. atmosphere ameb- amoibe [Gr.] change. ameboid atret- atretos [Gr.] not perforated. atretostomia amni- amnion [Gr.] bowl, membrane enveloping the fetus. atri- atrium [L.] atrium. atrioventricular amniocentesis atroph- atrophia [Gr.] ill-fed. atrophoderma audi- audire [L.] to hear. audiometry centr- kentron [Gr.] or centrum [L.] point, center. centrifugal, aur- auris [L.] ear. Cf. ot-. aurinasal centromere aut- autos [Gr.] self. autoimmunity cephal- kephale [Gr.] head. Cf. capit-. encephalitis, aux- auxo¯ [Gr.] increase. auxotrophic cephalocentesis ax- axo¯n [Gr.] or axis [L.] axis. axolemma cept- capio, -cipientis, -ceptus [L.] take, receive. receptor axon- axo¯n [Gr.] axis. axonopathy cer- keros [Gr.] or cera [L.] wax. ceroplasty, cerumen ba- baino¯,ba- [Gr.] go, walk, stand. abasia cerat- See kerat-. ceratocricoid bacill- bacillus [L.] small staff, rod. Cf. bacter-. actinobacillosis cerc- kerkos [Gr.] tail. Onchocerca bacter- bacterion [Gr.] small staff, rod. Cf. bacill-. bacteriophage cerebell- cerebellum [L.] dim. of cerebrum little brain. balan- balanos [Gr.] acorn. balanitis cerebellifugal ball- ballo¯, bol- [Gr.] throw. ballismus. (See also bol-) cerebr- cerebrum [L.] brain. cerebrospinal bar- baros [Gr.] weight. barosinusitis cervic- cervix, cervicis [L.] neck. Cf. trachel-. cervicitis bas- See basi-. basophil chancr- See cancr-. chancroid basi- basis [Gr.] base. basioglossus, basihyoid cheil- cheilos [Gr.] lip. Cf. labi-. cheiloschisis bath(y)- bathys [Gr.] deep. bathorhodopsin, bathypnea cheir- cheir [Gr.] hand. Cf. man-. macrocheiria. bi-1 bios [Gr.] life Cf. vit-. aerobic (Also spelled chir-) bi-2 bi- [L.] (an n may be added before words beginning chem- chemeia [Gr.] alchemy. chemistry, chemotherapy with a vowel) two. bicornuate. (See also di-1) chir- See cheir-. chiropractic bil- bilis [L.] bile. Cf. chol-. biliary chlor- chlo¯ros [Gr.] green. chlorophyll bin- See bi-2. binocular choan- choane [Gr.] funnel. choanomastigote bis- bis [L.] twice. bisferious chol- chole [Gr.] bile. Cf. bil-. cholangitis blast- blastos [Gr.] bud, child, a growing thing in its early chondr- chondros [Gr.] cartilage. chondromalacia stages. Cf. germ-. blastoma, monoblast chondri- chondrion [Gr.] granule. mitochondria blenn- blenna [Gr.] mucus. blennorrhea chord- chorde [Gr.] string, cord. perichordal blep- blepo¯ [Gr.] look, see. monoblepsia chore- choreia [Gr.] dance. choreoathetosis blephar- blepharon [Gr.] (from blepo¯; see blep-) eyelid. Cf. cili-. chori- chorion [Gr.] membrane. choriocarcinoma blepharitis chro- chro¯s [Gr.] color. polychromatic bol- See ball-. embolism chron- chronos [Gr.] time. synchronous brachi- brachio¯n [Gr.] arm. brachiocephalic chrys- chrysos [Gr.] gold. chrysotherapy brachy- brachys [Gr.] short. brachydactyly chy- cheo¯, chy- [Gr.] pour. ecchymosis brady- bradys [Gr.] slow. bradycardia chyl- chylos [Gr.] juice. chyliform, chylopericardium breph- brephos [Gr.] embryo, newborn infant. brephoplastic -cid(e) caedo, -cisus [L.] cut, kill. fungicide, germicidal brevi- brevis [L.] short. brevicollis cili- cilium [L.] eyelid. Cf. blephar-. superciliary brom- bro¯mos [Gr.] stench. bromhidrosis cine- See kine-. acrocinesis bronch- bronchos [Gr.] windpipe. bronchoscopy -cipient See cept-. excipient bronchiol- bronchiolus, dim. of bronchus [Gr.] bronchiole. circum- circum [L.] around. Cf. peri-. circumferential bronchiolectasis cirs- kirsos [Gr.] varix. cirsophthalmia bry- bryo¯ [Gr.] be full of life. embryonic cis- cis [L.] on this side. cisplatin bucc- bucca [L.] cheek. buccoclusion -cis- caedo, -cisus [L.] cut, kill. excision bulb- bulbus [L.] bulb. bulbospiral -clast klao¯ [Gr.] break. osteoclast butyr- boutyron [Gr.] butter. butyroid cleid- kleis, kleidos [Gr.] key, clavicle. cleidocranial cac- kakos [Gr.] bad, abnormal. Cf. mal-. cacogeusia. -cleisis kleiein [Gr.] to enclose. colpocleisis (See also dys-) clin- klino¯ [Gr.] bend, incline, make lie down. clinocephaly calc-1 calx, calcis [L.] stone (cf.
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