Chapter 4. Hatred in Hesiod
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This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Kilgallon, Silvie Title: Hatred in Hesiod General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. Hatred in Hesiod Silvie Kilgallon A dissertation submitted to the University of Bristol in accordance with the requirements for award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Arts, January 2019. Word Count: 75,322. 2 Abstract: This thesis examines the conception and role of hatred in the Theogony and Works and Days of Hesiod. Chapter One focuses on Styx as the central figure of hatred, and examines how she can be understood as hate in relation to her function as oath and river. Based on this, I analyse what is revealed about the role of hatred in Hesiod’s cosmogony and the newly ordered universe established by Zeus. Chapter Two introduces the children of Styx and examines them as a group before focusing on the first two children, Zelos and Nike, to investigate them closely in order to understand how the qualities they represent interact with and inform our understanding of hate. Chapter Three examines the other two children, Kratos and Bie, for the same purposes. In Chapter Four I take what has been discovered in the previous chapters and present a model and understanding of hatred that can then be used to examine instances in the texts where hate is mentioned. It will also be used to cautiously suggest and analyse instances in the poems where, even though hatred is not explicitly mentioned, elements of hatred appear to be at work. This analysis aims to contribute to our understanding of emotions in the ancient world and the history of emotions, as well as deepening our understanding of Hesiod’s own personal conception of the universe. 3 4 Sam Always something there to remind me. 5 6 Acknowledgements: Thanks go to Kurt Lampe, for patience, insightful feedback, and firm cajoling. To Caleb Moreno, Inari Porkka of the wide eyebrowns, and Elizabeth Kilgallon, who have read parts of this work more times than I have myself. To Fiona Mitchell and Lianne Nijenhuis, for being there when I needed them. To Genevieve and Buz, for things we should never have had to do. Thanks also to Cicero and Zeno, who are as old as this thesis, and contributed many insightful keyboard mashes. Finally, to Dominik, for everything. 7 8 Author’s Declaration I declare that the work in this dissertation was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the University's Regulations and Code of Practice for Research Degree Programmes and that it has not been submitted for any other academic award. Except where indicated by specific reference in the text, the work is the candidate's own work. Work done in collaboration with, or with the assistance of, others, is indicated as such. Any views expressed in the dissertation are those of the author. SIGNED: ........................ DATE:...... 9 10 Table of Contents Preface ................................................................................................................................ 13 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 14 Why Hesiod? .............................................................................................................................. 14 What are Emotions? ................................................................................................................ 15 Universal Versus Culturally Specific Emotions ............................................................. 17 Translation and Emotional Language ............................................................................... 20 What is Hatred?: Prototype Analysis ................................................................................ 25 What is Hatred?: Sociological Approaches ...................................................................... 31 What is Hatred?: Psychological Perspectives ................................................................. 38 Hatred in Ancient Greek Literature .................................................................................. 41 Studying Hesiod’s Hatred ...................................................................................................... 46 Chapter 1. Styx and Cosmogony ................................................................................. 50 Outline of Styx in the Theogony .......................................................................................... 51 The Ellipsis of “Hatred” in Previous Scholarship on Styx ........................................... 51 Oath .............................................................................................................................................. 57 The Topology of Styx .............................................................................................................. 70 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 78 Chapter 2. The Children of Styx, Part I: Zelos and Nike ..................................... 79 The Four Children ................................................................................................................... 80 Zelos ............................................................................................................................................. 86 Zēlos and Phthonos .................................................................................................................. 89 Zelos in the Works and Days ................................................................................................. 96 Etymology of Zēlos ................................................................................................................... 99 Zelos and Zeus ........................................................................................................................ 101 Zelos and Styx ......................................................................................................................... 104 Nike ............................................................................................................................................ 107 Nike’s Ankles ........................................................................................................................... 107 Nike in the Works and Days ................................................................................................ 114 Nike and Nikē in the Theogony .......................................................................................... 115 Nike and Hatred ..................................................................................................................... 122 Nike, Hekate, Styx .................................................................................................................. 123 Hekate and Styx ...................................................................................................................... 130 Styx as Generative Force ..................................................................................................... 132 11 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 133 Chapter 3. The Children of Styx, Part II: Kratos and Bie .................................. 134 Kratos, Nikē, and Biē ............................................................................................................. 134 Kratos ........................................................................................................................................ 137 Kratos in the Theogony ........................................................................................................ 138 The Opponents of Zeus ........................................................................................................ 144 The Titanomachy ................................................................................................................... 148 The Monstrous Ones ............................................................................................................. 149 The Ambiguous Category ...................................................................................................