The Brisbane Line

VOL 4: ISSUE 2 - June 2016

From the Editor’s Desk Table of Contents Technological advances within the military are being made on a daily basis and today’s Defence Force continues to embrace this change. In light of these changes suitable strategies need to be sought to manage, RUSI Special Notice …………………………….. P. 1 tactical and strategic warfare. RUSI is adopting a more contemporary lecture program and it is important that future lectures culminate with Australia’s Amphibious Forces in 2016 .. P. 2 the relevance of lessons learnt, for today’s military. In Cyber Space, No One Can Hear You In this edition we’re covering a range of topics, beginning with COL Scream – Defence of the Digital Spectrum ……………………………………………………………. P. 4 Dunn’s presentation on Australia’s amphibious capability. This is followed by Paul Johnstone’s article on the very topical subject of cyber warfare President’s Report ……………………………… P. 8 and Ross Eastgate provides insight into the role of a UN observer in the Secretary’s Notes ……………………………….. P. 9 Middle East. 2016 Lecture Program ………………………. P. 9 We than change direction and conclude with LTCOL Mark Smith Library Report ……………………………………. P. 9 comparing two author’s views on Clausewitz’s book “On War”. Robin Brittain The Arab-Israeli Wars 1967-1982 – A UN Observer’s Story …………...………… P. 10 The Dead Prussian: Is Clausewitz Relevant SPECIAL NOTICE: ON DISTRIBUTION OF “THE BRISBANE LINE” st to Conflict in the 21 Century Dead … P. 12 The RUSIQ Committee has approved a change to the way the Brisbane About the Authors ………………………….. P. 15 Line will be distributed. From this June 2016 Edition, all RUSIQ Members with an email address will receive their copy by email. The previous policy Vale …………………………………………………. P. 15 of “opting-in” to receive by email has been changed to an “opt-out” What is RUSI …………………………………… P. 16 policy.

This has become necessary because of the major increase in the cost of printing and posting the hard copy document following the increase in the charges of the printer and Australian Post. RUSIQ is also losing its annual grant from Defence. Members who do not have a registered email address will still have a hard copy posted if they have not collected a copy at a Lecture. Email Members wishing to still receive a hard copy by mail should discuss their requirement with the Secretary. Spare hard copies will be available in the RUSI Hall.

A publication of the Royal United Service Institute Queensland Inc. Promoting Australia’s National Security & Defence A constituent Body of the Royal United Services Institute of Australia Victoria Barracks, Brisbane QLD 4000

Correspondence to: Tel: (07) 3233 4420 RUSI – Queensland Branch (07) 3233 4616 Victoria Barracks Brisbane Email: [email protected] ENOGGERA QLD 4051 Web: www.rusi.org.au

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Australia’s Amphibious Forces in 2016 Based on presentation by Colonel T. J. Dunne USMC, COL AMPHIB DJFHQ, at RUSI Hall on Wednesday 17th February 2016 Colonel Dunne’s presentation outlined our nation's newest joint military capability, Australia's Amphibious Force (AAF) which centers on two Canberra Class LHDs, HMAS Canberra and HMAS Adelaide. This capability is a commitment by Defence to train and operate an integrated joint Defence Force. It requires Army, Navy and the RAAF to plan and exercise jointly as capability is not ships but the ability to deliver joint effects when and where required. Col Dunne provided a historic background and strategic guidance that Photo 1: HMAS Canberra with MRH-90’s & Landing Craft underpins this force, and linked the requirement to shortfalls experienced during operations in East Timor and specific Defence White Papers (DWP) requirements written since then. With regards to a contribution to regional stability, DWP 13 specifically required Defence to "Create an enduring joint amphibious presence in the South Pacific through bilateral agreements and multilateral activities. He outlined the AAF's roles and missions, which are regional engagement, crisis response and contingency response. The method that AAF employed was detailed in the AAF Concept of Employment, which articulates the evolved role, organization, and tasks of the AAF. Much of the Concept of Employment covers details on how to employ LHDs, which have the ability to embark over a thousand-strong landing force, operate four landing craft, and fly all of Army and Navy's helicopters. The Spanish designed Canberra Class LHD has two surgery bays and an intensive care unit, can conduct amphibious operations up to sea state 4, and has endurance for up to 45 days without resupply. This is a marked increase in capacity and capability over the legacy LSH Tobruk and the LPAs Manoora and Kanimbla. Photo 2: LHD Landing Craft approaches the Dock Colonel Dunne outlined elements of the joint force involved in amphibious joint collective training events known as the SEA Series. ADF forces from across the spectrum were involved but center around the Amphibious Task Group headquarters, commanded by the Commander Amphibious Task Force (CATF) and two reinforced combat teams provided by 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, commanded by Commander Landing Forces (CLF). Other maritime forces included HMAS Canberra and crew, a fast frigate, divers, and the Maritime Operational Health Unit to man the ships hospital. Other land forces included a troop (4) of MRH- 90s, cavalry, Close Health Platoon, and members of 108 Battery. Photo 3: 2 RAR diggers re-embark on HMAS Canberra Landing Craft These forces trained alongside Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) and Australian Federal Police (AFP) in a walk-crawl-run fashion last August through September and were certified ready to conduct Humanitarian and Disaster Relief (HADR) and Non-combatant Evacuation (NEO) in permissive environments. To show the efficacy of this force, Colonel Dunne presented a short video highlighting the very joint nature of this capability. (Shortly after Colonel Dunne's presentation, the AAF was called upon to respond to the cyclone devastation in Fiji, where it provided support and relief for over a month).

Australia’s Amphibious Forces in 2016 c’td on P. 3

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Australia’s Amphibious Forces in 2016 c’td from P. 2 To conclude, Colonel Dunne highlighted plans for 2016 and 2017 to bring the AAF from Interim Operational Capability (IOC) to Full Operational Capability. That training plan will see the AAF take on additional combat roles, culminating in a certification of the Amphibious Ready Group consisting of all three amphibious ships and escorts, embarked with a landing force of a Battle Group reinforced. He then detailed how the force might be used in the future to realize the requirement to provide for an "enduring amphibious presence in the region.

Colonel Terence J. Dunne COL Terence Dunne was born in the Bronx, New York, attended University of Virginia, graduated with a BA (International Relations) and commissioned as 2LT through the Platoon Leader’s Class (PLC) Program. In 1989 commenced active duty at The Basic School (TBS) and upon completion of TBS and Infantry Officers’ Course reported to Naval Aviation Training Command for primary flight training at NAS Corpus Christi, Texas. He completed jet training in Meridian, Mississippi and was winged Naval Aviator in 1992 and reported to MCAS Cherry Point, North Carolina for instruction as an AV-8B Pilot at VMAT-203 in March 1993. He undertook Harrier training in 1994, and reported to VMA-211 in MCAS Yuma, Arizona deployed to MCAS Iwakuni, Japan with the Unit Deployment Program. In 1996, he joined VMA-311, deployed to Okinawa, Japan as Harrier Det’s Aviation Safety Officer of HMM-262 (REIN) to support the 31st MEU. After his tour returned to MCAS Cherry Point and reported to VMAT-203 as AV-8B Flight Instructor and squadron Flight Officer. In 2000, he attended the Weapons and Tactics Instructors Course and finished his tour as the Hawk’s Squadron’s Pilot Training Officer. COL Dunne reported to RN Air Station Yeovilton in Somerset, England as an Exchange Officer in 2001. After conversion to FA-2 Sea Harrier’s he served as Pilot Training Officer for 801 Naval Air Squadron with deployments to Poland, Spain, the US, including service aboard HMS Ark Royal. In 2002, he assumed duties as Operations Officer of 899 Naval Air Squadron, the Fleet’s Operational Conversion Unit for FA-2s. He instructed replacement pilots as a Radar Training Officer with deployments to the Netherlands, Scotland and Hungary. COL Dunne reported to US II MEF Headquarters, Camp Lejuene in 2003, NC for assignment in the G3 and served in Force Effects Coordination Centre as Assistant Air Officer and MAGTF planner for MEFEX 04 and OIF 04-06. In 2004, reported to MAG-14 assigned to VMA-231 as squadron’s Operations Officer and in 2005 selected as OIC of VMA-223’s 6-plane 22 MEU Detachment and served as the Executive Officer of HMM-261(REIN). After 6 months combat deployment in Al Anbar province, reported to MAG-14 as Operations Officer and in 2007, COL Dunne reported to 2d MAW (Fwd) in Iraq and served as Battle Captain in Tactical Air Command Centre. He assumed command of VMA-542 in 2008 and provided MEU detachments to 24th MEU in Kandahar, Afghanistan and to 22d MEU aboard USS Kearsarge. Following his tour, attended the National War College and graduated with a Master of Science Degree in National Security Strategy. In 2011 reported to Office of the Secretary of Defence, Cost Analysis and Program Evaluation in Tactical Aviation Division. He served on Exchange with the Australian Regular Army as COL AMPHIB, Deployable Joint Force Headquarters, Gallipoli Barracks for 18 months and guided the Australian Amphibious Force through Interim Operational aboard HMAS Canberra. COL Dunne has accumulated over 2,600 hours in the AV-8B. His personal decorations include the Defence Superior Service Medal, three Meritorious Service Medals, Strike Flight Air Medal with numeral 3, two Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medals, and three Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medals.

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In (Cyber Space), No One Can Hear You Scream – Defence of the Digital Spectrum Harden Up! – 2.0 Presented at RUSI Hall on Wednesday 16th March 2016 By Paul D Johnstone The term “Globalization” is the challenge of asymmetrical warfare otherwise known as cyber warfare. This modern combat zone has no physical boundaries, does not respect borders or their prosecution, and is governed by international treaties or rules of war. Support systems and agencies have developed rapidly to ward off cyber-attacks and protect critical infrastructure from system intrusion and the harvesting sensitive information. Many nations and their military have been slow to react, address and ward off these threats. "Cyber threat is much larger… we can't The size and scope of cyber-warfare is beyond one agency. Cyber-attacks defend our networks by ourselves," US from start to finish can be undertaken at the speed of light with results akin Secretary of Deputy Secretary of to a nuclear blast and are difficult to trace the origin. The cost of a Defence William Lynn. protective cyber force is prohibitive when compared with conventional forces. Locating and attributing the attack to responsible parties and determination of, whether intentional or accidental is almost impossible. Rapid computer hardware and software developments, defensive strategies and associated responses require prompt, fluid and committed responses. Key stakeholders within, governments, military and industry need to work collaboratively to develop comprehensive policies and strategies to combat cyber-threats. National security is damaged when the economy is destabilized and critical infrastructure assets compromised. The Australian Defence Force (ADF) operates in coalition with nations such as US, UK, NZ and Canada and requires high level collaboration and situational awareness. The ability to prosecute information differs between nations; a systemic weakness in one exposes all others. Intelligence, Surveillance, targeting acquisition and Reconnaissance (ISR) is a pre- eminent tool of modern warfare. In 2008 Iraqi insurgents, hacked into the live feed of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and accessed the same view as UAV operators. Whilst not providing them with control, this incident exposed system vulnerabilities on a variety of platforms from sophisticated aggressors. These intrusions into the UAV’s meant insurgents could listen but couldn’t change the message. This vulnerability was discovered when an intelligence operation harvested the contents of a captured militant’s laptop. A software program designed to copy movies and music from the internet for less than US $30.00, was used to access and download the UAV feed. The power of Information Communication Technologies in cyberspace is “Contrary to customary gun battles, such that it has shock and influential power that is difficult to stifle within cyber-warfare is fought from one's failed States such as Zimbabwe. comfort zone, be it the bedroom, office, swimming pool, etc. with Increased digitalization and connectively to land, naval, aerial platforms deadly effects.” Dr. Olivier Muchena, and assets create new vulnerabilities. Human, Machine interactions and Zimbabwe African National Union- interface rapidly and radically change many military elements. Combat Patriotic Front, Secretary for Science operations are conducted with human and artificial operators working and Technology. together in a virtual environment, and deliver a real time view of the target area with semi-autonomous and autonomous attack options. The armed General Atomics MQ-1A Predator UAV is piloted remotely from Creech Air Force Base (AFB) in Nevada USA, whilst the airframe is located in Afghanistan. Under Project LAND 121 Phase 4 Protected Mobility Vehicle – Light, Defence has ordered 1100 units of the Hawkei for the ADF. The Hawkei, developed by Thales Australia and systems by Plasan and Boeing, is a light protected vehicle of the future, using Command, Control, Communication, Computers and

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In (Cyber Space), No One Can Hear You Scream – Defence of the Digital Spectrum c’td from P.4 Intelligence (C4I) capabilities; an electronic bubble provides a wireless tether around the vehicle for a variety of systems for dismounted infantry. Including direct Joint Attack Terminal Controller (JTAC) Forward Air Controller link to fast jets, attack, troop and medivac rotary assets, using Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles (UCAVs) in forward scouting and hunting roles, supporting Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) and Multi Band Inter/Intra Team Radio (MBITR) non-line of sight software defined radios, Identification Friend or Foe and blue force trackers amongst various systems. Evolving plug and play C4I systems combined with high end situational awareness provides the modern war fighter with fewer expediential limitations. However, it provides new concerns and challenges to protect, and remain clean and free of dormant viruses, intrusions, spyware, worms, Trojans and ‘denial of service’ (DoS) activity. The Afghanistan and Iraq conflicts became heavily dependent upon Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) to support a number of platforms. Software has been embraced, re-defined, satellite dependent, covering a wide area of wireless network communication, surveillance, navigation and delivery of precision weapons. Non line-of-sight radios and video feeds are essential elements of a soldier’s kit. NATO’s Soldier Modernization program focuses on a network centric link between individual soldiers. Advanced applications include War fighter Physiological Status Monitoring Subsystem (WPSM) which collects and monitors hydration, body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, sleep status, workload capacity, and body positioning and stress level. Medics and commanders are informed by the WPSM if a soldier is wounded or has become fatigued. Modern militaries have wireless networks, communication, navigations and vehicle management systems that regulate tyre air pressure specific to: the terrain being navigated; servicing schedules; regulate rotation; and use of the vehicle fleet. Radio Frequency Identifying Devices (RFID) are used by the military to, record, track and manages equipment. RFID eliminates paper based records, and updates via a simple signal. Imagine the impact of altering an order for an urgently required, front line vehicle spare part, such as a MBT or APC by changing the tracking location position message or corrupting a supply chain order inventory list by a hacker or virus. Nations such as China and Russia claim they are not involved in hostile cyber activities. Whilst not actively sponsoring this action they are turning a blind eye towards activities to suit national objectives. The volume of internet traffic such incidents generate and the control these countries have on their national internet connections is such, they cannot be unaware of this form of activity. In 2008, weeks before the Russian Georgia conflict over South Ossetia, Georgian websites and commercial providers were hit with DoS attacks. The 2001 US-China cyber skirmish (Titian Rain) persisted until 2003. Hackers almost disrupted electricity transmissions in California. Had these DoS attacks succeeded the cost to the State of Californian and the US in terms of national prestige and security is difficult to estimate. Lockheed Martin, Sandia Laboratories, Redstone Arsenal and NASA have all experienced dedicated and persistent cyber-attacks. A website was created for volunteer Chinese hackers to obtain tools and techniques necessary to launch the “USA Kill” program. The 2nd Lebanon War in 2006 was initiated when Israeli teenagers launched a sustained DoS attack that spammed six websites supporting both Hezbollah and Hamas organizations in Lebanon and the Palestinian National Authority. This website attack sparked a cyber-war that escalated into an international incident. Palestinian and other supporting Islamic organizations responded and called a cyber Holy War, also called a cyber-Jihad or e-Jihad. This was met with severe retaliation from around the world with individuals working towards supporting or attacking Israel. The varicosity of these attacks was significant; impacts were made upon Israeli Defence Force operations preceding 2nd Lebanon War. Several nations including Australia have established and developed Cyber Warfare Commands. Their dedicated role is

In (Cyber Space), No One Can Hear You Scream – Defence of the Digital Spectrum c’td on P. 6 The Brisbane Line Page 6

In (Cyber Space), No One Can Hear You Scream – Defence of the Digital Spectrum c’td from P. 5 working towards protecting the war fighter on, ground, air, sea or wherever national threats may be found. The World Wide Web is available globally, ease of use and access; provides vulnerability to infiltration, sabotage and exploitation. Today’s military systems, weapons and platforms are driven by and dependent upon millions of lines of programming code, therefore, they may require theatre updates, software refreshes or patches to remain in service. Hence, the cyber gate is often opened to ensure continued operation and avoid software decay. This exposes systems to Trojan viruses, backdoors/trapdoors and other malicious and harmful software creations. Paperless economy Estonia has one of the highest internet usage rates in Europe. During the ‘Estonian cyber war’ or ‘Web War 1.0’ of 2007, cyber-attacks disrupted communication, parliament, newspapers, banking, and government services for 3 weeks. Portals were targeted by spamming, defacing websites, ping attacks and DDOS network attacks which caused the nation’s bandwidth to be heavily diminished. To understand cyber-threats and provide appropriate responses Estonia worked with fellow NATO members, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania and the US as an observer. Industrial and technological espionage continues by obtaining and intercepting electronic information clandestinely. Russia, France and China are masters of this art form. The rapid development of China’s 5th Generation Shenyang J- 31/FC-31 Falcon Hawk fighter, and Russia’s response to the F-22A Raptor with the T-50 Sukhoi PAK FA, provide suspicion into possible intrusions into Military and Military Industrial databases. Years of Research and Development provide a tactical and scientific edge, but billions of dollars expenditure can be eroded by industrial military espionage via cyber warfare. “All war is deception,” Sun Tzu (544-496 BCE); Cyber-space exists for information retrieval and differs to traditional fighting. Threats to cyberspace are not kinetic, e.g. a 120mm discarding sabot round is not used to inflict damage. One element of cyber warfare is dis-information; where emails, video and other ICTs appear authentic. Cyber warfare is hybrid warfare. Traditional, irregular, catastrophic and disruptive tactics, techniques and procedures are combined and used successfully against warfare-tactical, operational and strategic targets. Hackers penetrated a US system and widely distributed what appeared to be an authentic email from a senior Defence Department information technology official. This email had a variety of authentic tags claiming it was ‘unclassified’ and ‘for official use only’, US Office of Director of National Intelligence reported that North Korea had fired a nuclear missile on Japan. "A nuclear missile comes with a return address, "With cyber warfare, on the other hand, "international co- operation is imperative." William Lynn. Cyber warfare globalization makes it difficult to locate, isolate and identify those behind cyber-attacks. One significant challenge is to track and trace where attacks originate from and to identify perpetrators, making it difficult to construct an effective defence and launch an offensive. During the 2006 2nd Lebanon War, participants from Brazil and the US created viruses, shared information and collaborated on how to bring down and defend networks. They had no ideological, religious or political stance other than the thrill of involvement and tests of skill. However, criminal elements or indirect sponsorship from state actors cannot be excluded from this attack. The US Defence Advanced Research Projects (DARPA) funded a program to develop cyber defence and investigatory technologies. Cyber forensics involves the collection, identification, characterisation, presentation of properties and relationships from collected digital artefacts. Artefacts include software, data and user’s to support Defence, law enforcement, counter intelligence and cyber defence teams. This US $43 billion project seeks a technical answer to cyber finger prints or DNA. International co-operation is a significant challenge for the success of Cyber Genome; to form laws and treaties that govern use, prosecute and punish cyber-attacks and disruption. ‘Big brother’, invasion of

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In (Cyber Space), No One Can Hear You Scream – Defence of the Digital Spectrum c’td from P. 6 privacy, national sovereignty, and individual rights will emerge as grey areas in this national defence strategy program. Paul D Johnstone Cyberspace is real time, persistent, global and at times private and Paul Johnstone served in the Australian Army State interests are hard to define. Corporations are generally and has worked for Department of Defence and targets, however can also be stealthy combatants of one or two Australian Customs Service. As a journalist he’s individuals with 1,000 servers based on a ‘cloud’ giving the been a regular contributor on aviation, defence, appearance of thousands of people participating. Reasoning aerospace and homeland security matters in behind attacks varies from, because I can, the challenge, journals, magazines and national newspapers for patriotism, political or religious reasons or revenge against a the last two decades. On sabbatical from academic responsibilities at UQ he’s been particular website. Generally the number of core hackers in large employed recently as an Occupational DoS attacks is less than 100. They establish the initial bulletin Hygienist/Safety Manager & environmental boards, which provide the websites and tools then thousands of engineer within an Open Cut Coal Mine. volunteers and conscripts from all over the world, provide the His education background includes a BA from numbers to force the DoS. The collective skill, knowledge and Griffith University in History, Politics, Modern networking during this timeframe are self-perpetuating! An enemy Asian Studies and Languages (Bahasa Indonesian always moves against perceived weakness and will be one step and Mandarin Chinese), a Bachelor of General ahead of you. Technology moves exponentially, if on the Studies in Human Resource Management and defensive you will be behind, unaware of weaknesses until it has Humanities (Monash), A Master of Teaching (Secondary), QUT, A Master of Education Adult & been exploited. Workplace QUT, Master of Business China, Russia, North Korea and to some extent Syria, Iran and non- Administration QUT and is due to complete a state actors such as al Qaeda, Hamas, ISIL will continue to embrace Master of Occupational Health, Safety & cyber warfare; they cannot achieve dominance or superiority by Environmental Management later this year. terrorism, conventional warfare or nuclear engagement. For these He is currently working towards a Doctor of players the ability to embrace and threaten via asymmetrical Business Administration degree exploring threats and hybrid conditions provide a means of attack that is Knowledge Management in Defence Primes and the emerging knowledge gap caused by the instantaneous, direct, deniable and borderless. transition of Baby Boomers from the workplace DoS hardware and software is relatively inexpensive, equipment is and the responsibilities placed upon Generations easy to access and skills relatively easy to learn. As more military Y and M. and civilian systems and platforms become integrated and His interests include Aviation, Defence and networked a carte blanche vulnerability and threat becomes a Foreign Affairs issues, Languages Other Than reality. This rising challenge is beyond that of military and English, professional writing and international governments rather a unified strategic plan that includes industry travel. is required that is fluid, resilient and coordinated. Paul D Johnstone Regardless of whether the threat is via cyber space or in the form of a main battle tank, submarine or ICBM missile - War is war!

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President’s Report 2 June 2016 Members are again enjoying the benefits of holding the lunch time lecture in RUSI Hall, inside Victoria Barracks, Petrie Terrace Brisbane. This remains the ideal location for RUSIQ lectures given the facilities available, its location, with parking available. Please make the effort to attend as many lunch time lectures as possible and encourage other members and friends to accompany you. The process of change at RUSI-A level continues. There was a special National Council Meeting in Canberra on 4 May, which was attended by all of the State RUSI Presidents and another telephone hook-up meeting on 28 May. The outcome of these meetings is that RUSI-A will become a company limited by guarantee and registered in the ACT. The only members of this reconstituted national organization will be the present seven constituent bodies (each State RUSI and RUSI ACT). Each member will have one vote at future AGMs. The elected directors of the new national body will participate in the discussions at the AGM, but they will not have a vote at that meeting. The new national body will apply to register a new name, “Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies - Australia” which better reflects the nature and activities of RUSI-A. In due time, RUSIQ will consider adjusting its title to reflect this change. The changes to RUSI-A have been prompted by the need for RUSI-A to comply with the current requirements of the Commonwealth Government administration for financial accountability. This requires a more precise and direct acquittal of allocated funds. The present three-year financial agreement between Defence and RUSI-A expires on 30 June 2016. In future RUISI-A, as well as each State RUSI will need to bid for funds for specific projects approved by Defence for each financial year. Essentially, this will mean that RUSIQ will only be eligible to receive commonwealth funds for projects that relate to contemporary military and security issues. In addition, Defence will institute a new single Facilities Agreement for the Institute throughout Australia to operate from 1 July 2016. For the time being, this will formalize RUSIQ’s occupancy of RUSI Hall, Victoria Barracks, but without access to the DRN. RUSIQ is well satisfied with its present convenient location. This new agreement will allow RUSIQ to continue its present operation with minimal change. On Tuesday 30 May, I flew to Sydney for the day to attend the RUSI NSW’s half-day seminar on “The Strategic Significance of Cyber and Space” held in a theatrette in the NSW Parliament House. This seminar featured five outstanding speakers who each presented challenging information and posed intriguing questions for the future. These papers will be published in the RUSI NSW Journal, “United Service” Vol 67 Number 3 which will be available on 1 September 2016. This publication is commended to you, as it will be well worth reading. Modern society poses many challenges for volunteer bodies and RUSIQ is no exception. The Institute needs to increase its traditional membership base, and also to reach out to the more recent generation of military people and those in the civilian community who have a genuine interest in contemporary military and security issues. If you know military colleagues who may be interested in the activities of RUSIQ, please invite them to a lunch time lecture and introduce them to members of the committee. If any member has any suggestions for the future conduct of RUSIQ, please bring them to my attention. In July, I will travel to the UK for our daughter’s graduation from a Master’s Course at Cambridge University and a European river cruise, which will mean I will be absent for the July lunch time lecture. In my absence, the Institute will be in the capable hands of our Vice Presidents, Secretary and volunteers. John Lewis Forrest

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Secretary’s Notes The RUSIQ office hours are Tuesday and Wednesday of each week from 0930 to 1500. The building and the Library will be open and staffed by our committee 2016 Lecture Program members or volunteer staff during these times. Messages may be left anytime on the phone numbers or the email address. The Secretary may be contacted by his Wed 20 July mobile phone 0418 878 205 or by email to [email protected]. Brigadier Chris Hamilton ADC

(ex CO 31st Bn) Please note that under current security “Safe Base Charlie” restrictions, casual The Battle of Fromelles 19 – 20 July visits by members to the barracks will require members to report to the security 1916 – The First Major AS Battle on office and be issued with a temporary pass. This situation will continue until such the Western Front time as the security status is relaxed. This should not restrict members’ visits to the staff or the library. Wed 24 August Lieutenant Colonel Russell Linwood, For our regular Lunch Time Lectures during 2016, members must register with ASM (AAHU) the RUSIQ Secretary to attend each lecture. A volunteer will have to check The Battle of Pozieres 23 July – 3 members off a list at the entrance gate. Under this procedure VBB security passes September 1916 – The Yardstick for will not be required but members must only move between the gate and the hall, WW 1 Bombardments with no general movement around the barracks. Members who have not registered will have to proceed via the Security Office. Wed 21 September Wing Commander Clive Wells Limited parking in the main barracks will be available and the Lower Car Park may (Deputy CO 23 Sqn) be opened between 1100 and 1150 and for 20 minutes after the lecture concludes. Preservation of our Military Aviation Members with special mobility problems requiring a close reserve car park are to History request so from the Secretary. Followed by RUSIQ AGM This situation may however be withdrawn without notice at any time and thus the lectures would have to revert to being held in the United Service Club, Brisbane.

All members are requested to advise their Email address if they actively use one. This will allow for the regular publication of our activities throughout the year, saving on postage (now $1.00) and telephone calls. Ian Willoughby

RUSIQ Library Report

2016 BOOK DONOR QTY

20 January Mrs Sharyn Hughes 1

17 February 31st Infantry Bn Association 1

17 February LTCOL Russell Linwood ASM 7

15 March Mr Anthony Caston 1

30 March Mr John Innes 3

All donations received with thanks. Dal Anderson The Brisbane Line Page 10

Keeping the Peace in the Middle East - an Australian Observers Story Presented at RUSI Hall on Wednesday April 20th 2016 By Major Ross Eastgate OAM BA (Mil) psc Dip P&R Mngt For seven decades, the UN Truce Supervision Organisation in Palestine has observed and reported on hostilities between Israel and its neighbours. It was formed in May 1948 after the UN voted to recognize Israel as an independent sovereign state, with no sign of being disbanded. There have been 69 peacekeeping missions; 56 since 1988. Six were UNTSO, UN Force in Cyprus UNFICYP, UN Disengagement Observer Force UNDOF, UN Emergency Forces I and II UNEF II and the UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) have been in the Middle East. Australian UNMO have served, observed and reported on all conflicts between Israel and its neighbours since 1956. Australia has contributed military observers (UNMO) to UNTSO since 1956 and in 2016 there are 12 ADF personnel with the mission. Two Australians, Major Generals Tim Ford and Ian Gordon have commanded the mission. Static observation posts (OP) are manned along with check points, truce lines, patrols and formal inspections. They may be required to intervene in escalating situations, inspect and report on violations of standing truce arrangements, investigate allegations of inappropriate activities by either side, supervise family meetings across truce lines, refugee movement and the transfer of PoW’s or bodies of casualties. Unarmed, observers draw on a mix of military training and experience, personalities and the “good offices” of the UN or more importantly its Security Council to which they report, through UNTSO HQ in Old Government House in Jerusalem. They do so with minimal support from their national defence forces and responsible for their accommodation and rations. Sometimes Australian UNMO were allowed to take families on postings, generally for 12 months. Working 11 days of a 14 day roster there were opportunities to visit and live in many historic Middle East destinations. Currently unaccompanied Australians are posted to UNTSO through Operation Palladin for six-month deployments. Each individual observer’s experience will be dictated by when and where they are deployed in UNTSO area of operations and what is happening in Middle East politics. UNTSO observers were deployed to Jerusalem, Damascus, Beirut Cairo, and Gaza, Tiberius, Nahariya and other locations as Middle East tensions changed borders or some locations declared unsafe. Ross Eastgate served with UNTSO from May 1977 to May 1978. He arrived in Israel on the day the country elected the far right politician Menachem Begin Prime Minister, a watershed in that country’s politics after three decades of left-wing coalition governments. Ross was accompanied by his wife and 18-month-old son, on posting to Damascus and reposted to UNDOF. Photo 1: typical UN observation post Golan Heights Standard UNTSO deployment is six months; UNMO serving longer were posted on the other side of the Middle East equation. Under the terms of the 1974 ceasefire following the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, (called Yom Kippur War by Israel, and the War of Ramadan by the Arabs) two additional peacekeeping forces were created. UNDOF had a separate charter to monitor the Golan Heights between Israel and Syria and UNTSO personnel were formally reposted to UNDOF, based in Damascus and Tiberius on the Sea of Galilee. UNEF II monitored the Sinai Peninsula but UNMO were allotted to a separate Observer Group Sinai (OGS) based in Jerusalem and Cairo. UNMO in Damascus and Tiberius manned 11 static OP on the Golan and conducted formal, fortnightly inspections and regular, unscheduled patrols and other duties as required. Although mines were a constant risk on the Golan, a car bomb opposite the Syrian Air Force HQ in August 1977 was too close for comfort.

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Keeping the Peace in the Middle East - an Australian Observers Story c’td from P. 10 After 6 months Eastgate was posted to OGS Jerusalem. As they travelled to Jerusalem on 19th Major Ross Eastgate OAM, BA (Mil) psc, Dip P&R Mngt. November 1977, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat visited Arab capitals and Jerusalem for formal talks Ross Eastgate was born and educated in Bundaberg, with Menachem Begin and the Israeli cabinet. Duties Queensland. He graduated from RMC Duntroon in December in the Sinai were routine; manning checkpoints and 1971 allotted to RASigs. In May 1977 after regimental and conducting patrols across desert sands familiar to training appointments in PNG and Sydney, Ross was posted as Australian Light Horsemen in World War I. military observer to United Nations Truce Supervision Organisation in Palestine (UNTSO). War relics from the two most recent wars in 1967 and 1973 still littered the sands. In March 1977 after an On return to Australia he completed staff appointments at HQ attack on an Israeli bus by PLO commandos, Israel Training Command, writing army doctrine and in electronic invaded southern Lebanon for the first time. Eastgate warfare at HQ Field Force Command. Regimental and was among those Jerusalem based observers instructional appointments in Melbourne preceded identified to raise a new peacekeeping force attendance at Fort Queenscliffe. sanctioned by the Security Council, the UN Interim After Staff College and a posting as an instructor on Tactics Force in Lebanon. Almost four decades later it is still Wing at LWC Canungra, Ross returned to PNG in 1988 to the there. He was amongst the first UNIFIL deployment Australian Services Advisory Unit – Royal Papua New Guinea when UNMO allocated staff positions on the force HQ Constabulary (RPNGC) fully manned to its war establishment at Naquora commenced operation. of one. His role was Director of Communications RPNGC, in UNIFIL HQ was located in the old Lebanese customs the period when the RPNGC and PNGDF were involved in post, (familiar to Australian 7th Division soldiers when operations in Bougainville during the secessionist uprising. they invaded in 1941). Other UNMO acted as escorts Ross left the army in 1991 to return to PNG with Chevron Oil and guides for deployed troops drawn from UN forces during the construction of the Kutubu Oilfield Access Road in in the Middle East and new contributing countries. the Southern Highlands. Australian Infantry and Eastgate’s Duntroon classmate In 2001-2003 Ross returned to the army as a speech writer to Captain Bob Cooper was assigned to a Swedish the CA General Peter Cosgrove, and was deployed to East infantry company redeployed from the Sinai. Timor. He has subsequently worked in government and in Cooper’s personal gallantry under fire on the first two journalism, and writes a weekly defence column for The days of deployment were in the Australian Army’s Townsville Bulletin. great traditions but has sadly passed unremarked. Ross is a graduate of RMC, UNSW, Command and General It was an intensive experience with UNIFIL suffering Staff College. As a UN peacekeeper he was a recipient of the several casualties and a visit by the then UN 1988 Nobel Peace Prize and awarded an OAM for services to Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim. The French veterans and their families in the Queen’s Birthday list 2000. battalion CO was grievously wounded and several Major Ross Eastgate OAM, BA (Mil) psc, Dip P&R Mngt. other personal killed and wounded, on Eastgate’s last day in Lebanon. Unarmed UNMO faced dangers on a daily basis, not to mention the considerable changes.

It was one individual’s experience of a memorable and remarkable year in the Middle East. In 1988 the Nobel Prize Committee awarded the Nobel Peace Prize to all UN Peacekeepers who had served to that date.

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The Dead Prussian: Is Clausewitz relevant to conflict in the 21st century? Comparing the views of Simpson and Echevarria By Lieutenant Colonel Mark Smith, Australian Army Carl Von Clausewitz’s work “On War” presents a philosophical and theoretical examination of war, whose contemporary operations relevance has been debated, since the Cold War. Two authors, Antulio J Echevarria and Emile Simpson, have written about Clausewitz’s relevance to the 21st century. In his book “War from the Ground Up”, Simpson approached the relevance question through junior officer deployment experience with British forces in Helmand Province, Afghanistan. He observed that the Afghanistan conflict is not a traditional war; ‘it is an armed conflict designed to achieve political outcomes by multiple actors.’ Debate over Clausewitz’s applicability to 21st century conflict, ‘confuses a Clausewitzian war with armed politics outside of war,’ and that Clausewitz is only relevant to, traditional state on state warfare. This article explores differences between the authors’ views by analysing their arguments against three central Clausewitzian principles: the nature of war; subjective-objective dualism; and the ‘wondrous trinity’. Both authors assert that Clausewitz is relevant for operations in the 21st century. Their conclusions differ due to different applications of the subjective-objective dualism and the level of war used to consider Clausewitz’s writings. Echevarria in the book, “Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century,” approached Clausewitz’s relevance, from a different perspective in the chapter, “Clausewitz and the Nature of the War on Terror.” Rather than examining tactics, Echevarria addressed the broader Global War on Terror (GWoT). He found that GWoT is a 21st century war; wars change in accordance with the ‘spirit of the age’; both the strategic level of war and subordinate operations are consistent with Clausewitz’s universal principles. Clausewitz stated in the opening chapters of “On War” that the nature of war is unchanged; ‘… undertaken to realize political purpose which the State pre-determined in view of national internal and external conditions’. Echevarria and Simpson take different views on this statement. Echevarria, focused his paper on GWoT at a strategic level and demonstrated, that the United States of America and al-Qaeda, both ‘attempt to use, armed force to achieve political or religious ends that are secular in nature’. Political aims of GWoT can be articulated strategically, Echevarria acknowledged the ambiguity and multi-polarity that Simpson discussed at the tactical level. Echevarria accepted that cultural norms, tribal alliances, religion, values and popular support influenced how both sides chose to wage war and define its ends. Echevarria remained focused on the strategic level and did not conduct separate operational or tactical analyses for Iraq and Afghanistan. Echevarria viewed these conflicts as a series of tactical actions and operations by both parties to reach their political goals. Echevarria maintained that Clausewitz is still relevant in the GWoT. Simpson drew on personal experience in Helmand and applied Clausewitzian views to the purpose of war at a tactical level. He considered that politicians advocated British involvement in Afghanistan and had, ‘influenced the polarized political situation more than reality’. Simpson suggested that the human terrain was far more complex than ‘good versus evil’ and that dualism was non-existent between the USA and al-Qaeda at a tactical level. He cited provincial tribal and factional tensions that shifted political alliances of individuals and groups. This meant that pro-Afghan individuals and groups became anti-Afghan government. Local tensions drove the conflict within the province; not an alliance to insurgents. Simpson challenged the polar view of insurgency; rather than the Taliban being a single entity, it is a group of different factions under a common ‘Taliban franchise’ who come together to advance local and pragmatic interests. Shifting alliances cause confusion when identifying ‘friend or foe’ at tactical levels. Simpson queried whether British Forces are tasked to pre-determined British political outcomes at a strategic level. For example, in Helmand Province they are used

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The Dead Prussian: Is Clausewitz relevant to conflict in the 21st century? C’td from P. 12 to intervene in local factional issues and provide military support to the political aims of the Afghan Government. Simpson illustrated the difficult application of Clausewitz subjectively at a tactical level. Echevarria’s argument is more compelling because he considered the strategic level of war which made the purpose of war easier to define. Simpson delved into the tactical level which made the purpose of war difficult to discern the nexus between, the motivation of Taliban fighters’ and al-Qaeda strategic goals indirect and obscure. The nature and purpose of war is interpreted through different reasoning methods. Clausewitz used a dual subjective- objective method of reasoning throughout. He used dualism to extrapolate objective truths about war from subjective circumstances, experiences and observations. Clausewitz used case studies and analysis to describe subjective knowledge. Subjective knowledge is valid for a particular war, army, or individual. Clausewitz analysed his subjective knowledge to determine and impart objective knowledge (universal truths) about the nature of war, applicable to all wars at all times. Universal truth applies to all wars, but subjective knowledge applies only to an individual case. Echevarria focused on the strategic level of war and avoided delving into subjective analysis of the Afghan conflict and acknowledged the utility of objective knowledge espoused by Clausewitz. Simpson chose to analyse a province in Afghanistan, and applied Clausewitz’s ideas subjectively to that conflict, and identified a number of inconsistencies with Clausewitz’s teaching. Simpson found that multiple actors within the province prevented British forces facing a unitary opposing force, which they can fight. Without a clear enemy to fight it is difficult to know whose political will the British forces are trying to influence. Is it the local population, convincing them to reject the Taliban? Is it the local Taliban, convincing him to lay down his arms and take up a shovel? Or is it the senior leadership of al-Qaeda? Simpson questioned whether British forces tactical activities in Helmand achieved their stated strategic aims. Simpson focused on subjective lessons at a tactical level, and did not consider the impact that British activity in Helmand Province had at an operational and strategic level. Echevarria’s argument was more persuasive and able to demonstrate that Clausewitz is still relevant when considering objective principles (universal truths). Contrary to Clausewitz, Simpson used inductive reasoning, to force a “bottom up” subjective experience to become a universal law. When this failed, he concluded that Clausewitz was not relevant to conflict in Helmand Province, without accounting for how the character of war changes. Clausewitz’s ‘wondrous trinity’ (representing the character of war), described how the character of war changes in response to circumstances, and can be applied objectively or subjectively. Echevarria adopted Bassford’s and Villacres’s approach, who stated that, ‘the trinity comprises three objective forces: a subordinate or guiding influence, chance and probability, and the force of hostility’ (shown in Fig 1). Echevarria applied Clausewitz to strategic GWoT and used coalition examples, and those of our adversary, by drawing on the interconnectedness of al-Qaeda-sponsored or inspired attacks in America, Britain, Indonesia, Morocco, Tunisia, Philippines, Iraq and Afghanistan. Echevarria acknowledged the adversarial complexity of the GWoT, and acknowledged that many groups share al-Qaeda’s goals, others are motivated by different political purposes; self-determination, religion, and power at regional or local levels. He argued that, on a strategic level they share similar purposes and common political aims and that Clausewitz’s trinity is still relevant in the 21st century because the interplay of influence, chance and hostility continues to shape the character of the GWoT. It remains relevant because the speed and scale of their influence on the character of war increased, due to the acceleration of interaction between globalisation of improved communications and worldwide media. Simpson did not address Clausewitz’s trinity objectively but used the subjective trinity of; government, army and people to identify ‘strategic audiences’.

Figure 1. Clausewitz’s ‘wondrous trinity’

The Dead Prussian: Is Clausewitz relevant to conflict in the 21st century? C’td on P. 14

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The Dead Prussian: Is Clausewitz relevant to conflict in the 21st century? C’td from P. 13 Clausewitz’s interpretation is less compelling; he used the latter example of Lieutenant Colonel Mark Smith the trinity to demonstrate a subjective case by focusing on individuals and Lieutenant Colonel Mark Smith is an organisations in the subjective trinity. Simpson’s argument evolved differently Army Reserve Infantry officer with from Echevarria’s. Based on his experience Simpson illustrated the different over 20 years of service and is characters of war: British forces fought battles with insurgents, exchanged fire currently posted to Headquarters 1 with ‘accidental guerrillas’, and supported pro-Afghan militias and government Brigade as the Staff Officer Grade forces. He highlighted that in each case, there is a range of actors motivated One – Training. His most recent by individual purposes. posting was as Operations Officer for The interplay between government, army and people can be examined in each Battle Group Cannan (the Army of these situations. Simpson believed that Reserve’s first Reinforcing Battle variations between situations were too Group) in 2014. He has a wide significant to provide a unifying objective truth variety of regimental postings and about the overall interplay of trinity elements. his operational deployments include He asserted that with so many actors, with Timor Leste (5RAR), Afghanistan (HQ divergent aims and influences, it was 1 Bde) and Vanuatu (HQ 3CB). impossible to identify a clear enemy or He has completed a Masters in audience to seek battle with or to influence Military and Defence Studies, a with strategic narrative. Unless a unified target Figure 2: Simpson adopts Masters of Business Administration, audience is convinced they are defeated, further Clausewitz’s subjective trinity to describe ‘strategic audiences’. and is currently completing studies hostilities are pointless. in Terrorism and Security Studies.

Unlike Echevarria, Simpson did not feel compelled to focus on purpose that In addition he holds a Bachelor of unites, but rather, highlighted differences between them. He concluded that Legal and Professional Studies, and Clausewitz’s trinity was not relevant to Helmand armed conflict, but remains credentials in business, government, relevant in traditional war where strategic narrative reaches target audiences. management, and policing, security Echevarria and Simpson both asserted the relevance of Clausewitz for the 21st and risk management. century; Simpson believed that he is relevant for traditional warfare but not He graduated from the Australian for armed conflict. Key differences between authors are dependent on their Command and Staff College (Joint) in application of Clausewitz’s writings and his subjective-objective duality. 2013 and was the recipient of the Echeverria applied Clausewitzian principles at the strategic level of the GWoT Principal’s Prize. In his civilian and found that Clausewitz’s universal truths are still applicable and relevant career, he is employed by the for contemporary operations of both traditional and non-traditional war. Queensland Police Service as a Simpson reflected on personal experience in provincial operations in Helmand Senior Sergeant and is also a Province and found that he could not reconcile tactical activities with the member of the Department of achievement of political goals on the GWoT. His tactical focus and inductive Foreign Affairs and Trade’s reasoning lead him to ignore war’s ability to change in character; he Australian Civilian Corps. disregarded Clausewitz’s axiom that war is ‘more than a simple chameleon’ and that the character of war varies in relation to; objective forces of influence, chance and hostility. Despite their differences, both authors concur that Clausewitz has relevance for the 21st century as he provided a number of objective truths about war, which transcend history and account for change. LTCOL Mark Smith The views expressed here are the author’s own and do not reflect those of the Australian Army, Australian Defence Force or the Australian Government. The Brisbane Line Page 15

About the Author’s Emile Simpson studied at Oxford University Vale before serving in the British Army from 2006– Colonel (Professor – Dr) Barry Smithurst A.M., AM (Mil) 2012 as an infantry officer; he completed RFD ED three tours in southern Afghanistan. That experience formed the basis of his first book, It is with regret that we advise the passing of COL “War from the Ground Up: Twenty-First- Barry Smithurst, long-term member of RUSI and one Century Combat as Politics.” of our outstanding personalities. This genial man has now attended his final parade. This book covers a wide range of topics, including grand strategy, civil-military relations, In 1945 Barry commenced medical studies at Sydney and counter-insurgency. It has generally University, graduating M.B. B.S. with Honours in early received positive reviews. 1952. He completed his medical residency at St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney. Barry enlisted in the Military historian Michael Howard compared Citizen Military Forces as a medical officer whilst in the work to “The Face of Battle” by John Keegan and even Hobart and began a 33 year part-time career in the “On War” by Carl von Clausewitz, saying that it "should be Australian Army, culminating in appointment as compulsory reading at every level in the military”. Commander, Divisional Medical Services for 1st Antulio J. Echevarria II is a retired US Army Division at Enoggera. Officer, military historian, strategist and During Barry’s distinguished career he trained at theorist. In 1994 he attained a Ph.D. for his Alfred Hospital in Melbourne, St Vincent’s in Sydney thesis Neo Clausewitzianism. and Charing Cross Hospital London and he continued Since retiring from the Army as a LTCOL, he has his military service while attached to the British Army instructed at the United States Military Academy, been Medical Corps. He undertook a Fellowship at John speechwriter to the Chief of Staff of the Army and was the Hopkins University Baltimore, which pioneered a Director of Research at the Strategic Studies Institute. clinical genetics course. During the Melbourne Olympics in 1956, Barry was the medical officer for He has written extensively in the Journal of yachting and in 1967 saw him in Vietnam at Bien Hoa Military History, War in History, Journal of Strategic Studies and numerous books on Hospital. military history and strategy. He is currently Barry’s passion was the American Civil War and, not the editor of the quarterly journal of the US so long ago, I spent a day at his house while he took Army War College. me through the Battle of Gettysburg of which he was quite an authority. His magnificent library was something to behold and the envy of many of us.

We extend to Barry’s wife Maureen and his family our sincere condolences. He was one of our most

distinguished and loyal members who will never be forgotten. An officer and a gentleman, rest in peace, mighty friend. It has been an honour to have known

you.

Keith Victorsen OAM

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WHAT IS THE ROYAL UNITED SERVICE INSTITUTE The RUSI in Australia followed on from the traditions of the Royal United Service Institution and Defence Studies formed in London in 1831. The inaugural President in 1892 was Major-General J.I. Owen, Commander Qld Defence force. It was for many years known as the Naval and Military Institute. Just before World War 2, it was named the United Service Institute. Initially it was formed for the education of military officers of the three Services. On 6 January, 1989 the Institute was incorporated and on 12 September, 1996 it changed its name from United Service Institute Queensland Incorporated to the Royal United Service Institute Queensland Incorporated. The aim of the Institute is to encourage discussion of National Security and Defence matters and to improve public awareness and understanding of such issues. The Institute maintains an excellent library of more than 9,000 books covering current Service equipment, doctrine and strategy, defence and security, and military history. The Institute convenes lectures throughout the year on these and related subjects. The Queensland Institute produces its own newsletter ‘The Brisbane Line”. The Institute is located in Victoria Barracks, Brisbane (Building D3) in premises which include a large lecture theatre, a library with reading rooms and a mess ante-room. Hours are 9.30 am – 3.00 pm Tuesday and Wednesday excluding public holidays. Membership is available to adult person in sympathy with the aims of the Institute. The membership year runs from 1st July to 30th June. Membership application forms are available from the Secretary. SUBSCRIPTIONS Metropolitan Country (over 40 klms) Ordinary Members: $45 $35 Senior Members (Over 70/Pensioners/Students): $30 $2

Patron: His Excellency the Honourable Paul de Jersey, AC, Governor of Queensland

Vice Patrons: MAJGEN P. McLachlan, AM, CSC AIRCDRE S. Winchester CMD R. P. Tedman, DSM, OAM, ADC, RAN COMMISSIONER I. Stewart, APM

Management Committee: President: SQNLDR John Forrest, RFD (Ret’d) Vice Pres: CAPT Bob Hume, RFD, RANR Vice Pres: LTCOL Russell Linwood, ASM Hon. Secretary: LTCOL Ian Willoughby, (Ret’d) Hon. Treasurer: Mr Barry Dinneen, FCA, FTIA, JP (Qual) Hon. Librarian: LTCOL Dal Anderson, RFD, ED (Ret’d) Asst Sec (Publicity): Mr Duncan McConnell

Committee: WGCDR Rod Brittain (Ret’d) Mr Sean Kenny, ASM SQNLDR Tim O’Dwyer (Ret’d) Ms Cheryl Welch Mr Dennis Grant

Editor: Mrs Robin Brittain