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Electronic Prayer Rug: Design and Evaluation

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Electronic Prayer Rug: Design and Evaluation ELECTRONIC PRAYER RUG: DESIGN AND EVALUATION By Wael Abouelsaadat A THESIS SUBMITTED IN CONFORMITY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO Copyright © 2012 by Wael Abouelsaadat Abstract Electronic Prayer Rug: Design and Evaluation, by Wael Abouelsaadat A thesis submitted in partial conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto Copyright © 2012 by Wael Abouelsaadat For more than a thousand years, the prayer rug has been used by Muslims, around the world, to conduct the five daily prayer rituals. The rug has undergone very little modification since it was first used – mainly aesthetics in the form of adding motifs and patterns. This dissertation constitutes the first major enhancement to the prayer rug: an electronic version that neither compromises the traditional form nor the simple interaction associated with the passive device. This modern version of the prayer rug enhances the spiritual experience of Muslims during prayer. The electronic version also supports the display of Quran verses – enabling Muslims, for the first time, to read un- memorized parts of the Quran during prayer. This dissertation makes a number of key contributions; first, a study of the challenges facing Muslims in fulfilling prayer requirements. Second, the design and implementation of the electronic prayer rug – the first of a kind device – to support Muslims during prayer rituals. Third contribution is using Electroencephalography to evaluate the impact of a newly designed digital device (electronic prayer rug) to support religious rituals – the first of a kind study. Fourth, conducting a four month longitudinal study to evaluate the long term impact of a newly designed digital device (electronic prayer rug) to support ii religious rituals – also the first of a kind study. The fifth contribution is an HCI-centered reviews and taxonomies of rituals and related tools, from several religions. These studies are the first to be performed within the area of digital tools for religious rituals. iii Acknowledgments Whatever good, happens to thee, is from God; whatever evil (bad) happens to thee, is from thy soul (Quran 4:79). First, I thank God for letting me through all the difficulties and for completing the PhD You are the one who let me finish my degree -- Thank you! This thesis would not have been possible without the constant support and endless patience of my supervisor Professor Deb Fels. From day one, Deb has given me the freedom to explore ideas which made sense to me. This freedom was invaluable. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude for her intellectual guidance to make this dream reality. The joy and enthusiasm she has for research was contagious and motivational for me, even during tough times. I appreciate all her contributions of time, effort, and funding to make my experience productive and stimulating. I owe her significant debt. To Professor Mark Chignell I extend my gratitude. As a member of my advisory committee, he has always provided invaluable advice and shared his insights on how to improve the quality of my research. I also take this opportunity to thank Professor Khai Truong for his contribution as a member of my advisory committee. His feedback on the thesis content was very helpful in improving its quality. A great number of people contributed significantly to my research over the PhD years. I still remember the first time I met Professor William A. MacKay, of the physiology department at the University of Toronto, to ask him for a permission to use the EEG machine in his lab. He promptly agreed. Without his generosity, support, and direction, it would have been difficult to conduct the EEG experiments reported in this thesis. I am iv indebted to Professor Mackay for teaching me how to conduct EEG experiments and for his input on the thesis content. I would also like to thank Pushan Lele for assisting with the EEG experiments. During the construction of the hardware prototypes, Jerson Fernando and Kamal Rageh provided valuable input in the design and trouble shooting of the printed circuit boards. Thank you for your help. A special thanks to my family. Words cannot express how grateful I am to my each and every member, for all of the sacrifices that you’ve made on my behalf. Your prayer for me was what sustained me thus far. Thank you for supporting me, and especially I can’t thank you enough for encouraging me throughout this experience. Last but not least, I would like to acknowledge all the interviewees and participants who spent their time and shared their views and experience with me. For any errors or inadequacies that may remain in this work, of course, the responsibility is entirely my own. v TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... x list of Tables ..................................................................................................................... xiv Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Motivation ............................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Research Questions .............................................................................................. 5 1.3 Statement of Thesis .............................................................................................. 6 1.4 Contributions ........................................................................................................ 7 1.5 Structure of the Dissertation ................................................................................. 8 1.5.1 Outline of the Dissertation ............................................................................ 8 1.5.2 Outline of the Surveyed Related Work ......................................................... 9 Chapter 2 Interviews with Practicing Muslims ................................................................. 10 2.1 Islamic Prayer ......................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Interviews with Practicing Muslims ....................................................................... 13 2.3 Interview with Religious Scholar ............................................................................ 19 2.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 21 2.5 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 24 Chapter 3 Survey of Religious Rituals and Tools ............................................................. 26 3.1 Tools Supporting Religious Rituals ........................................................................ 27 3.1.1 Taxonomy of Tools .......................................................................................... 27 3.1.2 Digital Tools in Light of the Tools Taxonomy ................................................ 30 3.1.3 Islamic Prayer Rug in Light of the Tools Taxonomy ...................................... 42 3.2 Prayer Rituals .......................................................................................................... 44 3.2.1 Taxonomy ........................................................................................................ 44 3.2.2 Salah in Light of the Rituals Taxonomy .......................................................... 51 3.3 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 51 Chapter 4 Design Evolution of the Electronic Prayer Rug ............................................... 53 4.1 Design Alternatives ................................................................................................. 53 4.2 Design Iterations ..................................................................................................... 56 4.2.1 Iteration 0: eRug – Wood Prototype ................................................................ 57 vi 4.2.2 Iteration 1: eRug – Rubber Prototype .............................................................. 62 4.2.3 Iteration 2: eRug – Peripheral Device .............................................................. 68 4.2.4 Iteration 3: eRug – Independent Device .......................................................... 77 4.2.5 Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 82 Chapter 5 Evaluation of the Electronic Prayer Rug .......................................................... 84 5.1 Evaluation Strategy ................................................................................................. 84 5.2 Previous Studies of Salah........................................................................................ 88 5.3 Physiological Evaluation ........................................................................................ 91 5.3.1 Using Physiological Measures in HCI Evaluation ........................................... 91 5.3.2 Physiological Measure for eRug Evaluation.................................................... 94 5.3.3 EEG .................................................................................................................
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