LA DERECHA COMO AUTORITARISMO EN EL SIGLO XXI LA DERECHA COMO AUTORITARISMO EN EL SIGLO XXI Los Signos De Un Viraje Global Hacia Políticas Conservadoras Son Claros

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LA DERECHA COMO AUTORITARISMO EN EL SIGLO XXI LA DERECHA COMO AUTORITARISMO EN EL SIGLO XXI Los Signos De Un Viraje Global Hacia Políticas Conservadoras Son Claros LUIS DUNOGOTTBERG ARMANDO CHAGUACEDA ARMANDO CHAGUACEDA • LUIS DUNOGOTTBERG COORDINADORES LA DERECHA COMO AUTORITARISMO EN EL SIGLO XXI LA DERECHA COMO AUTORITARISMO EN EL SIGLO XXI EN EL SIGLO LA DERECHA COMO AUTORITARISMO Los signos de un viraje global hacia políticas conservadoras son claros. En general, sugieren que el liberalismo, en su forma económica de libre mercado y en su versión política más tolerante e LA DERECHA COMO inclusiva, se ha desacreditado para amplias franjas de la ciudadanía. Incluidos segmentos de voto popular, hoy seducidos por liderazgos AUTORITARISMO neopopulistas autoritarios, oligárquicos y xenófobos. EN EL SIGLO XXI En este libro nos proponemos reflexionar, de forma preeminente, sobre aquellas derechas cuya vocación autoritaria les hace abrazar formas políticas que mezclan la limitación de derechos e instituciones –tradicionalmente ligados al modelo democrático– con modos de implementación, defensa y profundización de un capitalismo de acusados rasgos oligárquicos. Todos estos temas son abordados en los capítulos que conforman la obra por colegas de reconocida trayectoria académica, con diversa procedencia nacional y disciplinar. Lo que otorga da a la reflexión aquí reunida un carácter más amplio y plural que otros emprendimientos tradicionales. @cadal fundacioncadal cadal.org cadaltv LUIS DUNOGOTTBERG ARMANDO CHAGUACEDA ARMANDO CHAGUACEDA • LUIS DUNOGOTTBERG COORDINADORES LA DERECHA COMO AUTORITARISMO EN EL SIGLO XXI LA DERECHA COMO AUTORITARISMO EN EL SIGLO XXI EN EL SIGLO LA DERECHA COMO AUTORITARISMO Los signos de un viraje global hacia políticas conservadoras son claros. En general, sugieren que el liberalismo, en su forma económica de libre mercado y en su versión política más tolerante e LA DERECHA COMO inclusiva, se ha desacreditado para amplias franjas de la ciudadanía. Incluidos segmentos de voto popular, hoy seducidos por liderazgos AUTORITARISMO neopopulistas autoritarios, oligárquicos y xenófobos. EN EL SIGLO XXI En este libro nos proponemos reflexionar, de forma preeminente, sobre aquellas derechas cuya vocación autoritaria les hace abrazar formas políticas que mezclan la limitación de derechos e instituciones –tradicionalmente ligados al modelo democrático– con modos de implementación, defensa y profundización de un capitalismo de acusados rasgos oligárquicos. Todos estos temas son abordados en los capítulos que conforman la obra por colegas de reconocida trayectoria académica, con diversa procedencia nacional y disciplinar. Lo que otorga a la reflexión aquí reunida un carácter más amplio y plural que otros emprendi- mientos tradicionales. @cadal fundacioncadal cadal.org cadaltv ARMANDO CHAGUACEDA • LUIS DUNO-GOTTBERG COORDINADORES LA DERECHA COMO AUTORITARISMO EN EL SIGLO XXI BUENOS AIRES • 2020 La derecha como autoritarismo en el siglo XXI © 2020, de esta coedición Centro para la Apertura y el Desarrollo de América Latina (CADAL) Centro de Estudios Constitucionales Iberoamericanos AC Rice University Coordinadores: Armando Chaguaceda • Luis Duno-Gottberg Autores: Maristella Svampa Armando Chaguaceda Ysrrael Camero Katia Gorostiaga Guggiari StephanyJosé del Tronco Castro Paganelli Gabriel Gómez Carme Colomina Jaume Ríos Ángel Rivero Víctor Alarcón Olguín Sarah Patricia Cerna Villagra Denis Volkov Andrey Kolesnikov Orçun Selçuk Astrid Arrarás Luis Duno-Gottberg Diseño interior y portada: Verónica Alonso S. Hecho el depósito que marca la Ley 11.723 ISBN: 978-987-4492-06-7 www.cadal.org Los puntos de vista expresados en este libro representan opiniones y análisis de los/as autores/as yProhibida no reflejan su necesariamentereproducción, total los ode parcial, las entidades sin la autorización que lo publican. expresa de los editores. Febrero 2020 La derecha como autoritarismo en el siglo XXI / Maristella Svampa ... [et al.] ; coordinación general de Chaguaceda Armando; Luis Duno-Gottberg. -1a ed.- Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Fundación Cadal; México: Centro de Estudios Constitucionales Iberoamericanos AC ; Houston, Texas: Rice University, 2020. Libro digital, PDF Archivo Digital: descarga y online ISBN 978-987-4492-06-7 1. Autoritarismo. I. Svampa, Maristella II. Armando, Chaguaceda, coord. III. Duno-Gottberg, Luis , coord. CDD 321.9 Índice PRÓLOGO ¿Una nueva hegemonia conservadora?: Palabras a modo de introducción Armando Chaguaceda • Luis Duno-Gottberg ................................................................7 Lo que las Derechas traen a la región latinoamericana. Entre lo político y lo social; nuevos campos de disputa Maristella Svampa ................................................................................................................... 15 Populismos de derecha y desdemocratización Armando Chaguaceda • Ysrrael Camero....................................................................... 63 El papel de las élites en las interrupciones presidenciales José del Tronco Paganelli • Katia Gorostiaga Guggiari ....................................79 Brasil bajo Bolsonaro: contrastes a la luz de la Democracia Liberal Stephany Castro • Gabriel Gómez ...................................................................................119 Donald Trump: el presidente de la polarización Carme Colomina • Jaume Ríos .........................................................................................147 El populismo de Viktor Orbán: una democracia iliberal para Hungría Ángel Rivero..............................................................................................................................159 La evolución reciente de la derecha política mexicana Víctor Alarcón Olguín ...........................................................................................................183 El conservadurismo paraguayo: un análisis del gobierno de Mario Benítez Sarah Patricia Cerna Villagra ..........................................................................................207 Los hijos Denis Volkov de Putin: • Andrey ¿quién Kolesnikov gobernará .................................................................................. Rusia después de 2024? 231 Autogolpe en Turquía (2016-2018): Lecciones del Perú Orçun Selçuk • Astrid Arrarás ..........................................................................................271 El campo transversal de la política venezolana: ¿hacia una derecha (post)bolivariana? Luis Duno-Gottberg ...............................................................................................................303 PRÓLOGO ¿Una nueva hegemonia conservadora?: Palabras a modo de introducción Escribir sobre autoritarismos esta en boga en las ciencias orden democrático de la PosGuerra Fría. Donde, aún cuando se dis- sociales y las humanidades. Ello da cuenta de un desafio en curso al- cados en supuestas formas populares, participativas o radicales- la ideacutiesen de un significados modo de ordenar alternativos la convivencia a la democracia abierto aliberal la implicación -enmar ciudadana, la rotación de las élites y la protección de los derechos del cómun frente al Estado se constituyó como un consenso apa- rentemente compartido en todo el orbe. Pero, ¿cómo ignorar que el mundo devenga hoy más autoritario que democrático, a despe- cho de la continuidad de nuestras repúblicas liberales de masas? ¿Quién niega la proliferación de regímenes hibridos? ¿Vamos bien? Los signos de un viraje global hacia políticas conservadoras son claros y, en general, sugieren que el liberalismo –en su forma eco- nómica de libre mercado y en su versión política más tolerante e inclusiva– se ha desacreditado para amplias franjas de la ciudada- nía. Incluidos importantes segmentos de voto popular, seducidos por liderazgos neopopulistas, oligárquicos y xenófobos como los representados por Donald Trump y sus aliados del Viejo Continen- te. Pero el giro autoritario de derechas es el espejo de su opuesto, - memente anclados en la retórica del socialismo, por ejemplo? El que le abona y resignifica. ¿Qué decir entonces de proyectos fir legado del comunismo de Estado, con sus déficits de desarrollo 7 • Armando Chaguaceda Luis Duno-Gottberg económico, sostenibilidad ambiental y democracia política, se ha visto replicado por algunos de los experimentos antineoliberales del siglo XXI; emblemáticamente representados por el desastre venezolano y la supervivencia de la autocracia cubana. El orbe, a diestra y siniestra, ve nacer Leviatanes. Constatamos –por la saturación de nuestros mercados, la vo- latilidad de las crisis, la persistencia de la cuestión social y el im- parable deterioro ambiental– que el capitalismo es el modo de producción, distribución y consumo globalmente vigente. En sus modalidades liberal –de matriz occidental– y estatista –encabe- zado por el empuje chino– los diversos capitalismos impactan y - rales, las fronteras geopolíticas y la producción artística. La aldea globalreconfiguran, se parece, a escala cada mundial,vez más, alas un identidades bazar de mercaderes nacionales hiperac y cultu- tivos o una maquila de frenética explotación, más que a un ágora con ciudadanos libres y preocupados por la cosa pública. Hay, como dijo alguna vez el ensayista Rafael Rojas, mucho mercado y poca república. Un universo capitalista, con crecientes franjas autoritarias y vapuleadas instancias democráticas, es el que nos abriga. Y en sus circuitos, caracterizar las ideologías dominantes de nuestro tiempo es una ardua labor. Sea por la heterogeneidad que siempre - da-derecha; sea por las actualizaciones que han sufrido en las últi- mascaraterizó, fases del desde proceso
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