The Free Sterol Content of Selected Clones of Alfalfa As Related to Seed Infestation by the Alfalfa Seed Chalcid

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Free Sterol Content of Selected Clones of Alfalfa As Related to Seed Infestation by the Alfalfa Seed Chalcid Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-1967 The Free Sterol Content of Selected Clones of Alfalfa as Related to Seed Infestation by the Alfalfa Seed Chalcid Rex Alton Richards Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Plant Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Richards, Rex Alton, "The Free Sterol Content of Selected Clones of Alfalfa as Related to Seed Infestation by the Alfalfa Seed Chalcid" (1967). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 2974. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2974 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE FREE STEROL CONTENT OF SELECTED CLONES OF ALFALFA AS RELATED TO SEED INFESTATION BY THE ALFALFA SEED CHALCID by Rex Alton Ri chards A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements f or the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Plant Nutrition and Biochemistry UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan , Utah 1967 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like t o express my sincere appreciation t o my major professor, Dr . Keith R. Allred , and to Dr. Herman H. Wiebe and Dr. Orson S. Cannon of my thesis committee for their assistance and direction in this study. wish to acknowledge my parents, Mr . and Mrs. Alton F. Richards, for their aid and encouragement. Also, I wish to acknowledge the financial support given me through the William C. Claypool Fellowship in Agriculture and Basic Re­ search Project 660 of the Agricultural Experiment Station. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 3 Alfalfa Seed Chalcid 3 Class~fication of tnsec c 3 Growth and developme nt 4 Emergence 4 Oviposition 4 Life cycle . 5 Generat ons per year 5 Distribution 6 Description of t he damage 6 Economic impoi tance 7 Control . 8 Cu ltural 8 Natural 8 Chemical 9 Resistance 9 Sterols 10 Occurrence i n plants 11 Uses of sterols 11 Chern stry 12 Steroids 12 Sterols 13 Cholesterol biosynthesis 13 Methods fo r the determinatton of plant sterols 14 METHODS OF PROCEDURE 16 Establishing Fteld Plots 16 Harvesti ng and Preparing Plant Samples 18 Leaves and stems 18 Ra cemes , 18 Dark-green pods . 18 TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont1nued) Page Mature tagged pods 19 Mature un- tagged pods 20 Determination of Free Sterol Content 20 Chem~ca l procedure 20 Work ng urve 23 Determination of Percent Alfal fa Seed Chalcid Infes tatlon 24 Statistical Analysl s 24 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 25 Free Sterol Content 25 Stems 25 Leaves 28 Flowers 28 Pods 29 Summary of the free sterol ontent data 29 Percent Chalcid Infestat on 32 Mature non-tagged pods 32 Mature tagged pods 34 Percent c halcld i nfes tati on of four years 35 Weev i l I nfestation 36 Relatlonships Among Variables 38 Ste rol content ver s us percent c halcid 1. nfesration 38 Sterol conte nt ver sus weevil i nfestation 38 Tagged infestation versus un-tagged i nfestation 40 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 42 LITERATURE CITED 45 APPENDIX 50 VITA 52 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Names and derivations of 12 clones of alfalfa used in alfalfa seed chalcid resistance studies 17 2 . Ranked means of the free sterol content in the stems, leaves, flowers, and pods of 12 clones of alfalfa 26 3. Sterol data that have been transl o rmed t o ~ how the percent of difference among Lhe lL ciones of alfalfa for each of the four plant parts . 30 4. Sterol rankings in the flowers, pods, stems and leaves 30 5. Summary of t he sterol content of the four plant parts 32 6. Ranked means of the per cent chalcid i nfestation (non-tagged seed) 33 7. Ranked means of the percent chalci d infestation (tagged seed) 34 8. Summary of percent chalcid infestation data for 1960, 1961, 1965 and 1966 (non-tagged seed) 36 9. Ranked means of the numbers of weevi l per 20 stems 37 10 . Correlation coefficients of all simple two-way comparisons between the sterol content of plant parts, percent chalcid infestation and weevil infestation 39 LIST OF FI GURES Figure Page 1. Exampl e of work~ng curve 51 The Free Sterol Content of Selected Clones of Alfalfa as Related o Seed Infestation by the Alfalfa Seed Chalcid Re~ Al on Richards , Master of Sc ience Utah State University, 1967 Major Professor : Dr . Ke1th R. Allred Department: Plant Science The infestation of twelve selected clones of alfalfa by the alfalfa seed chalcid was measured. The free sterol content of the stems, leaves, f lowers and pods of these clones was determined. A check was made to see if there was a correlation between the sterol content and the chalc1d infesta t1on. Differences were found among t he clones in the sterol content for each plant part . There were also signtficanr d1fferences in percent chalcid i nfestation in the 12 cl ones. Duncan ' s New Multiple Range Test pointed out whic h clones differed Slgnificantly from the others. Using linear regression analys1s, the correlation coefficient of the comparison between the sterol content and the chalc1d infestation was obtained . There was a signtflcant negat~v e corr e lation between the sterol content of the flower and the percent chalcid infestation. No sig- nificant correlation was found between t he sterol content of the stems, leaves or pods and the percent chal c td infestation. (59 pages) iNTRODUCTiON The alfalfa seed chalCI. d, Bruchophagus roddi (G uss.), is a small , black i nsect which resemb les a wasp . This tnsec t has been known t o be a pest t o the raising of alfalfa seed s nee the latter part of the ni neteenth century . Infest atton of the seed has been known to have run as high as 85 percent 1n some areas. Each year, thousands of acres of alfalfa s eed are destroyed and t housands of dollars are los t because of the l ack of alfalfa seed chalcid control. Utah loses 5 to 25 percent of i t s alfa l f a seed c rop yearly as a result of chalcid damage (Sorenson, 1930). Alfalfa s eed damage produced by the seed chalcid is not a localized problem. Wherever alfalfa is grown for seed, the yields have been reduced by th1s pes t . Several methods have been used to try to control the damage caused by t he alfalfa seed chalcid . Chemical s prays were tested but they had to be a bandoned because they tended to elimi nate all the insects of the order Hymenoptera. Th ts o rder contains not only the alfalfa seed chaloid, but also the bees and wasps. The bees are necessary for pollination and t hus are essential fo r seed production. This makes the use of sprays undes irable for the control of the chalcid. Another method that coul d be utiltzed to i ncrease seed yields 1s t he use or alfalfa vartetleo that a re less s u6 ceptible to infes- cation by t he insect Seve ra l <esearchers ha ve shown that there were 2 sign1f1cant differences 1n chalcid infestation among several alfalfa strains and varieties that were comp ared (M i nion, 1961; Rowley , 1962; and Strong, 1962a) . Certain chem1cal s found i n alf alfa have been s hown by Kamm and Fronk (1964) to have attractant or repellent properties to the alfalfa s eed chalcid. The quantity of these chem1cals in the plant may affec t the susceptibil ity o the plant t o i nsect 1nfestati on. The s terols were shown to be good chalc1d attractants by Kamm a nd Fronk i n t he research ment oned. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible relation­ s hips between t he free sterol content of selected clones of alfalfa and the seed 1nfestation by the alfalfa seed chalcid . The objectives of this study were as follows : (1) Detenm ne the free s t erol content of the stems , leaves, flowers and pods of alfalfa clones which have been previously rated with regard to c halcld infestat ion , (2) De t e r­ mine the chalcid i nfestation of the selected cl ones for the season in which the plant material was collected , and (3) Check to see if there is a correlation between free sterol content a nd chalcid i nfes t a t ion. REVI EW OF LITERATURE Al f alfa Seed Chalc id Class ification of nsec t The alfalfa seed chalcid, a s mall Jet-black was p, has for years been referred t o as the clover s eed c halcid Bruchophagus gibbus (Boheman) . Re cent morpho ogtcal s tudtes have shown that what has been called the clover seed c halcid , .!l.· gtbbus i s actually three distinct species , .!l. · roddi, .!l.· gtbbus, and .!l.· kolobovae {Kolobova, 1950; Nikolskaya, 1952; Fedoseeva, 1954 ; Strong, 1962a). Strong (1962a) reported that separatton i s posstble on the basis of the female genitalia. First description of the chalctd in the United States came i n 1897 by Howard who considered tt a parasite of the seed mi dge, and named it Eu r ytoma f unebris. Ashmead changed the name to Bruchophagus f unebris believing that the chalcid parasitized the pea and bean seed weevtl s (Bruc hidae) . Urbahns (1920) reported that in 1891 Dr. Hopkins, after careful observations , found t hat t he chalc id was a pest of the lover seed.
Recommended publications
  • Robinia Pseudoacacia) and Its Host Shifted Consumers Egyetemi Doktori (Phd) Értekezés
    DE TTK 1949 Formation of a novel tritrophic system: an invasive plant (Robinia pseudoacacia) and its host shifted consumers Egyetemi doktori (PhD) értekezés Lakatos Tímea Klára Témavezető Tóthmérész Béla Egyetemi tanár DEBRECENI EGYETEM Természettudományi Doktori Tanács Juhász-Nagy Pál Doktori Iskola Debrecen, 2017 A doktori értekezés betétlapja Ezen értekezést a Debreceni Egyetem Természettudományi Doktori Tanács a Juhász-Nagy Pál Doktori Iskola Kvantitatív és Terresztris Ökológia programja keretében készítettem a Debreceni Egyetem természettudományi doktori (PhD) fokozatának elnyerése céljából. Debrecen, 2017. ………………………… Lakatos Tímea Klára Tanúsítom, hogy Lakatos Tímea Klára doktorjelölt 2012-2015 között a fent megnevezett Doktori Iskola Kvantitatív és Terresztris Ökológia programjának keretében irányításommal végezte munkáját. Az értekezésben foglalt eredményekhez a jelölt önálló alkotó tevékenységével meghatározóan hozzájárult. Az értekezés elfogadását javasolom. Debrecen, 2017. ………………………… Dr. Tóthmérész Béla témavezető Az invazív fehér akác (Robinia pseudoacacia) és európai magfogyasztó közössége. Egy új, gazdaváltó tritrófikus rendszer Formation of a novel tritrophic system: an invasive plant (Robinia pseudoacacia) and its host shifted consumers Értekezés a doktori (Ph.D.) fokozat megszerzése érdekében a Környezettudomány tudományágban Írta: Lakatos Tímea Klára okleveles biológus Készült a Debreceni Egyetem Juhász-Nagy Pál Doktori Iskolája (Kvantitatív és Terresztris Ökológia programja) keretében Témavezető: Dr. Tóthmérész Béla
    [Show full text]
  • (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) in the Integrated Control of Acacia Species in South Africa
    Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds 919 4-14 July 1999, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA Neal R. Spencer [ed.]. pp. 919-929 (2000) The Potential Role of Bruchophagus acaciae (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) in the Integrated Control of Acacia Species in South Africa R. L. HILL1, A. J. GORDON2, and S. NESER3 1Richard Hill & Associates, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand 2Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X5017, Stellenbosch, 7599 South Africa 3Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa Abstract Australian acacias invade watersheds and riverbeds in South Africa, reducing water flows and threatening environmental and economic values. Acacia mearnsii is the most widespread and important weed but also forms the basis of an important industry. A. dealbata, and to a lesser extent A. decurrens are also problems. All belong to the Section Botrycephalae of the sub-genus Heterophyllum. Short term control is achieved locally by removing plants, and by using herbicides, but seed-feeding control agents may provide an acceptable solution in the long term. Larvae of Bruchophagus acaciae (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) develop in the seeds of acacias. It was described from New Zealand, but is an Australian species. We explore whether B. acaciae has a role as a con- trol agent for acacias in South Africa. Seed was collected from 28 Australian species of Acacia growing in New Zealand. Attack was restricted to four of the seven species with- in the Section Botrycephalae, and two cases of attack on Acacia rubida (Section Phyllodineae; n=9). Apart from a wasp reared from one seed, A.
    [Show full text]
  • ATP-Citrate Lyase Has an Essential Role in Cytosolic Acetyl-Coa Production in Arabidopsis Beth Leann Fatland Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2002 ATP-citrate lyase has an essential role in cytosolic acetyl-CoA production in Arabidopsis Beth LeAnn Fatland Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Molecular Biology Commons, and the Plant Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Fatland, Beth LeAnn, "ATP-citrate lyase has an essential role in cytosolic acetyl-CoA production in Arabidopsis " (2002). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 1218. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/1218 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ATP-citrate lyase has an essential role in cytosolic acetyl-CoA production in Arabidopsis by Beth LeAnn Fatland A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Plant Physiology Program of Study Committee: Eve Syrkin Wurtele (Major Professor) James Colbert Harry Homer Basil Nikolau Martin Spalding Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2002 UMI Number: 3158393 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted.
    [Show full text]
  • Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) 321-356 ©Entomofauna Ansfelden/Austria; Download Unter
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Entomofauna Jahr/Year: 2007 Band/Volume: 0028 Autor(en)/Author(s): Yefremova Zoya A., Ebrahimi Ebrahim, Yegorenkova Ekaterina Artikel/Article: The Subfamilies Eulophinae, Entedoninae and Tetrastichinae in Iran, with description of new species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) 321-356 ©Entomofauna Ansfelden/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Entomofauna ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR ENTOMOLOGIE Band 28, Heft 25: 321-356 ISSN 0250-4413 Ansfelden, 30. November 2007 The Subfamilies Eulophinae, Entedoninae and Tetrastichinae in Iran, with description of new species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) Zoya YEFREMOVA, Ebrahim EBRAHIMI & Ekaterina YEGORENKOVA Abstract This paper reflects the current degree of research of Eulophidae and their hosts in Iran. A list of the species from Iran belonging to the subfamilies Eulophinae, Entedoninae and Tetrastichinae is presented. In the present work 47 species from 22 genera are recorded from Iran. Two species (Cirrospilus scapus sp. nov. and Aprostocetus persicus sp. nov.) are described as new. A list of 45 host-parasitoid associations in Iran and keys to Iranian species of three genera (Cirrospilus, Diglyphus and Aprostocetus) are included. Zusammenfassung Dieser Artikel zeigt den derzeitigen Untersuchungsstand an eulophiden Wespen und ihrer Wirte im Iran. Eine Liste der für den Iran festgestellten Arten der Unterfamilien Eu- lophinae, Entedoninae und Tetrastichinae wird präsentiert. Mit vorliegender Arbeit werden 47 Arten in 22 Gattungen aus dem Iran nachgewiesen. Zwei neue Arten (Cirrospilus sca- pus sp. nov. und Aprostocetus persicus sp. nov.) werden beschrieben. Eine Liste von 45 Wirts- und Parasitoid-Beziehungen im Iran und ein Schlüssel für 3 Gattungen (Cirro- spilus, Diglyphus und Aprostocetus) sind in der Arbeit enthalten.
    [Show full text]
  • Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) from Black Locust
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.01.072140; this version posted May 2, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Title: 2 3 A new species of Mesopolobus Westwood (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) from black locust 4 crops 5 6 Authors: 7 8 László, Zoltán1, Lakatos, K. Tímea2, Dénes, Avar-Lehel1, 3 9 10 Author affiliations: 11 12 1Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. Clinicilor nr. 5–7, 13 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania. e-mail: [email protected] 14 15 2Department of Ecology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Egyetem square 1, H-4032, Hungary. 16 e-mail: [email protected] 17 18 3Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio–Nano–Sciences of Babe–Bolyai University, Treboniu 19 Laurian 42, 400271, Cluj-Napoca Romania. e-mail: [email protected] 20 21 Corresponding author: 22 23 László, Zoltán, Department of Biology and Ecology, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. Clinicilor nr. 5– 24 7, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania. e-mail: [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.01.072140; this version posted May 2, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Two Seed Wasps Genera (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) in Iran with Description of a New Species
    NORTH-WESTERN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 16 (1): 29-35 ©NWJZ, Oradea, Romania, 2020 Article No.: e191201 http://biozoojournals.ro/nwjz/index.html Review of two seed wasps genera (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) in Iran with description of a new species Zhila ALIZADEH1,*, Mohammad BAGHERI1*, Hossein LOTFALIZADEH2 and Naser EIVAZIAN-KARY3 1. Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran. 2. Department of Plant Protection, East-Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tabriz, Iran. 3. Department of Plant Protection, Azarbadaijan Shahid Madani University, Iran * Corresponding authors, Z. Alizadeh & M. Bagheri; E-mails: [email protected] Received: 17. March 2019 / Accepted: 01. June 2019 / Available online: 10. June 2019 / Printed: June 2020 Abstract. Two seed wasps genera, Bruchophagus Ashmead and Systole Walker (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) of Iran were reviewed. Host plants and distribution data in Iran are summarized for the species known from Iran including some new biological data. One new species, namely Systole longigaster Lotfalizadeh sp. nov., is described based on recently collected material. Discriminating characters of this are discussed. Illustrations are provided to distinguish the new species and finally its diagnostic characters are discussed. Bruchophagus platypterus (Walker), B. smirnoviae Nikolskaya, B. verbasci (Erdös) and Systole besaparica Stojanova are recorded for the first time in Iran. Totally, 34 species of these genera were listed for Iran, including 25 and nine species from Bruchophagus Systole and , respectively. Key words: new species, Bruchophagus, Systole, Chalcidoidea, pest, Iran, fauna. Introduction sorted specimens were placed in ethanol 75%. Then these specimens were card-mounted using a method described by Noyes (1982).
    [Show full text]
  • Egyetemi Doktori (Phd) Értekezés Tézisei
    Egyetemi doktori (PhD) értekezés tézisei Az invazív fehér akác (Robinia pseudoacacia) és európai magfogyasztó közössége. Egy új, gazdaváltó tritrófikus rendszer. Formation of a novel tritrophic system: an invasive plant (Robinia pseudoacacia) and its host shifted consumers Lakatos Tímea Klára Témavezető: Dr. Tóthmérész Béla egyetemi tanár DEBRECENI EGYETEM Természettudományi Doktori Tanács Juhász-Nagy Pál Doktori Iskola Debrecen, 2017 Bevezetés Az idegenhonos fajok behurcolása és elterjesztése az emberi tevékenység egyik súlyos következménye (Harvey et al. 2010; Bezemer et al. 2014). A behurcolt fajok száma világszerte nő, egyre növekvő számú új ökoszisztémát létrehozva. Az idegenhonos növényekhez kapcsolódva új rovar-gazdanövény társulások jönnek létre (Agosta 2006). A növénnyel őshonos fogyasztói is átkerülhetnek az új területre, illetve gyakran az új terület herbivórjai felismerik a növényt, mint potenciális gazdanövény – vagyis mint tápnövény és peterakó hely (Agosta 2006) és gazdanövény váltással áttérnek a fogyasztására (Seastedt et al. 2008; Mascaro et al. 2013). A gazdaváltó herbivórt új közösségébe követhetik a természetes ellenségei (parazitoidok) (Cronin and Abrahamson 2001). De új parazitoid fajok is bekapcsolódhatnak a közösségbe (Harvey et al. 2010). Az invazív növények új, gazdaváltó ökoszisztémáinak tanulmányozásával lehetőségünk nyílik betekinteni a közösségek formálódásának folyamatába. A herbivór rovarok populációdinamikája a rendszer trófikus kapcsolatai függvényében változik (Denno et al. 2003). A fentről- lefelé
    [Show full text]
  • Structural Basis for Human Sterol Isomerase in Cholesterol Biosynthesis and Multidrug Recognition
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10279-w OPEN Structural basis for human sterol isomerase in cholesterol biosynthesis and multidrug recognition Tao Long 1, Abdirahman Hassan 1, Bonne M Thompson2, Jeffrey G McDonald1,2, Jiawei Wang3 & Xiaochun Li 1,4 3-β-hydroxysteroid-Δ8, Δ7-isomerase, known as Emopamil-Binding Protein (EBP), is an endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein involved in cholesterol biosynthesis, autophagy, 1234567890():,; oligodendrocyte formation. The mutation on EBP can cause Conradi-Hunermann syndrome, an inborn error. Interestingly, EBP binds an abundance of structurally diverse pharmacolo- gically active compounds, causing drug resistance. Here, we report two crystal structures of human EBP, one in complex with the anti-breast cancer drug tamoxifen and the other in complex with the cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor U18666A. EBP adopts an unreported fold involving five transmembrane-helices (TMs) that creates a membrane cavity presenting a pharmacological binding site that accommodates multiple different ligands. The compounds exploit their positively-charged amine group to mimic the carbocationic sterol intermediate. Mutagenesis studies on specific residues abolish the isomerase activity and decrease the multidrug binding capacity. This work reveals the catalytic mechanism of EBP-mediated isomerization in cholesterol biosynthesis and how this protein may act as a multi-drug binder. 1 Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. 2 Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. 3 State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. 4 Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Astragalus Lentiginosus Var. Coachellae
    Evaluating the Biological Conservation Status of the Coachella Valley Milkvetch (Astragalus lentiginosus var. coachellae) Robert J. Meinke, Kelly Amsberry, Rebecca E. Currin, Stephen C. Meyers, and Brian Knaus Native Plant Conservation Program OREGON DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Oregon Department of Agriculture NATIVE PLANT CONSERVATION PROGRAM NATIVE PLANT CONSERVATION PROGRAM and Department of Botany & Plant Pathology Oregon State University, Corvallis October, 2007 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Coachella Valley milkvetch (Astragalus lentiginosus var. coachellae) is a federally-listed endangered taxon, restricted to a highly active sand dune environment near the eastern base of the San Jacinto Mountains in the western Sonoran Desert. A recent assessment confirms that var. coachellae is endemic to the Coachella Valley, and that reported populations from the Desert Center area (disjunct ca. 75 km to the east) actually represent A. lentiginosus var. variabilis. Much of the range of A. lentiginosus var. coachellae overlaps the cities of Palm Springs, Cathedral City, and other nearby communities, where remaining populations are threatened by the effects of urbanization and habitat fragmentation. A Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP; in preparation) is expected to place several of the more significant remaining sites within administratively protected reserve areas located outside the urban core. However, little information has been available that describes the natural history and ecological status of Coachella Valley milkvetch populations, and specific management plans have yet to be developed. The current study (conducted in 2005 and 2006) corroborates earlier reports that var. coachellae exhibits a labile life history correlated with annual precipitation, in which short-lived perennials loosely dominate the less arid, northern end of the range and annuals are more prevalent in the drier south.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,906,307 B2 S0e Et Al
    US007906307B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,906,307 B2 S0e et al. (45) Date of Patent: Mar. 15, 2011 (54) VARIANT LIPIDACYLTRANSFERASES AND 4,683.202 A 7, 1987 Mullis METHODS OF MAKING 4,689,297 A 8, 1987 Good 4,707,291 A 11, 1987 Thom 4,707,364 A 11/1987 Barach (75) Inventors: Jorn Borch Soe, Tilst (DK); Jorn 4,708,876 A 1 1/1987 Yokoyama Dalgaard Mikkelson, Hvidovre (DK); 4,798,793 A 1/1989 Eigtved 4,808,417 A 2f1989 Masuda Arno de Kreij. Geneve (CH) 4,810,414 A 3/1989 Huge-Jensen 4,814,331 A 3, 1989 Kerkenaar (73) Assignee: Danisco A/S, Copenhagen (DK) 4,818,695 A 4/1989 Eigtved 4,826,767 A 5/1989 Hansen 4,865,866 A 9, 1989 Moore (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 4,904.483. A 2f1990 Christensen patent is extended or adjusted under 35 4,916,064 A 4, 1990 Derez U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. 5,112,624 A 5/1992 Johna 5,213,968 A 5, 1993 Castle 5,219,733 A 6/1993 Myojo (21) Appl. No.: 11/852,274 5,219,744 A 6/1993 Kurashige 5,232,846 A 8, 1993 Takeda (22) Filed: Sep. 7, 2007 5,264,367 A 11/1993 Aalrust (Continued) (65) Prior Publication Data US 2008/OO70287 A1 Mar. 20, 2008 FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS AR 331094 2, 1995 Related U.S. Application Data (Continued) (63) Continuation-in-part of application No.
    [Show full text]
  • The Biology and Control of the Alfalfa Seed Chalcid, Bruchophagus Roddi Guss~
    THE BIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF THE ALFALFA SEED CHALCID, BRUCHOPHAGUS RODD! GUSS. By ZAHEER pPARVEZ Bachelor of Science Osmania University Hyderab~d, India 1959 Bachelor of Agriculture Osmania University Hyderabad, India 1962 Submitted to the faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE May, 1968 OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY OCT ;t'/ 1968 THE BIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF THE ALFALFA SE'ED CHALCID~ BRUCHOPHAGUS RODD! GUSSo Thesis Approved~ i i PREFACE In Oklahoma, very little attention was given to research on the alfalfa seed chalcid Bruchophagus roddi Guss., for a very long time. The larvae of this Eurytomid infest many species of Medicc1go, and cause great seed 1asses to the growers. Infestations· of B. roddi are common in alfalfa seed throughout western Oklahoma and in some years and areas, chalcfds are the most injurious insect on this crop. Therefore, a plan was made to find out the seasonal distribution and the themical control of this insect, under the supervtgfon of Dr. R. ~. Walton, Professor of Entomo1ogy 9 Oklahoma State University. The author wt shes to express his appreciation and regard to hi.s major adviser 9 Dr. R. R. Walton, for advice, helpful as,sistance and guidance throughout this study and prepar~tfon of ihis manuscript. Also sincere thanks are expre~sed to Drs. b. E. Howell, Professor and He.ad, Department of Entomo 1ogy, W. Ae Drew, . Raymond D. Ei kenbary and Jerry H. Y~ung, Professors of Entomolo~y, for their helpful suggestions and criticism in the preparation of this manuscript.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,642,021 B2 Brautigam Et Al
    USOO8642021B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,642,021 B2 Brautigam et al. (45) Date of Patent: *Feb. 4, 2014 (54) CONDITIONING COMPOSITION FOR HAIR FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS (75) Inventors: Ina Brautigam, Darmstadt (DE); Frank DE 2630560 1/1978 ............... A61K 7.48 EP O315541 5, 1989 ............... A61K 7.48 Hermes, Seeheim (DE) FR 241 1001 7, 1979 ............... A61K 700 JP O7327633. A * 12/1995 (73) Assignee: Kao Germany GmbH, Darmstadt (DE) WO WOOO28966 A1 * 5, 2000 WO WOO3,070208 A1 8/2003 ............. A61K 7,134 (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this patent is extended or adjusted under 35 OTHER PUBLICATIONS U.S.C. 154(b) by 1520 days. Abstract Accession No. 2000:35.1345 from the CaPlus database on This patent is Subject to a terminal dis STN, the bibliography, abstract and indexing data for WO 200028966 claimer. A1, downloaded on Aug. 8, 2007, 2 pages.* Quest International: “Yogurtene” Cosmetic Ingredients (Jun. 2000) (21) Appl. No.: 11/001,840 pp. 1-17.* Machine translation of JP 07327633A dowloaded from the JPO Feb. (22) Filed: Dec. 2, 2004 14, 2012.* thehealthyeating.org website (www.healthyeating.org/Milk-Dairy/ (65) Prior Publication Data Nutrients-in-Milk-Cheese-Yogurt/Yogurt-Nutrition. aspx?Referer-dairycouncilofca (downloaded Feb. 28, 2013).* US 2005/O152863 A1 Jul. 14, 2005 Website: Clairol's Touch of Yoghurt Shampoo (http://brandfailures. (30) Foreign Application Priority Data blogspot.com/2006/12/other-famous-brand-idea-failures.html) downloaded Feb. 28, 2013).* Skin Deep website http://www.ewg.org/skindeepfingredient/ Dec. 5, 2003 (EP) ..................................... O3O27985 702759/GUAR HYDROXYPROPYLTRIMONIUM CHLO RIDE/downloaded Sep.
    [Show full text]