Structural Basis for Human Sterol Isomerase in Cholesterol Biosynthesis and Multidrug Recognition
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Exploring Novel Estrogen Receptors
ExploringExploring novelnovel estrogenestrogen receptorsreceptors and How many drug targets? What are the relevant drug metabolizing enzymes? Tudor I. Oprea UNM Division of Biocomputing NMNM MLSCMLSC http://screening.health.unm.edu/ Support: New Mexico Molecular Libraries Screening Center (NIH MH074425) Strasbourg Summer School on Cheminformatics Obernai, Alsace, France, June 23 2008 The University of New Mexico ♦ Health Sciences Center Copyright © Tudor I. Oprea, 2007. All rights reserved SCHOOL OF MEDICINE MLIMLI inin NumbersNumbers NIHNIH RoadmapRoadmap InitiativeInitiative MolecularMolecular Libraries Libraries Initiative Initiative 44 Chemical Chemical Synthesis Synthesis MLSCNMLSCN (9+1) (9+1) PubChemPubChem ECCRECCR (6) (6) PredictivePredictive CentersCenters 99 centers centers (NLM)(NLM) ExploratoryExploratory ADMETADMET 11 NIH NIH intramural intramural CentersCenters (8)(8) 100100 x x 10 10 = = 1000 1000 assays assays CombiChemCombiChem ParallelParallel synthesis synthesis DOSDOS NotNot renewed renewed 44 centers centers + + DPI DPI 100k–500k100k–500k compounds compounds SAR matrix ~300,000 compounds Note: Subject http://nihroadmap.nih.gov The University of New Mexico > 1000 assays to change SCHOOL OF MEDICINE NMNM MLSCMLSC (3(3--yearyear summary)summary) U54MH074425U54MH074425 • 23 primary targets (62 assays) uploaded to PubChem • 38 targets total pipeline • ~ 2.4 million datapoints loaded into PubChem • Current throughput: 150,000 samples/week • first 6-plex (small GTP-ases) of the Roadmap • 2nd 6-plex (Bcl-2) also completed -
Sterols As Dietary Markers for Drosophila Melanogaster
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/857664; this version posted November 29, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Sterols as dietary markers for Drosophila melanogaster 2 3 Oskar Knittelfelder1, Elodie Prince2, Susanne Sales1,3, Eric Fritzsche4, Thomas Wöhner4, 4 Marko Brankatschk2, and Andrej Shevchenko1,5 5 6 1MPI of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, 7 Germany 8 2Biotechnologisches Zentrum, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01309 9 Dresden, Germany 10 3Present address: Thermo Fischer Scientific GmbH, 63303 Dreieich, Germany 11 4Julius Kühn Institut, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326 Dresden, Germany 12 5corresponding author: [email protected] 13 14 ORCID 15 Oskar Knittelfelder: 0000-0002-1565-7238 16 Marko Brankatschk: 0000-0001-5274-4552 17 Andrej Shevchenko: 0000-0002-5079-1109 18 19 Author contributions 20 Experiments design: OK, EP, MB, AS; methods development: OK, SS; experimental work: 21 OK, EP; materials and reagents: EF, TW; data analysis: OK; data interpretation: OK, EP, MB, 22 AS; manuscript preparation: OK, EP, MB, AS; funding: MB, AS 23 24 25 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/857664; this version posted November 29, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. -
Three-Dimensional Structure of Holo 3A,20J3-Hydroxysteroid
Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 88, pp. 10064-10068, November 1991 Biochemistry Three-dimensional structure of holo 3a,20j3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: A member of a short-chain dehydrogenase family (x-ray crystaflography/steroid-metabolizing enzyme/dinucleotide-linked oxldoreductase/sterold-protein interaction/sequence and folding homologies) DEBASHIS GHOSH*t, CHARLES M. WEEKS*, PAWEL GROCHULSKI*t, WILLIAM L. DUAX*, MARY ERMAN*, ROBERT L. RIMSAY§, AND J. C. ORR§ *Medical Foundation of Buffalo, 73 High Street, Buffalo, NY 14203; and Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada AlB 3V6 Communicated by Herbert A. Hauptman, July 18, 1991 (receivedfor review May 14, 1991) ABSTRACT The x-ray structure of a short-chain dehy- the substrate binding regions, offers further insight concern- drogenase, the bacterial holo 3a,20/3-hydroxysteroid dehydro- ing the significance of conserved residues and their possible genase (EC 1.1.1.53), is described at 2.6 A resolution. This roles in substrate specificity and overall enzyme function. enzyme is active as a tetramer and crystallizes with four identical subunits in the asymmetric unit. It has the a/( fold characteristic ofthe dinucleotide binding region. The fold ofthe MATERIALS AND METHODS rest of the subunit, the quarternary structure, and the nature The crystals, grown in the presence of 4 mM NADH, belong ofthe cofactor-enzyme interactions are, however, significantly to the space group P43212 having unit cell dimensions a = different from those observed in the long-chain dehydrogena- 106.2 A and c = 203.8 A and contain one full tetramer (106 ses. The architecture of the postulated active site is consistent kDa) in the asymmetric unit (13). -
ATP-Citrate Lyase Has an Essential Role in Cytosolic Acetyl-Coa Production in Arabidopsis Beth Leann Fatland Iowa State University
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2002 ATP-citrate lyase has an essential role in cytosolic acetyl-CoA production in Arabidopsis Beth LeAnn Fatland Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Molecular Biology Commons, and the Plant Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Fatland, Beth LeAnn, "ATP-citrate lyase has an essential role in cytosolic acetyl-CoA production in Arabidopsis " (2002). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 1218. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/1218 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ATP-citrate lyase has an essential role in cytosolic acetyl-CoA production in Arabidopsis by Beth LeAnn Fatland A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Plant Physiology Program of Study Committee: Eve Syrkin Wurtele (Major Professor) James Colbert Harry Homer Basil Nikolau Martin Spalding Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2002 UMI Number: 3158393 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. -
• Our Bodies Make All the Cholesterol We Need. • 85 % of Our Blood
• Our bodies make all the cholesterol we need. • 85 % of our blood cholesterol level is endogenous • 15 % = dietary from meat, poultry, fish, seafood and dairy products. • It's possible for some people to eat foods high in cholesterol and still have low blood cholesterol levels. • Likewise, it's possible to eat foods low in cholesterol and have a high blood cholesterol level SYNTHESIS OF CHOLESTEROL • LOCATION • All tissues • Liver • Cortex of adrenal gland • Gonads • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Cholesterol biosynthesis and degradation • Diet: only found in animal fat • Biosynthesis: primarily synthesized in the liver from acetyl-coA; biosynthesis is inhibited by LDL uptake • Degradation: only occurs in the liver • Cholesterol is only synthesized by animals • Although de novo synthesis of cholesterol occurs in/ by almost all tissues in humans, the capacity is greatest in liver, intestine, adrenal cortex, and reproductive tissues, including ovaries, testes, and placenta. • Most de novo synthesis occurs in the liver, where cholesterol is synthesized from acetyl-CoA in the cytoplasm. • Biosynthesis in the liver accounts for approximately 10%, and in the intestines approximately 15%, of the amount produced each day. • Since cholesterol is not synthesized in plants; vegetables & fruits play a major role in low cholesterol diets. • As previously mentioned, cholesterol biosynthesis is necessary for membrane synthesis, and as a precursor for steroid synthesis including steroid hormone and vitamin D production, and bile acid synthesis, in the liver. • Slightly less than half of the cholesterol in the body derives from biosynthesis de novo. • Most cells derive their cholesterol from LDL or HDL, but some cholesterol may be synthesize: de novo. -
Ligands of Therapeutic Utility for the Liver X Receptors
molecules Review Ligands of Therapeutic Utility for the Liver X Receptors Rajesh Komati, Dominick Spadoni, Shilong Zheng, Jayalakshmi Sridhar, Kevin E. Riley and Guangdi Wang * Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA; [email protected] (R.K.); [email protected] (D.S.); [email protected] (S.Z.); [email protected] (J.S.); [email protected] (K.E.R.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Academic Editor: Derek J. McPhee Received: 31 October 2016; Accepted: 30 December 2016; Published: 5 January 2017 Abstract: Liver X receptors (LXRs) have been increasingly recognized as a potential therapeutic target to treat pathological conditions ranging from vascular and metabolic diseases, neurological degeneration, to cancers that are driven by lipid metabolism. Amidst intensifying efforts to discover ligands that act through LXRs to achieve the sought-after pharmacological outcomes, several lead compounds are already being tested in clinical trials for a variety of disease interventions. While more potent and selective LXR ligands continue to emerge from screening of small molecule libraries, rational design, and empirical medicinal chemistry approaches, challenges remain in minimizing undesirable effects of LXR activation on lipid metabolism. This review provides a summary of known endogenous, naturally occurring, and synthetic ligands. The review also offers considerations from a molecular modeling perspective with which to design more specific LXRβ ligands based on the interaction energies of ligands and the important amino acid residues in the LXRβ ligand binding domain. Keywords: liver X receptors; LXRα; LXRβ specific ligands; atherosclerosis; diabetes; Alzheimer’s disease; cancer; lipid metabolism; molecular modeling; interaction energy 1. -
Genetic Deletion of Abcc6 Disturbs Cholesterol Homeostasis in Mice Bettina Ibold1, Janina Tiemann1, Isabel Faust1, Uta Ceglarek2, Julia Dittrich2, Theo G
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Genetic deletion of Abcc6 disturbs cholesterol homeostasis in mice Bettina Ibold1, Janina Tiemann1, Isabel Faust1, Uta Ceglarek2, Julia Dittrich2, Theo G. M. F. Gorgels3,4, Arthur A. B. Bergen4,5, Olivier Vanakker6, Matthias Van Gils6, Cornelius Knabbe1 & Doris Hendig1* Genetic studies link adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter C6 (ABCC6) mutations to pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE). ABCC6 sequence variations are correlated with altered HDL cholesterol levels and an elevated risk of coronary artery diseases. However, the role of ABCC6 in cholesterol homeostasis is not widely known. Here, we report reduced serum cholesterol and phytosterol levels in Abcc6-defcient mice, indicating an impaired sterol absorption. Ratios of cholesterol precursors to cholesterol were increased, confrmed by upregulation of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (Hmgcr) expression, suggesting activation of cholesterol biosynthesis in Abcc6−/− mice. We found that cholesterol depletion was accompanied by a substantial decrease in HDL cholesterol mediated by lowered ApoA-I and ApoA-II protein levels and not by inhibited lecithin-cholesterol transferase activity. Additionally, higher proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (Pcsk9) serum levels in Abcc6−/− mice and PXE patients and elevated ApoB level in knockout mice were observed, suggesting a potentially altered very low-density lipoprotein synthesis. Our results underline the role of Abcc6 in cholesterol homeostasis and indicate impaired cholesterol metabolism as an important pathomechanism involved in PXE manifestation. Mutations in the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter C6 (ABCC6) gene are responsible for pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), a metabolic disease, hallmarked by a progressive elastic fber calcifcation of the skin, eyes and cardiovascular system. -
Drug Resistance Updates 32 (2017) 23–46
Drug Resistance Updates 32 (2017) 23–46 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Drug Resistance Updates journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/drup Not only P-glycoprotein: Amplification of the ABCB1-containing MARK chromosome region 7q21 confers multidrug resistance upon cancer cells by coordinated overexpression of an assortment of resistance-related proteins ⁎ ⁎ Ilaria Genovesea,1, Andrea Ilarib,1, Yehuda G. Assarafc,1, Francesco Fazid, ,1, Gianni Colottib, ,1 a Dept. Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy b Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), c/o Dept. Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy c The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Lab, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel d Dept. Anatomical, Histological, Forensic & Orthopedic Sciences, Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University, Via A. Scarpa 14-16, 00161 Rome, Italy ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The development of drug resistance continues to be a dominant hindrance toward curative cancer treatment. ABC transporters Overexpression of a wide-spectrum of ATP-dependent efflux pumps, and in particular of ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein P-glycoprotein (P-gp) or MDR1) is a well-known resistance mechanism for a plethora of cancer chemotherapeutics including for ex- Cancer ample taxenes, anthracyclines, Vinca alkaloids, and epipodopyllotoxins, demonstrated by a large array of pub- Chemotherapeutic drugs lished papers, both in tumor cell lines and in a variety of tumors, including various solid tumors and hemato- Multidrug resistance logical malignancies. Upon repeated or even single dose treatment of cultured tumor cells or tumors in vivo with 7q21 amplicon Sorcin anti-tumor agents such as paclitaxel and doxorubicin, increased ABCB1 copy number has been demonstrated, resulting from chromosomal amplification events at 7q11.2-21 locus, leading to marked P-glycoprotein over- expression, and multidrug resistance (MDR). -
1970Qureshiocr.Pdf (10.44Mb)
STUDY INVOLVING METABOLISM OF 17-KETOSTEROIDS AND 17-HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROIDS OF HEALTHY YOUNG MEN DURING AMBULATION AND RECUMBENCY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN NUTRITION IN THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE TEXAS WOI\IIAN 'S UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HOUSEHOLD ARTS AND SCIENCES BY SANOBER QURESHI I B .Sc. I M.S. DENTON I TEXAS MAY I 1970 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express her sincere gratitude to those who assisted her with her research problem and with the preparation of this dissertation. To Dr. Pauline Beery Mack, Director of the Texas Woman's University Research Institute, for her invaluable assistance and gui dance during the author's entire graduate program, and for help in the preparation of this dissertation; To the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for their support of the research project of which the author's study is a part; To Dr. Elsa A. Dozier for directing the author's s tucly during 1969, and to Dr. Kathryn Montgomery beginning in early 1970, for serving as the immeclia te director of the author while she was working on the completion of the investic;ation and the preparation of this dis- sertation; To Dr. Jessie Bateman, Dean of the College of Household Arts and Sciences, for her assistance in all aspects of the author's graduate program; iii To Dr. Ralph Pyke and Mr. Walter Gilchrist 1 for their ass is tance and generous kindness while the author's research program was in progress; To Mr. Eugene Van Hooser 1 for help during various parts of her research program; To Dr. -
The Effects of Exogenous ACTH on 5-3B-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Activity in the Embryonic Avian Adrenal Gland
Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1968 The Effects of Exogenous ACTH on 5-3b-hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Activity in the Embryonic Avian Adrenal Gland Grover Charles Ericson Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Ericson, Grover Charles, "The Effects of Exogenous ACTH on 5-3b-hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Activity in the Embryonic Avian Adrenal Gland" (1968). Master's Theses. 2264. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/2264 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1968 Grover Charles Ericson THE EFFECTS OF EXOGENOUS ACTH ON d -JB-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY IN THE EMBRYONIC AVIAN ADRENAL GLAND by Grover Charles Ericson A The.is Submitted to the Faculty ot the Graduate School of La.vo1. University in Partial Fulfillment ot the Requirements for the Degree ot Master ot Science February 1968 BIOGRAPHY Grover Charles Ericson was born in Oak Park, D.linois, on February 17. 1941. He •• graduated f'rom the Naperville COIIUlIW1ity High School, Naperville. D.l1nois in June, 19.59. He entered North Central College, Naperville. Illinois, in September, 19.59, and was awarded the Bachelor of Arts degree in June, 1964. While attending North Central College. -
(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,906,307 B2 S0e Et Al
US007906307B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,906,307 B2 S0e et al. (45) Date of Patent: Mar. 15, 2011 (54) VARIANT LIPIDACYLTRANSFERASES AND 4,683.202 A 7, 1987 Mullis METHODS OF MAKING 4,689,297 A 8, 1987 Good 4,707,291 A 11, 1987 Thom 4,707,364 A 11/1987 Barach (75) Inventors: Jorn Borch Soe, Tilst (DK); Jorn 4,708,876 A 1 1/1987 Yokoyama Dalgaard Mikkelson, Hvidovre (DK); 4,798,793 A 1/1989 Eigtved 4,808,417 A 2f1989 Masuda Arno de Kreij. Geneve (CH) 4,810,414 A 3/1989 Huge-Jensen 4,814,331 A 3, 1989 Kerkenaar (73) Assignee: Danisco A/S, Copenhagen (DK) 4,818,695 A 4/1989 Eigtved 4,826,767 A 5/1989 Hansen 4,865,866 A 9, 1989 Moore (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 4,904.483. A 2f1990 Christensen patent is extended or adjusted under 35 4,916,064 A 4, 1990 Derez U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. 5,112,624 A 5/1992 Johna 5,213,968 A 5, 1993 Castle 5,219,733 A 6/1993 Myojo (21) Appl. No.: 11/852,274 5,219,744 A 6/1993 Kurashige 5,232,846 A 8, 1993 Takeda (22) Filed: Sep. 7, 2007 5,264,367 A 11/1993 Aalrust (Continued) (65) Prior Publication Data US 2008/OO70287 A1 Mar. 20, 2008 FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS AR 331094 2, 1995 Related U.S. Application Data (Continued) (63) Continuation-in-part of application No. -
A Squalene–Hopene Cyclase in Schizosaccharomyces Japonicus Represents a Eukaryotic Adaptation to Sterol-Limited Anaerobic Environments
A squalene–hopene cyclase in Schizosaccharomyces japonicus represents a eukaryotic adaptation to sterol-limited anaerobic environments Jonna Bouwknegta,1, Sanne J. Wiersmaa,1, Raúl A. Ortiz-Merinoa, Eline S. R. Doornenbala, Petrik Buitenhuisa, Martin Gierab, Christoph Müllerc, and Jack T. Pronka,2 aDepartment of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands; bCenter for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; and cDepartment of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximillians University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany Edited by Roger Summons, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, and approved July 6, 2021 (received for review March 18, 2021) Biosynthesis of sterols, which are key constituents of canonical and acquisition of a bacterial STC gene by horizontal gene transfer is eukaryotic membranes, requires molecular oxygen. Anaerobic protists considered a key evolutionary adaptation of Neocalllimastigomycetes and deep-branching anaerobic fungi are the only eukaryotes in which to the strictly anaerobic conditions of the gut of large herbivores a mechanism for sterol-independent growth has been elucidated. In (7). The reaction catalyzed by STC resembles oxygen-independent these organisms, tetrahymanol, formed through oxygen-independent conversion of squalene to hopanol and/or other hopanoids by cyclization of squalene by a squalene–tetrahymanol cyclase, acts as a squalene–hopene cyclases (8) (SHC; SI Appendix,Fig.S1), which sterol surrogate. This study confirms an early report [C. J. E. A. Bulder, are found in many bacteria (9, 10). Some bacteria synthesize tet- Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek,37,353–358 (1971)] that Schizosaccharo- rahymanol by ring expansion of hopanol, in a reaction catalyzed by myces japonicus is exceptional among yeasts in growing anaerobi- tetrahymanol synthase (THS) for which the precise mechanism cally on synthetic media lacking sterols and unsaturated fatty acids.