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Development of an Efficient Future Energy Storage System Incorporating Fluidized Bed Of DEVELOPMENT OF AN EFFICIENT FUTURE ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM INCORPORATING FLUIDIZED BED OF MICRO-PARTICLES By Ibitoye Adebowale Adelusi Student ID: 31435902 Supervisors Dr Dawson and Dr Andrieux Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Lancaster University Engineering Department 06/06/2019 1 | P a g e Declaration This research work: numerical modeling and simulation and laboratory experiments and write- up of this thesis DEVELOPMENT OF AN EFFICIENT FUTURE ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM INCORPORATING FLUIDIZED BED OF MICRO-PARTICLES was carried out by me. I also confirm that the Lancaster university laboratory equipment’s and numerical software’s such as solidwork, ANSYS and COMSOL have been used to acquire all the results. In terms of the referencing, I have used Lancaster University library one search tools to access all the resources such as scientific journals that were related to the research work of this thesis. Furthermore, I can confirm that: before or after submitting this dissertation, the following papers that are listed below will be published. 1. Practical Development of a ZnBr2 Flow Battery with a Fluidized Bed Anode Zinc- Electrode Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Volume 167, Number 5 Focus Issue, 2019 – Published. 2. Hybrid Zinc Based Redox Flow Batteries as a renewable energy source: an overview – Pending. 3. Simulation of Added Carbon Particles Within Fluidized Bed Anode Zinc-Electrode – Pending Additionally, my supervisors, Dr Andrieux and Dr Dawson have checked every written word of this dissertation, supervised me during the research work and corrected and checked all my experimental work acquired results (numerical modelling and laboratory) and recommended to me most of the conferences and training that I had attended during this research work and close to completion. The zinc-bromine battery cell was fabricated by the engineering department of Lancaster University. 2 | P a g e Acknowledgement First and foremost, my appreciation goes to God almighty who has given me the gift of life to complete this research work in good health. Furthermore, many thanks to my project supervisors; Dr Andrieux and Dr Dawson for their guidelines and support during this PhD research work. I would also say to my wife, Elizabeth Adelusi and children a great thank you for their support and encouragement during this research work. Furthermore, I also thank Peter Jones, Andrew Gavriluk for their support whenever I need their help in terms of laboratory facilities and IT provisions. I pray that may the God almighty continue to bless you all amen. Dr Andrieux and Dr Dawson had given me a great training on electrochemical techniques that had made it possible for this research work to be completed. These trainings that I have acquired from them had improved my engineering judgements, technical skills and managerial skills in terms of progress report writing and presentation skills and moving straight to the point etc. Once again, I am very grateful for their devoted time and all their effort. Furthermore, I pray that Lancaster University will continue to progress on their research because this is a great University that has also given me the opportunity to complete this research work in terms of all their research facilities such as using the university chemical laboratories workshops especially on B-Floor etc. 3 | P a g e Table of Contents Declaration............................................................................................................................................. 2 Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................................. 3 Symbols and Nomenclature................................................................................................................ 12 List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................... 13 List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................... 15 List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................... 21 List of Equations ................................................................................................................................. 25 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ 27 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Energy Storage .................................................................................... 29 1.1 Energy Storage Needs and Categories .................................................................................. 29 1.2 Energy Storage Systems and Comparison ............................................................................ 31 Compressed Air Energy Storage System (CAES) ............................................................ 32 Pumped Hydroeletric Storage (PHS) ................................................................................ 33 Capacitor Storage (CS) ..................................................................................................... 34 Thermal Energy Storage System (TES) ............................................................................ 35 Flywheel Energy Storage (FES)........................................................................................ 36 1.3 Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies .................................................................... 36 Supercapacitor Energy Storage (SCES) ............................................................................ 38 Reversible Fuel cell ........................................................................................................... 39 1.4 Introduction to Redox Flow Batteries ................................................................................... 41 History of Redox Flow Batteries ...................................................................................... 42 Classifications of Redox Flow Batteries ........................................................................... 43 All Liquid Aqueous Flow Batteries .................................................................................. 44 Iron-Chromium RFB ......................................................................................................... 48 Polysulfide-Bromine RFB ................................................................................................. 49 Soluble Metal-Bromine RFB ............................................................................................ 51 Quinone/ hydroquinone RFB with Aqueous Electrolyte .................................................. 51 Organic Regenerative Fuel Cells ...................................................................................... 53 All-Uranium/ All Neptunium ............................................................................................ 54 Nickle-Iron RFB ........................................................................................................... 55 Cobalt-Iron RFB ........................................................................................................... 56 All-Copper .................................................................................................................... 56 Organic RFB ................................................................................................................. 56 Other Inorganic Flow Batteries ..................................................................................... 57 Semisolid Flow Batteries .............................................................................................. 58 4 | P a g e Hybrid RFB ................................................................................................................... 58 1.5 Types of Zinc-Based Hybrid Flow Batteries ........................................................................ 64 Zinc-Lead and Zinc-Nickel RFB ...................................................................................... 64 Zinc-chlorine RFB ............................................................................................................ 64 Zinc-Iodide RFB ............................................................................................................... 65 Zinc-Cerium RFB ............................................................................................................. 65 Other Zinc-Based RFB ...................................................................................................... 67 1.6 Zinc-Bromine RFB ............................................................................................................... 67 1.7 Zinc Bromine Batteries Cells Advantages and Disadvantages ............................................. 69 1.8 Zinc Bromine Batteries Cells Application and Systems Design ........................................... 70 1.9 Components of Zinc Bromine Batteries Cells Systems ........................................................ 72 Ion-Exchange Membrane .................................................................................................. 73 Anode Zinc-Side FBR’s Reactors ..................................................................................... 74 Cathode Bromine-Side Reactor .......................................................................................
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