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Candidate Species for Florida Aquaculture: Hybrid Striped Bass, Morone Saxatilis X Morone Chrysops1 Cortney L

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Candidate Species for Florida Aquaculture: Hybrid Striped Bass, Morone Saxatilis X Morone Chrysops1 Cortney L FA155 Candidate Species for Florida Aquaculture: Hybrid Striped Bass, Morone saxatilis x Morone chrysops1 Cortney L. Ohs, Christian L. Miller, and R. LeRoy Creswell2 General Description The physical appearance of a hybrid striped bass is a combination of the parental species. The body is slightly Hybrid striped bass are a cross between two species, the compressed and commonly shaped more like a white striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and the white bass (Morone bass. In the hybrid, lateral stripes are irregular or broken chrysops) (Figure1). The genus Morone belongs to the behind the pectoral fins and above the lateral line, while a family Percichthyidae of the order Perciformes. The first pure striped bass has unbroken stripes. Hybrids have two cross was formed by stripping eggs from a female striped dorsal fins, a spinous fin with 8–9 spines and a soft-rayed bass and fertilizing them with sperm from a male white fin with one spine and 13–14 rays. The caudal fin is forked bass. This cross, called the “original cross,” was first done in and the lobes are pointed. The anal fin has three spines and South Carolina in 1965 and now is properly referred to as 9–13 soft rays. Generally, palmetto bass larvae are slightly a palmetto bass. In 1973, the cross between a female white larger than sunshine bass larvae and have a wider mouth bass and male striped bass was again created by stripping gape. There are no observable physical differences between eggs and fertilizing them with sperm. This cross, called the the different crosses once a fish reaches a juvenile stage. “reciprocal cross,” was first done in Florida at the Richloam Both crosses are cultured but the sunshine bass is more Fish Hatchery, and the resulting fish is now properly commonly produced than the palmetto bass. For further referred to as a sunshine bass. information see SRAC 300 (Hodson 1989). Geographical Distribution and Habitat The striped bass is an anadromous species, which is a spe- cies that naturally lives and grows to adulthood in saltwater and returns to freshwater to spawn. Striped bass are native along the east coast of the US from New Brunswick to Florida and in the Gulf of Mexico from Florida to Texas. In the late 1800s, they were introduced to the west coast of Figure 1. Hybrid striped bass. Credits: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations the US and now have a distribution in the Pacific Ocean 1. This document is FA155, one of a series of the School of Forest Resources and Conservation Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date December 2008. Revised January 2009. Reviewed February 2019. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication. 2. Cortney L. Ohs, associate professor, Indian River Research and Education Center, School of Forest Resources and Conservation Program for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences; Christian L. Miller, former Extension agent I, UF/IFAS Extension Miami-Dade County; and R. LeRoy Creswell, Florida Sea Grant Extension agent, UF/IFAS Extension St. Lucie County; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611. The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. For more information on obtaining other UF/IFAS Extension publications, contact your county’s UF/IFAS Extension office. U.S. Department of Agriculture, UF/IFAS Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A & M University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Nick T. Place, dean for UF/IFAS Extension. from Mexico to British Columbia. Landlocked populations which genetic lines have the best growth, feed conversions, are found throughout the US, and many reservoirs have and disease resistance. adequate spawning habitat and well-established popula- tions. Many reservoirs lacking adequate spawning habitat Phase I have populations that are stocked and managed. The striped Phase I of production is the step from stocking newly bass is a popular sport fish and in the wild can grow to 70 hatched fry to a fingerling size that is harvested, size pounds. graded, and marketed or restocked. The harvest size is The white bass, a freshwater species originally found in the typically 1 to 10 grams, although many producers now Mississippi River Basin, has been introduced throughout request larger fingerlings of more than 10 grams. Ponds are the US. There are now well-established populations in many typically used for phase I and range in size from 1–20 acres; reservoirs. The white bass is also a popular sport fish and however the ideal size is 3–5 acres (1.2–2 ha) with water reaches 4 to 5 pounds in size. being 3–6 feet (1–2 m) deep. A pond this size will allow for efficient harvest of fingerlings, and it will permit producers Additionally, the hybrid of these species has been stocked to control growth by using various stocking densities so into and has managed populations in numerous reservoirs that they can produce marketable-sized fingerlings during throughout the US. In some regions of the US, fishermen more months of the year. refer to the hybrid striped bass as a “wiper.” The first step in phase I of production is to fertilize the pond with both inorganic and organic fertilizers and Hatchery create a zooplankton community for the fry to eat. Timing Hybrid striped bass are not always sterile like most other is critical when stocking fry because the succession, or hybridized fish. There have been reports that hybrid striped change in zooplankton populations over time in the pond, bass have naturally spawned in reservoirs that have been occurs in days. When ponds are filled with water and stocked only with hybrids. Similar to the parental stock, fertilized, first phytoplankton and soon after zooplankton hybrid striped bass are oviparous (egg-laying). In aquacul- communities bloom or proliferate. Fry must be introduced ture, natural spawning of brood fish to create a hybrid does to the pond at the precise time when the ideal population not occur. Typically brood fish are cycled with a change of of zooplankton is present. Once a pond is filled with well water temperature and light cycle before being injected or water and fertilized, it will develop a light green color from implanted with hormones (HCG) to ensure that males and the increase in the phytoplankton population. At the same females spawn at the same time. Once the eggs are ripe they time, blooms of bacteria and protozoan populations appear. are stripped by hand and collected in a bowl. Sperm (also Within a few days, rotifers populations expand rapidly, termed milt) is squeezed from the males and added directly and they consume the phytoplankton, causing the green to the bowl. A small amount of water is added to mobilize color of the water to fade and a brown color to appear. the sperm, and then they are gently stirred with a feather. This is when larval fish should be stocked to feed on the Fertilization occurs within two minutes, after which the developing zooplankton populations. Within days, copepod eggs are placed into McDonald hatching jars, which provide and cladoceran populations increase and soon outcompete an upward flow of water to keep all the eggs in suspension rotifers for algae, causing the rotifer populations to decline and properly aerated. Hatched larvae are flushed out of the rapidly. Large populations of copepods and cladocerans hatching jars and collected in a tank or mesh container. then develop, persist for several days, and decline as larger Larvae are then dipped along with water into a holding tank rotifers and insects appear. This entire cycle is dependent for stocking into tanks or more commonly into fertilized on temperature, weather, nutrients present, and other ponds. For further details on the hatchery stage of produc- water quality parameters, which can all vary year to year tion, see SRAC 301 (Hodson and Hayes 1989). and pond to pond. For further information see SRAC 302 (Ludwig 2004). There are several hatcheries in the United States; however, one large hatchery located in Arkansas supplies the major- Recently hatched fry are typically stocked into ponds at ity of the US industry. Some hatcheries maintain a large densities between 100,000 and 200,000 per acre, which number of broodstock of both striped and white bass and will produce the optimal size of fingerlings with the least have maintained them for years. These hatcheries usually amount of size variation. The fry are counted volumetrically have years of data on specific fish and crosses and know by taking several small samples of water and counting the fry present in them. Then a calculation is used to estimate Candidate Species for Florida Aquaculture: Hybrid Striped Bass, Morone saxatilis x Morone chrysops 2 the volume of fry-containing water to add to the pond in between phases II and III. For this method to produce order to stock it with the desired number of fry. The fry uniform market-sized fish, larger fingerlings are required need to be acclimatized to the pond water before stocking. for stocking, commonly 10–20 g each. This prevents much At three to four weeks of age, fry should be provided a high of the variability in growth between individual fish but does protein (42–50%) feed at 2-10 pounds (0.9–4.5 kg) per acre increase cost of fingerlings. divided over one to three feedings each day.
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