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National Aspirations, Imagined Futures, and Space Exploration: the Origin and Development of Korean Space Program 1958-2013

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National Aspirations, Imagined Futures, and Space Exploration: the Origin and Development of Korean Space Program 1958-2013 National Aspirations, Imagined Futures, and Space Exploration: the Origin and Development of Korean Space Program 1958-2013 A Dissertation Presented to The Academic Faculty by Hyoung Joon An In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the School of History and Sociology Georgia Institute of Technology December 2015 Copyright © 2015 by Hyoung Joon An National Aspirations, Imagined Futures, and Space Exploration: the Origin and Development of Korean Space Program 1958-2013 Approved by: Dr. John Krige, Advisor Dr. Kristie Macrakis School of History and Sociology School of History and Sociology Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Laura Bier Dr. Hanchao Lu School of History and Sociology School of History and Sociology Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Buhm Soon Park Graduate School of Science and Technology Date Approved: November 9, 2015 Policy Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation could not have been completed without the great support that I have received from so many people over the years. I owe my gratitude to all those people who have made this dissertation possible and because of whom my graduate experience has been one that I will cherish forever. First and foremost, I especially wish to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor, John Krige. I have been amazingly fortunate to have an advisor who from the outset, encouraged me in my work, provided me with many details and suggestions for research and carefully read the manuscript. He is, to be sure, full of a scholastic spirit. I benefited from his vast knowledge and originality of mind. I am also very grateful to my committee members: Hanchao Lu, Kristie Macrakis, Laura Bier, and Buhm Soon Park. Their perceptive criticism, kind encouragement, and willing assistance helped bring the project to a successful conclusion. The completion of this dissertation involved LaDonna Bowen’s labor and support to provide all the help during my graduate days. To properly thank everyone to whom I am indebted in my project would involve listing all of my friends and colleagues over the last 6 years or more: Ashok Maharaj, Angelina Long, Jungwon Yoon, Liang Yao, Jennifer Green, Wayne Drews, Brain Jirout, John Miller, Peter Westin, Emily Gibson, Xiaoning Dai, and Sooa Lee. I would like to give particular thanks to Jonah Bea-Taylor, who remained encouraging and full of detailed and invaluable comments. I would like to record my gratitude to a number of individual who have given me help and encouragement over the period of a field trip to South Korea. Many professors and colleagues of Program in History and Philosophy of Science in Seoul National University have offered useful suggestions for the content and format of this dissertation: Sungwook Hong, Jongtae Lim, Hoonki Kim, Dayk Jang, Sungjoo Hong, Taeho Kim, Hakmoon Byun, and Taehee Lee. Especially, invaluable help was furnished by Hyungsub Choi, who not only caught many errors and awkward expressions but was willing to discuss with me. If it had not been for Tae-ho Kim and Dong-oh Park, who have been daily associated with my research, I should never have had the courage to write this dissertation. I also benefited greatly from discussions with the members of History of Cold-war Science seminar group, Dongkwang Kim, Myoungjin Kim, and Junsoo Kim. I wish to record my appreciation to the directors and staff of the following institutions: Minwhan Son at the Library of Inha University and Kihyuk Choi, Kyusoo Lee, Soohyun Ok and Seoyoung Jung at Korea Aerospace Research Institute. I also owe special thanks for the help I have received with the copying of the various versions of the manuscript and other assistance to the living histories of Korean space program: Mansub Han, Jaehak Hong, Dongman An, Yeonseok Chae and Doowhan Kim. iii Finally, I would like to thank my family members and loved ones for their patience and advice. As always, my family has been there, providing all sorts of tangible and intangible support. My children, Jiho and Susie, as well as other members have provided care, physical and emotional. My wife, Jeong-Eun Joo, has assisted me in innumerable ways, whatever I might say here cannot do full justice to the extent and the value of her contribution. To the end, this dissertation is dedicated to the loving memory of my mother. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………………………………….. iii LIST OF TABLES ……….…………………………………………………………………….. vi LIST OF FIGURES ……….…………………………………………………………………… vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ………………………………………………………………… viii SUMMARY ……………………………………………………………………………………. xi CHAPTER 1: Introduction ……..………………………………………………………………. 1 CHAPTER 2: Early History - The Sputnik Shock and Korea’s Rocket Fever 1958-1969 ……. 21 CHAPTER 3: A Korean Rocket for Self-reliance 1970-1984 …………………………………. 59 CHAPTER 4: Space Development for Economic Security 1985-1997 ………………………. 101 CHAPTER 5: Seeking National Prestige in Space 1998-2013 ……………………………….. 163 CHAPTER 6: Conclusion …………………………………………………………………...... 205 BIBLOGRAPY ……………………………………………………………………………….. 216 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Data of Rockets Launched by NDSRI in 1959 ……………………………………… 40 Table 2: Rockets Produced by SSRA of IIT …………………………………………………. 53 Table 3: Security Assistance for Fiscal Years 1971-1977 to the ROK ……………………….. 71 Table 4: SSTL Know-how Transfer and Training Programs…………………………………. 128 Table 5: The Change in Korean Space Development…………………………………………. 208 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: “Victory of the National Security Law,” and “Scientific Competition” ……………. 25 Figure 2: An Amateur Rocketeer, Cho Joongsuk and his rocket……………………………….27 Figure 3: Designing a Rocket in NDSRI………………………………………………………..37 Figure 4: President Rhee Syngman and the Guidance System of the 67-ho Rocket……………40 Figure 5: IITA-7CR 3-stage Rocket Launched by IIT in 1964…………………………………53 Figure 6: “Successful Launch of Indigenous Guided Missile”………………………………….92 Figure 7: Space Development and Economic and Social Security……………………………..111 Figure 8: President Roh at the Ceremony of Young Astronauts Korea………………………...118 Figure 9: Structure of KITsat-1…………………………………………………………………130 Figure 10: Changing Process of KSR-3 and KSLV-1 Design………………………………….183 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ADD - Agency for Defense Development COMS - Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite CIA - Central Intelligence Agency COSPAR - Committee on Space Research DSTRI - the Defense Science and Technology Research Institute DMZ - Demilitarized Zone ERC - Engineering Research Center ESA - European Space Agency ETRI - Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute FMS - Foreign Military Credit Sales FROG - Free Rocket Over Ground HVAR - High-Velocity Aircraft Rocket ICBM - Intercontinental Ballistic Missile IGY - International Geophysical Year IIT - Inha Institute of Technology INS - Inertial Navigation System ISS - International Space Station ISSA - Institute of Space Science & Astronomy KAERI - Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute KAI - Korea Aerospace Industries KAIST- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology KAP - the first Korean Astronaut Program viii KARI - Korea Aerospace Research Institute KAS - Korean Astronautical Society KCIA - Korean Central Intelligence Agency KDI - Korea Development Institute KHTT - Know-How Tansfer and Training KIST - Korean Institute of Science and Technology KM – Kick Motor KMAG - Military Advisory Group to the Republic of Korea KNSC - Korea National Space Committee KOMPsat - Korean Multi-purpose Satellite KOSEF - Korea Science and Engineering Foundation KRISS - Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science KSLV - Korean Space Launch Vehicle KSR – Korean Sounding Rocket KSSSS - Korean Student Space Science Society KT - Korea Telecom MAAG - Military Assistance Advisory Group MAP - Military Assistance Program MCIE - Ministry of Commerce, Industry, and Energy MD - McDonnell Douglas KIMM - Korea Institute of Machinery & Material MCTR - Missile Technology Control Regime MEST - Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology MND - Ministry of National Defense MOC - Ministry of Communication MOST - Ministry of Science and Technology ix MPT - Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications NAO - National Astronomical Observatory NASA – National Aeronautics and Space Administration NDSRI - National Defense Scientific Research Institute NH – Nike Hercules KAI - Korean Aerospace Industries Ltd KITsat - Korea Institute of Technology Satellite NSC - National Security Council ROK – Republic of Korea RSA - Russian Space Agency SaTReC - Satellite Technology Research Center SNPE - Societe Nationale des Poudres et Explosifs SSRA - Space Science Research Association SSTL - Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. STPRC - Science and Technology Promotion Review Council TSA - Technology Safeguards Agreement URM - Universal Rocket Module WEC - Weapons Exploitation Committee YAC - Young Astronaut Council YAK - Young Astronauts Korea x SUMMARY The goal of my dissertation is to describe the history of the South Korean1 space program and to use it to offer some insights on reframing space history from a global point of view. South Korea is a new player among the space faring nations. While some of the necessary infrastructure was put in place in the 30 years after the launch of Sputnik, the country only really made a commitment space in the 1990s, developing rapidly to become a significant presence today. The launch of KITsat-1 (Uribyul-1, the first Korean
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