Storying the Authentic Leadership Development of Millennial Gay Men Kyle Williams
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Chapman University Chapman University Digital Commons Education (Ph.D) Dissertations Dissertations and Theses 8-2019 On the Move: Storying the Authentic Leadership Development of Millennial Gay Men Kyle Williams Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/education_dissertations Part of the Leadership Studies Commons On the Move: Storying the Authentic Leadership Development of Millennial Gay Men A Dissertation by Kyle Patrick Williams Chapman University Orange, CA Donna Ford Attallah College of Educational Studies Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Education August 2019 Committee in charge: Whitney McIntyre Miller, Ph.D., Chair Penny Bryan, Ph.D. Lori Garkovich, Ph.D. 1 The dissertation of Kyle Patrick Williams is approved. ______________________________ Whitney McIntyre Miller, Ph.D., Chair ______________________________ Lori Garkovich, Ph.D. March 2019 2 On the Move: Storying the Authentic Leadership Development of Millennial Gay Men Copyright © 2019 by Kyle Patrick Williams iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Foremost, I am forever grateful to the three participants who so graciously shared their time and personal experiences with me throughout the study. The willingness to engage, share, and present their authentic selves throughout the research process brought the narratives to life and demonstrated the power and efficacy rooted in storytelling. Because of each of you, I am a better researcher, teacher, and citizen now more capable of living and being more authentic in my practice and pursuit of improving our communities of place, practice, and interest. To my committee, I say thank you for your guidance, mentorship, and patience. To Lori, I thank you for seeing potential in a struggling, academically floundering undergraduate student in need of encouragement and for helping me realign my passion with my abilities. I am grateful for our continued friendship and professional relationship we have maintained. To Whitney, my chair-leader extraordinaire, I say thank you for always encouraging me to try new things, helping me cope with culture shock from afar after moving abroad, and for pushing me to become a more effective writer. Last but not least, to Penny, I say thank you for sparking my interest in arts-based inquiry and the ability to combine my passion for building community and developing as an emerging scholar. I will forever value your encouragement to strive for progress, not perfection. To my family, your unending support as I left home and chased opportunities to grow and see the world has been invaluable. It has been a privilege to travel, learn, and grow and to be able to share with you the many experiences along the way. iv ABSTRACT On the Move: Storying the Authentic Leadership Development of Millennial Gay Men by Kyle Patrick Williams This study used Arts-based research and Narrative Inquiry to explore the rural- urban transition experiences of three high-achieving millennial gay men. Using Clandinin’s (2013) narrative commonplaces of temporality, sociality, and place as frames for understanding each participant’s individual story, the study utilized The Listening Guide (Gilligan, 2015) to illuminate participants’ experiences related to identity development, sense of community, queer migration, and authentic leadership development. In addition to the individual narratives, story threads or themes present in one, two, or all three narrative portraits were analyzed and discussed. The data also included found poetry and original poems written in the style of George Ella Lyon’s (1999) I Am From poem. The study examined the authentic leadership development of the participants and advanced arts-based research through a discussion of the personal, practical, and social justifications of the methodology broadly, and this study in particular. The significance of this study is directly related to the social justifications of theoretical contributions and a social justice orientation. By engaging in the research, the participants told their stories in this way for the first time and gave voice to their past experiences and illuminated the implications of these experiences on their current roles as junior faculty members and administrators in higher education. v The narrative portraits and poetry serve as counter-narratives to those of white, straight men which are most often privileged in the academy and beyond. This study demonstrates the usefulness and rigor of using narrative methods to gather and share stories about: 1) transitioning between rural and urban places, 2) the experiences of a subset of the millennial cohort and life-course development, 3) and the development of authentic leadership. Each participant expressed a passion and purpose for more socially just classrooms, campus environments, and community spaces, and each participant incorporated this purpose in his teaching, research, and practice in his own way. As more millennial gay men assume leadership positions in universities, board rooms, and city halls, ABR creates the potential capacity for a new generation of public leaderships to usher in societal shifts reflecting a changing America. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study 1 Researcher Positionalit y 2 Historical Background 4 Generationa l Cohort s 5 The Rural-Urban Interface and Migration in the United State s 7 Leadership Development 11 Rationale for the Study 12 Statement of the Problem 12 Purpose of the Study and the Research Puzzl e 14 Justifications for Narrative Methods 14 Significance of the Stud y 15 Chapter 2: Literature Review 17 Narrative Commonplace s 17 Identity Development 19 Identit y 19 Gay Identity Development 20 The Millennial Generation 28 Plac e 33 Communit y 34 Census Definitions 35 The New Rural-Urban Interfac e 37 Geography and Sexualit y 39 On the Move: Queer Migration 45 Leadership Developmen t 48 Student Leadership Development 49 Millennial Civic Engagement 51 Authentic Leadershi p 53 Discussion of Studies and Overall Learnings 54 Conclusions and Contributions 54 Chapter 3: Methodology 56 Arts-Based Researc h 56 Narrative Inquir y 61 Narrative Construction of Sel f 64 Methods for the Study 66 Research Puzzle s 66 Research Participants and Recruitment 67 Entering in the Mids t 70 From Field to Field Texts (Data Generation) 70 From Field Texts to Interim Research Text s 72 The Listening Guide 73 From Interim Research Texts to Research Text s 77 The Positioning of Narrative Inquiry 78 vii Distribution of Effor t 79 Research Ethic s 79 Tensions in ABR 80 Evaluation Criteria for ABR and Narrative Inquiry 83 Arts-Based Research Criteri a 84 Narrative Inquiry Criteri a 90 Limitati ons 91 Chapter 4: Findings 94 Jackson 96 A North Carolina Upbringing 97 College: A Time of Rapid Change 103 Coming of Age 105 Shifting Identitie s 108 Transition to Graduate School 112 The Doctoral Journe y 116 On the Move: Striving for Communit y 121 Gus 129 Gus the People-Please r 130 Junior College and Mississippi Stat e 136 Graduate School, Teaching, and a Crisis of Faith 139 Ph.D. and Researc h 140 Bruc e 149 Growing Up in Los Angeles: A Pressure to Succee d 150 Undergrad in Indiana: Resilience and Discovery 152 The Bronx: A Grounding Experienc e 155 Washington, DC: Learning to Survive and Thrive 156 Rural Idaho: Living Intersectionally and Learning How to Flouris h 158 On the Move 159 Chapter 5: Discussion 163 Research Puzzle, Revisite d 163 Summary of Narrative Portrait s 165 Narrative Commonplace s 166 Story Threads 168 On the Move 169 Identity Developmen t 170 Authenticity, Congruence, and Integration 173 Sense of Communit y 174 Personal Relationship s 175 Family Dynamics and Expectations 177 Greek Lif e 178 Faith and Spiritualit y 179 Civic Engagement 179 Leadership Developmen t 182 Clifton Strengths 182 viii Mentor s 183 Authenti c Leadershi p Development 184 Knowing Your Authenti c Sel f 185 Practicing Your Value s and Principles 186 Motivations for Leading 187 Building Your Suppor t Team 188 Staying Grounded: Integrating Your Lif e 188 Justifications and Implications 189 Persona l Justifications 189 Practica l Justifications 191 Socia l Justifications 194 Limitations 197 Significanc e 198 Researche r Reflections 200 Reference s 204 Appendix 220 ix LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Generationa l Cohorts of Gay Men 26 Table 2: Distribution of Effort 79 x Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study I am from the south fork of the Licking. Where floodwaters rise like the hopes of young people eager to move away. Where the community and lives are rebuilt after the waters recede. I am from the 4-H club, where I learned to serve and to make the best better. Head, heart, hands, and health; citizenship, leadership, service. I am from public school, where I inevitably stood out. Where I could never come out and often did not fit in. Where I could sing, perform, and entertain; where I could learn, serve, and lead. I am from the red blazer. Where family, career, and community leaders are made. Where I learned to face the future with warm courage and high hope. I am from a sophomore slump; where my first-generation dream was nearly shattered. I am from perseverance and humility; from the mentors who said ‘yes, you can.’ I am from Cabaret nights; Hong Kong junk boat days; and from Mardi Gras parades. Laissez le bon temps rouler. I am from places and times past. Where I learned, I grew, I gained, I lost. Across time and space, I will continue to go, perhaps forever on the move. As a self-identified gay man born in rural northern Kentucky in 1988, I am a member of the LGBT community; I am from a rural place, and I am a millennial. I am also white; cisgender; liberal-leaning; and high-achieving, having navigated educational systems and structures leading up to and including doctoral studies. Though these are just some of the many intersecting identities that make me who I am, each is particularly relevant to the research study described in the subsequent chapters of this dissertation.