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Influence of Exogenous Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone on Seasonal Reproductive Behavior of the Coyote (Canis Latrans)

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Influence of Exogenous Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone on Seasonal Reproductive Behavior of the Coyote (Canis Latrans) University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Publications Plant Health Inspection Service 2009 Influence of exogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone on seasonal reproductive behavior of the coyote (Canis latrans) D. A. Carlson Utah State University, Logan Department of Wildland Resources, E. M. Gese USDA/APHIS/WS National Wildlife Research Center, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Carlson, D. A. and Gese, E. M., "Influence of exogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone on seasonal reproductive behavior of the coyote (Canis latrans)" (2009). USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications. 883. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/883 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Theriogenology 72 (2009) 773–783 www.theriojournal.com Influence of exogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone on seasonal reproductive behavior of the coyote (Canis latrans) D.A. Carlson a,*, E.M. Gese b a Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5230, USA b United States Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5230, USA Received 20 January 2009; received in revised form 19 May 2009; accepted 20 May 2009 Abstract Wild Canis species such as the coyote (C. latrans) express a suite of reproductive traits unusual among mammals, including perennial pair-bonds and paternal care of the young. Coyotes also are monestrous, and both sexes are fertile only in winter; thus, they depend upon social and physiologic synchrony for successful reproduction. To investigate the mutability of seasonal reproduction in coyotes, we attempted to evoke an out-of-season estrus in October using one of two short-acting gonadotropin- releasing hormone (GnRH) agents: (1) a GnRH analogue, deslorelin (6-D-tryptophan-9-(N-ethyl-L-prolinamide)-10-deglycina- mide), 2.1 mg pellet sc; or (2) gonadorelin, a GnRH (5-oxoPro-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-GlyNH2) porcine hypothalamic extract, 2.0 mg/kg im once daily for 3 consecutive days. A transient increase in serum concentrations of estradiol and progesterone (1 and 2 wk, respectively) was detected after treatment with deslorelin but not gonadorelin. Also, socio-sexual behaviors reminiscent of winter mating (including courtship, mate-guarding, precoital mounts, and copulatory ties) were observed among the deslorelin group. During the subsequent breeding season (January and February), however, preovulatory courtship behavior and olfactory sampling appeared suppressed; emergence of mounts and copulations were delayed in both deslorelin and gonadorelin treatment groups. Furthermore, whereas 8 of 12 females treated in October ovulated and produced healthy litters in the spring, 4 naı¨ve coyotes failed to copulate or become pregnant. Thus, perturbation of hormones prior to ovulation in species with complex mating behaviors may disrupt critical intrapair relationships, even if fertility is not impaired physiologically. # 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Canis latrans; Coyote; GnRH; Mating behavior; Reproductive seasonality 1. Introduction breeding season, extending January to March (depending on latitude), and become sexually inactive in the summer Coyotes (Canis latrans) are indigenous wild canids [4–6]. Spermatogenesis in coyotes begins late October or widely distributed throughout North America. They are November, and mature spermatozoa may be found from socially monogamous, territorial [1–3], and seasonally December to May [4,5,8–10]. Meanwhile, ovaries from monestrous [4–7]. Both sexes are obligated to a single coyotes examined in January contain tertiary follicles, but cortices were otherwise unremarkable (without stigmata or ruptures). Ovulation is spontaneous, syn- * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 435 458 9163; chronous, and bilateral; thereafter, ovaries are dominated fax: +1 435 797 3796. by corpora lutea [4,6] and nonpregnant females enter a E-mail address: [email protected] (D.A. Carlson). compulsory pseudopregnancy [11]. Coyote pups are 0093-691X/$ – see front matter # 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.05.012 774 D.A. Carlson, E.M. Gese / Theriogenology 72 (2009) 773–783 typically born March to May, after a gestation of 60 to 63 and ovulation [27,28] but, paradoxically, has acted also d [4,5], and both parents care for the young [1,2,5].By as a contraceptive [29,30]. Furthermore, before achiev- July or August, ovaries are regressive but not yet fully ing a desired suppressive effect, signs of proestrus and regenerated, testes have atrophied, and epididymides are estrus have been observed in dogs [29–31] and wolves void of mature sperm [4,5]. Accordingly, endocrine [32]; pregnancies after treatment have been reported profiles supported the histologic evidence that coyote [31,32]. reproduction was confined to a singular seasonal event The objective of this study was to disrupt the estrus [7,10,11]. cycle of coyotes and describe the physiologic and Other Canis species express reproductive traits behavioral consequences that could occur if pair-mates similar to the coyote [12–15], but the domestic dog were desynchronized. We hypothesized that coyotes (C. familiaris) is a notable exception. Male domestic were physiologically prepared to initiate a new ovarian dogs are fertile year-round, and bitches are typically cycle in the fall. If true, GnRH given in late anestrus aseasonal, with an interestrus interval 5 to 12 mo in would evoke a premature estrus. Two short-acting duration [16]. A seasonal shift in reproductive agents were employed, because the sensitivity of a pure- recrudescence also was reported among first generation bred coyote to treatment protocols used in domestic (F1) coyote-dog hybrids. Specifically, F1 hybrid dogs could not be predicted. Herein we report our offspring became sexually active in the fall (October results and discuss how hormone manipulation might to December) [5,8,17–19], and one female bred again in impact normal intrapair relationships, emphasizing the May [5]. Variability in reproductive strategies of wild importance of healthy mating behavior as well as canids has been ascribed to changes in social or physiology for successful reproduction in wild canids. environmental conditions, particularly within genera other than Canis [20–22]. Thus, canid reproductive 2. Materials and methods tactics appeared to be adaptive, capable of responding to alterations in selective pressures or environmental 2.1. Animals conditions. The mechanism controlling reproductive seasonality Coyotes were captive born or wild caught as pups and in wild Canis has not been elucidated, although reared at the National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) presumably it is similar to that described in other facility in Millville, Utah, USA (418680 N, 1118820 W). species. Seasonal changes in environmental factors act All animals were housed in outdoor enclosures with as cues allowing an animal to coordinate arrival of natural lighting. Male-female pairs resided in 0.1-hectare offspring with availability of critical resources. Photo- pens with access to sheltered den boxes. Three pens period activates neuroendocrine messengers, which in formed a clover-shaped cluster separated by double turn stimulate a cascade of physiologic and behavioral fencing and concrete barriers; all pairs were within visual events; however, receptors vary in sensitivity depending and audible range of other coyotes. on photoperiod and sequence of exposure to hormones The animals were fed a commercially prepared [23–26]. In female coyotes, for example, Hodges [10] carnivore diet (Fur Breeders Agricultural Cooperative, reported that in vitro cultures of pituitary cells showed a Sandy, UT, USA) once daily, and fasted 1 day per week. dose-dependent seasonal difference in sensitivity to Water was provided ad libitum. Vaccinations were given gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Pituitary annually against canine distemper, hepatitis, leptos- cells collected from coyotes in winter produced pirosis, parvovirus, parainfluenza, type 2 coronavirus, significantly more luteinizing hormone than cells adenovirus, and rabies. Routine parasite control was harvested in April to October, but only when challenged administered as indicated. Animal care and research with higher doses of GnRH. protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Environmental cues (physical or social) also Care and Use Committees at Utah State University synchronize endogenous circadian and circannual (IACUC No. 1114) and the NWRC (QA987). rhythms; yet conversely, the same factors may be Eighteen mated coyote pairs recruited into this study ineffectual at suppressing or provoking a biological were either established (n = 10), residing with each process from its entrained pattern [24,25]. Conse- other during a previous breeding season, or recently quently, experimental manipulations elicit
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