THEMATIC Institutionalising CSDRM Approach: Towards Effective Results to Cope against

here are increasing amounts of "The priorities and needs of the researched on how CSDRM evidence to show that 's approaches can be institutionalised. T both rural and urban communities, coastal states are being affected by and the projects implemented by climate change and that vulnerability The CSDRM approach has been which is already high is set to rise the governmental and non- developed and co-created by more further. Moreover, the frequency and governmental organizations must than five hundred practitioners, severity of natural hazards will be aligned and that main focus policymakers, scientists and increase people's vulnerability and should be on creating a climate academics from climate change, exposure. In order to equip the smart livelihood resilient society disasters and development community to lead with the impacts in Odisha. This is important and communities in ten 'at-risk' countries of climate change, both agencies and we want to institutionalise the across Africa and . CSDRM community must involve in various CSDRM approach at our approach is an 'integrated social adaptation intervention. organisation". development and disaster risk – Ms Binapani Mishra, management approach that aims Various agencies at governmental Secretary of SWAD simultaneously to reduce risks, adapt to and nongovernmental level are climate change and development'. proactively involved in disaster risk Puri district, Odisha agreed the CSDRM is a process-oriented reduction and are now involved in implementation of Climate Smart approach that provides guidance to climate change concerns. However, Disaster Risk Management Approach stakeholders to systematically given the complexity and range of (CSDRM).1 CSDRM approach is one address climate change, disaster risk issues involved with disaster risk such tool that can be used by reduction and development not only reduction, climate change adaptation, community based organisations to at policy level, but also at the and development; it has become tackle disasters, poverty and implementation level. The approach apparent that a lot more needs to be adaptation through improved draws out different routes through done to support and strengthen the integration. With the support of three central pillars that are divided efforts especially at the ground level. Climate Development and into 3 main silos (below) that have 12 Understanding the threats posed by Knowledge Network (CDKN); action points (see figure 1): climate change and disaster risk, Intercooperation Social Development 1. Tackle Disaster Risks and Society of Women Action (ICSD), Institute of Development Uncertainties Development (SWAD), a Studies (IDS) and All India Disaster 2. Enhance Adaptive Capacity humanitarian organization based in Mitigation Institute (AIDMI) together 3. Address Poverty, Vulnerability and Their Structural Causes. Steps used to conduct Climate Smart Disaster Management Approach of institutional level SWAD team decided to choose a Steps Actions strength as one of their entry point as Step 1&2: Where are we • Self Assessment Exercise (Reflecting back on they believe that they would be able now? organization's activities, capacities and to build on the activities better. limitations through) SWAD has a lot of experience and Step 3&4: 'Where do we • Identifying potential entry points to apply the expertise to spread awareness and want to be?' and 'What do CSDRM approach information about the disaster risks, we need to do differently?' • Map out integration pathways response and recovery uncertainties, • Develop action points and government policies and climate • To select indicators to measure progress. change impacts. SWAD works as a Step 5: The CSDRM • Monitoring & Review of the progress facilitating organisation between Journey - 'Are we moving • Understanding the internal and external factors towards integration?' that enable or constrain integration efforts. 1 Harris, K., Seballos, F., Siva Villaneuva, Step 6: Looking back - • Evaluations P., and Curmi, P., Changing Climate, Changing Disasters: Pathway Towards 'What has changed, why • Reflections for way ahead Integration (2012) Strengthening Climate and how?' Resilience, Brighton, IDS.

2 southasiadisasters.net Special Issue, December 2013 Each pathway links the action points within the three CSDRM pillars and as the actions are inter-related, they need to be taken together. Figure 1 sets out the overall CSDRM approach with its three core pillars. Each puzzle piece consists of an action point with key indicators. Integrated pathways can be charted by choosing any of the pieces as an entry point and following the corresponding sequence of puzzle pieces.

Special Issue, December 2013 southasiadisasters.net 3 technical agencies from different states QUOTES and local people. They have conducted many trainings for spreading awareness, sharing information, knowledge India’s Commitment to CBDRM building. Disaster risk information is made available in the assessment of potential risks and for planning at community level. SWAD aims to focus on to enhance the community resilience to climate risks and to practice community based approach by encouraging discussion spaces to inform about policies and programs. Thus, the entry point chosen by SWAD is Inform.

SWAD built on what has already been done which enhances their ability to address challenges. They re-use the concepts and techniques that Photo: ndma.gov.in government and the working bodies are already familiar with such as “NDMA is engaged with the "We need to focus on climate empowerment of local community. In Planning Commission from the change, extreme weather events addition, SWAD improved the present 10th plan period onwards on how and large-scale urbanization, ways of working by including 'climate- DRR can be mainstreamed into which will pose tremendous smart' in each of its future and current development planning. The challenge to all of us." M. Shashidhar Reddy, Hon'ble activities. Approach Paper to the 12th Five- year plan was titled "Faster, Vice Chairman at the World Sustainable and Inclusive Growth". Ministerial Conference on Disaster CSDRM approach provides a guide to To achieve this we have to fully Risk Reduction at Sendai, Japan. SWAD for strategic planning, realise that when disasters strike programme development that should "Urbanisation, industrialization it's the poorest of the poor who be used to assess how 'climate smart' and unplanned development in suffer the most, Therefore, DRR are the existing disaster risk high-risk zones seriously increases assumes paramount importance. management policies, projects and vulnerability to disaster risk. Planning for inclusive growth is programs. SWAD invested its staff and Climate Change adds a different crucial in DRR. Large amount of involved community members to dimension to the whole thing." money and efforts will be invested flexibly adapt technical innovation. A M. Shashidhar Reddy, Vice by the public and private sectors favourable environment was created for Chairman, NDMA, First National during the next five years; thus the implementation of CSDRM Platform on Disaster Risk Reduction. DRR must be mainstreamed approach so that information sharing appropriately.” and decision making can be transparent "Nothing more serious could have M. Shashidhar Reddy, and favourable in and with the been witnessed. It is an example Vice Chairman, NDMA, First of extreme weather events we all community. In addition, the efficiency National Platform for Disasters Risk are concerned about. We need to of these interventions varies in terms of Reduction, May 2013, . the ability of different communities and make serious efforts to understand the implication of such disaster to economies to address the climate change "Over the years the trend of hydro- which south Asia is vulnerable. risk through projects like Community meteorological disasters is The pace at which climate change Based Disaster Preparedness. SWAD has increasing along with the climate is taking place... we need to focus been constantly monitoring and induced extreme weather events. on some key areas. A detailed evaluating its efforts so that its efficiency, Although, the number of human assessment of climate change is effectiveness and sustainability are lives lost has been reduced, the needed." guaranteed. CSDRM approach can be economic losses are escalating." M. Shashidhar Reddy on M. Shashidhar Reddy, Vice institutionalised at different levels that Uttarakhand Disaster, South Asia Chairman, NDMA at the Meeting are responsible for managing disasters Regional Consultation on Climate with Planning Commission, Yojana (directly or indirectly) at national, state Change Adaptation (Jun 24, 2013) Bhawan, New Delhi, April 26, 2013. and local level. – AIDMI Team

4 southasiadisasters.net Special Issue, December 2013 ADVOCACY Conference of Parties in Warsaw: What It Hesitated to Discuss? he Conference of Parties (COP) in focusing attention on the following losses suffered by women may not Twas held at Warsaw from three aspects: be fully accounted for and November 11 to November 22, 2013. 1. The loss and damage associated subsequently not rightfully The purpose of this COP was to with climate change in terms of its compensated during contingent explore the opportunities in an adverse effects on human health is times. This dismal fact has been incipient green economy in the an important yet difficult area to observed by AIDMI working in backdrop of a global economic address. different parts of India such as the slowdown. The COP initiated flood affected areas of Bihar, the substantial and profound discussions There is a dearth of work done by delta areas of West Bengal and the on the loss and damage caused by health service providers such as high altitude regions of Sikkim. climate change to individuals as well doctors and hospitals and health as to natural and manmade assets. service shapers such as health 3. The loss and damage associated Discussions on this agenda was a researcher's on assessing and with climate change is not easy to follow up action to the previously documenting the impacts of measure. It is even harder to assess concluded International climate change on people's health. the extent of damage and loss that Conference on Adaptation, Loss and Even health insurance data falls children may suffer as a Damage Adaptation and Loss and woefully short of providing any consequence of climate change. It Damage Associated with Climate reasonable estimate of the impact is due to this difficulty in Change in the Asia Pacific: of climate change on human health. estimation that there is a mismatch Integrating Scientific Aspects, between the priorities of the Bangkok, August 30-31, 2013 Against this backdrop, the recent community and the authorities organised by United Nations preparedness work when it comes to formulating Environment Programme (UNEP) done by the Ahmedabad Municipal strategies to mitigate the impact Bangkok, Institute for Global Corporation (AMC) in India in the of climate change on children. The Environmental Strategies (IGES) of summer of 2013 as a pilot to assess focus on children is an oft repeated Japan, Ministry of Environment, the impact of climate change on priority of the communities with Japan, and Asia Pacific Adaptation human health is a welcome step. whom AIDMI works. For instance, Network (APAN). The novel work done by the AMC the teachers from the schools in the finds vindication in the Fifth Mahanadi delta with which AIDMI The loss and damage attributable to Assessment Report of the has worked identified children as climate change are not easy items to Intergovernmental Panel on the most vulnerable group to the discuss, for the fear that discussing Climate Change (IPCC) which adverse impacts of climate change. these things would lead to more suggests that heat waves are not More interestingly, those teachers inconvenient questions of only here to stay but will also discussed the potential threats of compensation and liability. But fear increase in intensity and frequency climate change on the coming ought never to be a reason for in the coming decades. generation with more vigour than inaction. Loss and damage associated they had on their present with climate change must be discussed 2. There is a gross mismatch between generation. This points out to the in a constructive and cooperative the loss and damage suffered by fact that the climate change debate manner at Warsaw. In fact, the women as a consequence of is undergoing a transition of a Conference of Parties provided an disasters and the safeguards longer term time frame of reference. opportunity to discuss some against such disaster losses important aspects of this pressing accorded to women by law. The Thus, initiating discussion on the loss problem. most important reason behind this and damage associated with climate change on human health, on women, mismatch is the varying and and on children was a good way to The debate on the loss and damage disempowering nature of take ahead the climate change debate associated with climate change was women's rights to property from at the Conference of Parties (COP) in not initiated at the Conference of country to country. This mismatch Warsaw. An opportunity was lost. Parties (COP) at Warsaw. It hesitated may lead to situations where the – AIDMI Team Special Issue, December 2013 southasiadisasters.net 5 SPEECH National Commitment to Minimise the Negative Impact of Disasters Photo: ndma.gov.in

" welcome you all to the 5th and with minimal loss of human from very heavy rains in the past Imeeting of the National Disaster lives. few days and the resultant floods. Management Authority. Our response to cyclone Phailin also It is therefore all the more necessary We have witnessed two major underscores the importance of that we quickly improve our disasters recently in our country - measures taken in the past for disaster disaster management capabilities. the tragedy of Uttarakhand and preparedness, including sentisization Every rupee spent on disaster cyclone Phailin which affected of stakeholders and mock exercises. I preparedness is a saving of Odisha and . The am informed that the sustained expenditure on post disaster relief, rains and floods in Uttarakhand guidance provided by NDMA over rehabilitation and reconstruction resulted in large scale the last 8 years proved to be very measures. Disaster Risk Reduction devastation and severely tested the useful and enabled government strategies therefore need to be efficacy of our disaster response departments to respond quickly and mainstreamed into our mechanisms. There are important systematically to the disaster. developmental programmes and lessons to be learnt from the Collaboration between NDMA and policies. This is an area on which experience gained from the rescue the Odisha Disaster Management the NDMA and the key Ministries and relief operations that were Authority in the pre-disaster phase of the Central Government should carried out. I sincerely hope that all of preparation of Disaster lay greater stress. the concerned agencies of the Management plans and formulation Central and State Governments will of Standard Operation Procedures; Our early warning systems and utilize the experience of construction of a large number of response mechanisms should be Uttarakhand in better management cyclone shelters etc. resulted in strengthened further so that we are of disasters that we may face in the positive outcomes. I am also able to minimize the negative future. informed that the mock exercise impact of disasters. In this context, organized in Srikakulam District on NDMA`s efforts to strengthen Our response to the more recent 25th-26th April, 2013 and public community preparedness for cyclone in Orissa and Andhra awareness messages published in disaster events and its engagement Pradesh has been encouraging. I am that area on 8th and 9th October 2013 in activities related to disaster happy that the NDMA played a helped both the district prevention, mitigation and significant role in this response administration as well as the preparedness need to be continued through close engagement and community in executing a disciplined with greater intensity. coordination with various Central and quick response to the cyclone. Government Agencies, the State I now look forward to your Government and even the District We are aware that the world over, constructive suggestions for further administration. It was only because extreme weather events are on the enhancing the capabilities of our of collaboration between different rise. Such events impact the poor and disaster management agencies that the daunting task of marginalized people in a mechanisms." evacuating nearly 10 lakh people in disproportionate manner. Even as we Dr. , Odisha and Andhra Pradesh was meet here the people of Andhra Prime Minister and Chair Person, accomplished in a timely manner Pradesh and Odisha are suffering NDMA (Source: http://pib.nic.in)

6 southasiadisasters.net Special Issue, December 2013 RISK ANALYSIS How can Communities Help Unravel the Adaptation Finance Web? ore financial support for M climate change adaptation is available than ever before but despite commitments made in the UNFCCC negotiations, dispersed funds fall well short of what is needed by developing countries – and what has been promised by developed countries. Moreover, it is not clear how much of this finance is actually reaching the most vulnerable. For adaptation initiatives to be most effective they need to be directed toward the local level so that they can address the context-specific nature of vulnerability and localised impacts

of climate change. Local institutions © 2013 Matteo Caravani. are therefore pivotal in directing Adaptation finance in action – reaching the most vulnerable in Karamoja, Uganda. resources to the poorest and most vulnerable. adaptation finance and in all of the provided by donors is however often countries studied, with the exception incomplete and can be improved The Adaptation Finance of Zambia where the institutional upon. In particular, the lack of Accountability Initiative (AFAI) is a structure has yet to be agreed upon, information on both recipients and collaborative research and advocacy representatives of local government geographic location in the OECD CRS project bringing together Oxfam, the are included in national climate database makes it difficult to start Overseas Development Institute change councils and bodies. In Nepal, unravelling the national adaptation (ODI) and the World Resources the Minister for Local Development funding web. Institute (WRI), together with Clean is a member of the Climate Change Energy Nepal (CEN), Institute for Council and the coordination body Phase II of the AFAI project will Climate and Sustainable Cities (iCSC, (MICCICC) has three local involve tracking funds to see where Philippines), Climate Action government representatives. they end up and examining the local Network Uganda (CAN-U) and the institutional environment that Zambia Climate Change Network National governments were found to determines how they are allocated. (ZCCN) to examine how climate be the largest initial recipients of Critically, this work will be carried finance is delivered at the local level international adaptation finance in out by civil society organisations. to improve accountability. each country. In 2010 and 2011, the These stakeholders are best placed to national government in the detect information gaps, advocate for Phase I of AFAI looks at the Philippines received more than 60% greater transparency in public institutional environment for climate of adaptation-relevant funding from financial management systems and change adaptation in Nepal, the international sources, while in for improvements in the quantity Philippines, Uganda and Zambia and Zambia, Nepal and Uganda the share and quality of adaptation projects. tracks international-to-national of funding going to national These stakeholders also ensure that adaptation finance flows in these government was lower at 30%, 33% money with an adaptation label is countries. Inclusion of local and 42% respectively. Other actually reaching those who are most government representatives in important recipients included donor vulnerable to climate change. national decision-making bodies on organisations based in these – Emily Wilkinson, adaptation issues is key to promoting countries, which handle the money Research Fellow, Climate and more decentralised delivery of before distributing it. The data Environment Programme, Overseas Development Institute, UK

Special Issue, December 2013 southasiadisasters.net 7 KNOWLEDGE SHARING Coping with Disaster – Home Truths from the Cyclone Aila he relentless recurrence of on the wee hours of 25th May 2009, agriculture and the absence of T natural disasters has ensured a particularly the deltaic industries, people's livelihood needs certain amount of immediacy in killing people, their livestock and became pressing with limited disaster response. With the media rendering thousands homeless. The options. Even the pursuit of these glare on climatic catastrophes being very next day islanders were found limited livelihood options is now increasingly intense, international lined up on the embankment viewed by many experts as aid agencies waste little time in pleading, shouting and jostling with detrimental to the conservation of the rushing to do their bit in the event of each other trying to grab relief and bio-diversity of the delta and many a natural disaster. aid that came their way. And many traditional livelihoods such as fishing others having lost their land, houses, are subjected to restrictions and bans. But what about some time after when and also their family members Not surprisingly, migration over the the storm has abated and the already started to migrate out of the years has grown to become a key brouhaha has died down? When a lot Sundarbans in search of an uncertain livelihood strategy for many. Cases of 'help' has been handed out and a future in Kolkata. abound of entire families including semblance of normalcy has returned? women leaving the area. There are It is then that the survivors of the The West Bengal State Government whole tracts of deserted and disaster are left absolutely alone to and many non-governmental devastated lands which can be justly deal with the near irreversible orgnisations responded by providing termed as 'the land of the old and damages to life and livelihood aid and relief on a war footing. those in the footsteps of death'. A wreaked by a sudden cyclone or a However, relief and aid materials substantial portion of it is disguised: spell of bad drought. The 'silent were short in supply to meet the needs a steady but unmistaken caravan of killers' are on a rampage but of the victims. And secondly, even women of marriageable age is forced international agencies have long when relief materials were available or is coerced to become domestic help returned to their snug offices, the in plenty they never reached the in the cities or worse is being sucked government has pulled out, and the people who needed them badly. In other into prostitution. For these girls life media have turned to more words, the story of aid and relief could is an unending yo yo of uncertainty. 'happening' things. provide insight into how politics was played out at the local level. The story of embankment protection Let's zoom into the case of Aila, a in the Sundarbans is one of continuous devastating cyclone that swept across In a land marked by ecological land acquisition without any Southern part of West Bengal India uncertainty, food insecurity, risky comprehensive policy of relocation Photo: Shibaji Bose A mother with her kids in front of her home in the Sundarbans Brothers standing on the temporary embankment and surveying after the devastation wrought by Cyclone Aila. the approaching Hataniya-Doyaniya river in Sundarbans.

8 southasiadisasters.net Special Issue, December 2013 or compensation offered to the people. The ring embankment INFORMATION SHARING proposed by the erstwhile left government in the aftermath of Aila CIVIL SOCIETY and the STATE: Turkey has ran into problems with the villagers who are owners of the after the Earthquake adjoining fields refusing to hand over their lands due to the poor track n 17 August 1999 Turkey was hit by a massive earthquake. Over record of the successive governments O17,000 lives were lost and there was extensive damage to Turkey's in providing compensation at market heartland. How did various public and private institutions, (including price or for that matter any the state, NGOs, and the media) respond to the needs of earthquake compensation at all. The government survivors? has put up a temporary structure and true to its tradition has not paid the Evidence shows that NGOs were extensively involved in the relief efforts labourers / farmers who toiled to put immediately after the disaster. It also shows that state response to the up the structure. The term 'ostityahin' disaster went through several phases - from a period of ineptitude to or close to 'exclude' has time and effective management. The credit goes to the media and the NGOs for again come up in conversations with acting as advocates for survivors and forcing changes at the state level. the islanders particularly those living in the vicinity of the river or the sea. As this research and other studies have shown, disasters are political events for they challenge the dominance of institutional powers. While the Aila that struck the Sundarbans is earthquake revealed the vibrant nature of Turkish civil society, it also formally over and emergency relief showed the restraints imposed by the state on both its relief and adversarial and aid has nearly stopped. The activities. However, for Turkey to be well prepared to respond to future electronic and print media are no longer interested in Aila and the earthquakes, the cooperation between the two parties is essential. Evidence Sundarbans and are now focussing on from both developing and developed countries has repeatedly shown the next disaster. However, almost that no government in the world can provide immediate, effective disaster four years on from Aila, people are relief without community participation. Countries need to develop still living in tents and on innovative ways to foster synergy between state and society so that disasters embankments and their farmlands become a predictable and manageable feature of there environment. An have been destroyed by saline water. ideal response system, which fully addresses the needs of victims, can Natural disasters like Aila cannot be only be based on state-civil society relations that are both collaborative prevented, but what can be prevented and adversarial. is the longstanding impact of such disasters. In the face of high and This is a summary of an article published in the journal of DISASTERS increasing uncertainty, it is important (vol. 26 #2:120-139). to enhance the resilience of such areas. – Dr. Rita Jalali, Middle East Technical University, Turkey Also it is clear that adapting through incremental changes is not sufficient and to tackle such extreme shocks also confronted with regularly. However, is critical to address issues of requires social transformation which in many cases, experts and policy resilience, long term transformation, include radical change, innovation makers are ignorant of how climate politics and imbalances of power and experimentation as well as change and uncertainties are because as we have seen in the case of addressing power imbalances, beliefs experienced and understood by poor Aila, people bearing the brunt of and values. and marginalized people who disaster and climatic shocks usually usually bear the brunt of climatic live in areas such as the Sunderbans The recent occurrences of cyclone shocks and stresses. The project which are characterized by ecological Phailin in Odisha and Hurricane 'Uncertainty from Below' (LINK) is uncertainty, poverty and extreme Haiyan in the Phillipines have seeking to understand how climate government neglect. demonstrated that climate shocks and change and uncertainty are – Shibaji Bose, Upasona Ghosh and stressors may be on the rise. These conceptualized from 'below' and Lyla Mehta, and are working together are examples of uncertainties that 'above' and aims to bridge the gap on the STEPS Centre project Uncertainty from Below and Above, planners, resource managers and between expert and lay perceptions UK local people in the global South are of climate change and uncertainty. It

Special Issue, December 2013 southasiadisasters.net 9 GREEN ECONOMY Innovations in Green Economy: Top Three Agenda

he transition to a green economy in market prices and in business like and how it is used, how efficiently Thas reached a crossroads: while models. I think these three factors it is made and distributed - while also multilateral global initiatives have will be the deciding elements in thinking through the business case been long-running and complex, the whether green technologies are taken for their work and how to make it idea of a green economy still seems up quickly and used by large numbers appealing to others. fragile and achieving it far from of people to improve their lives. certain. In the face of the ravages of We have tried to apply this thinking the global economic crisis that has The green option needs to always be to the magazine as well, by using clear raged since 2007/2008, countries are the more appealing, cheaper option and modern design with bright, eye- now trying to roll back their green that also improves living standards. pleasing colours, and by choosing to pledges or slow the pace of transition. Happily, many people are doing this use 100 per cent all around the world - you just may (much of it from geothermal sources) This exposes a dilemma: a perception not have heard of them yet (unless for the magazine's design and layout that a green economy is in conflict you are reading Southern Innovator and to have it printed on paper from with economic growth, prosperity magazine that is). sustainable forest sources. and the advance of human development, particularly in As editor of the magazine Southern The fourth issue of Southern developing countries seeking to Innovator since 2011, I have had the Innovator (www.southerninnovator.org), make rapid gains in reducing poverty privilege to meet, interview and see on cities and urbanization, launched and building a middle class, first-hand green economy innovators in October at the Global South-South consumer society. across the global South and profile Development Expo 2013 in Nairobi, them in the magazine. What has stood Kenya. It profiles many practical Three things need to be foremost in out for me is this: the ones who have initiatives and innovators that are the minds of those who care about achieved sustainable success have put currently building green homes, creating a global green economy in a great deal of effort into design - how communities and even whole cities. the 21st century: innovation in design, the technology is made, what it looks The magazine's fifth issue will focus on the theme of waste and recycling Southern and hopes to be a one-stop source of inspiration to better use the finite Innovator’s fourth resources of planet earth. issue on Cities – David South, Editor, and Urbanilization, Southern Innovator, UK shows how innovators are Further Resources: 1. Southern Innovator Magazine Issue handling the 4: Cities and Urbanization http:// largest migration www.scribd.com/doc/133622315/ Southern-Innovator-Magazine-Issue- to urban areas in 4-Cities-and-Urbanization humanity history. 2. Development Challenges, South- South Solutions e-newsletter www.southerninnovator.org 3. Mongolian Green Book http:// tinyurl.com/p4szr9l 4. Environmental Public Awareness Handbook: Case Studies and Lessons Learned in Mongolia http:// tinyurl.com/obuf2xz

10 southasiadisasters.net Special Issue, December 2013 KNOWLEDGE SHARING Reducing Mismatch in CSDRM Priorities

s there a missing link between the organizations are project based, they framework of rights and freedom Idisasters and the response given to get involved in other project. Thus, from oppression. Therefore, the line local people by humanitarian no one is there to help the community between relief and development is agencies? Is there a mismatch between when they struggle with the new extremely blurred, and of course the priorities of humanitarian methods and ways, and thus they stop development is inconceivable if agencies and those of local people? If using it. It is essential to take into people are struggling to survive. yes, why so? How much do cultural consideration that withdrawal and social issues influence the strategy plays a key role during and Difference in perception of need and preparedness and risk perception? last stage of the program. An efficient demand increases the gap in the strategy should be flexible which will priorities of humanitarian agencies These are a few questions that are reduce the gap between these two and local people. The main priority answered through the research study groups and build ownership and for local communities is usually under the project. We have strived to sustainability. It is essential that related to livelihood security and get a closer understanding of what is monitoring visits after the income generation; whereas technical required by the people of the state. completion of projects are conducted agencies have their focus on Through this exercise partners and so that they can see the actual development and long term aspects. stakeholders aim to put forward the situation. However, some of them voice of the people to the institutions tend to impose their own agendas and Lastly, it is important to make the so the gap in priorities of local people become self interested at the expense DRR strategies compatible with and humanitarian agencies is of people they are helping. cultural aspects of the communities reduced. to strengthen community's coping Further, it has been observed that the capacity towards disasters. The The mismatch between the differences between relief and integration of local knowledge with humanitarian agencies and local development become difficult in appropriate scientific knowledge in people can be seen as an opportunity. practice. The relief and development an effective way can make the Disasters test the reactivity of the agencies are not same; relief agencies disaster affected communities' systems, especially the capacity of reach first and provide help to the resilience against natural disasters. It different actors to work together. survivors of the disaster and once the is essential to note that understanding They demand solution that includes suffering has been relieved to a and studying culture only on surface government, civil society, military certain extent, another set of agencies will not lead to be successful. Proper and humanitarian agencies amongst that work for development arrives to engagement with culture is therefore, others. In normal conditions they organize a better functioning society. a vital part if we are to utilize culture have a very little incentive to work In the changeover between these towards effective DRR activities and together, however when a disaster different sets of agencies, there is an vice-versa. strikes, they are all forced to work exodus of local knowledge. together and combine their capacity Development agencies have to Each organization involved in to reduce human suffering. It has remake contacts and build a new development sector will have been observed that the lack of clear rapport and earn trust with local different capacities and resources to coordination at the national and people, to implement the activities. bring to disaster-prone area. Each departmental level has led to organization has something ineffective systems of management. The nature of work done by the two important to contribute; some bring This is often reflected in the poor set of agencies are different; and so is technical skills while others equally responsiveness to dealing with the response from people. The essential more generally applicable disasters, and mixed signals from provision of water, basic health and community based knowledge and sources of expert information1. sanitation services by relief agencies skills. All we need is streamlining the makes people's lives more pleasant efforts by using a process whereby Humanitarian agencies implement on a day-to-day basis. But various voices are heard early, a the risk reduction activities that will development is about creating a fully dialogue can be initiated and build a resilient society. However, as functioning society with differences worked out before, rather most of the humanitarian opportunities for people within a than during a hazard response. 1 http://www.fig.net/pub/uruguay/papers/ts07a/TS07A_nabutola_6401.pdf – Vishal Pathk with AIDMI Team

Special Issue, December 2013 southasiadisasters.net 11 RISK REDUCTION Livelihood Diversification: Reducing Climate Dependency

n inordinate amount of people Ain India are dependent on farm based livelihoods. Farming is still of central importance, but is unable to provide a sufficient means of survival in rural areas due various factors including population growth and thus increase in involvement in agriculture sector, technical development and climate change. This makes the 'climate dependent' population particularly vulnerable to the debilitating impact of disasters. In order to promote the issue of livelihood security, the research study undertaken by Intercooperation Social Development; Institute of

Development Studies, UK; and All Photo: AIDMI. India Disaster Mitigation Institute A Patachitra artist post cyclone Phailin (2013) in Rajgopalpur, Odisha stressing on with the support from Climate the idea that reducing climate dependency is key to sustainable development. Development and Knowledge Network (CDKN) that focused; on the farm based livelihoods. In this light, prevalent. There is a positive possible need for and role of the Rural the promotion of non-farm based correlation observed between Non Farm Economy (RNFE) and economic activities is seen as a livelihood development and challenges and; to understand if the survival strategy of rural households diversification which can be worked existing knowledge on RNFE and (in India). Livelihood diversification upon to develop disaster resilient livelihood diversification provide plays the role to mitigate the effects livelihood practices. basis for reducing climate of disasters; and seeks to offer dependency in rural India protection to communities who lose Cyclone Phailin provides a strong their livelihood on account of the evidence that it is inevitable to The fact that climate change has disruption caused due to disaster. promote and strengthen livelihood exacerbated the frequency and However, such diversifications are diversification in rural (coastal) India severity of disasters (IPCC, 2012) has also subject to the local natural for a balanced income at family level, in turn increased the vulnerability of endowments, geography and policies as a strong adaptation strategy and for safer recovery options. It was observed that those involved in Small enterprises are most vulnerable climate dependent activities were to disasters; The increasing frequency sustainable post disaster. of flood every year coupled with inadequate hardly mitigation measures While witnessing increasing impact create a devastating impact on be village of climate change in Odisha, economy. The capital should reach to livelihood diversification should be the lowest level, to the end user, to the seen as an opportunity rather than a affected small businesses. challenge to cope with climate change – Dhirendra Behra, impacts. Resilient development may Grocery Shopkeeper, require reducing the number of Balapur Village, Puri, Odisha people (especially those in rural and

12 southasiadisasters.net Special Issue, December 2013 agricultural livelihoods) who are 'Acute and frequent floods cause heavily 'climate dependent'. migrations; My husband migrates every Awareness of this will lead to year during monsoons due to lack of increased interest in the livelihood opportunities here. I joined diversification of rural livelihoods, a Self Help Group to support my family. and will significantly help in poverty The SHG gives me strength. We are reduction. In order for the RNFE to many. Our strength lies in our unity and develop, it is important that the numbers. For what a group can do an policy makers focus on alleviating individual can hardly do. poverty and strengthen both rural – Shavitri Parida, supply and demand side policies. The Coir worker, following areas should be considered Madhuban Village, Puri, Odisha for future actions: 1. Both income and nonfarm and procurement of raw rural areas; and ensure that the employment must be growing if materials. posts are filled by rural nonfarm growth is to contribute 2. Upgrading the traditional populations. effectively. This growth in non techniques of production that is 5. Post disasters the conditions of farm economy will require used by the rural population will the people in the rural areas are investments in productive reduce the dependency on the usually very bad; government activities and infrastructure. For climate and natural resources; must ensure that training development of rural non farm and would improve the programs are held to develop sector, it is inevitable to develop efficiency of rural enterprises and new skills to reduce the good transport and agriculture. dependency on climate. communication system that will 3. Improvement in the quality of 6. Greater focus on improving open up many avenues for both goods will boost sales. educational standards in rural marketing of goods and services 4. The government must provide areas which can help the produced by rural enterprises employment opportunities in the principle players understand the challenges and therefore adapt.

CASE STUDY It is the onus of policy makers to Empowerment through Self Help Group design policies and investments that help local/rural economies to adjust and take advantage of the new 5 years back, women were isolated situation. Putting roadblocks for 1and were not allowed to take part medium or large scale firms to enter in village planning and decision rural areas is not going to help rural making. A ray of hope was seen when areas much in their growth, it will community-based organisation just isolate them. Production sector SWAD (Society for Women Action policies will play a key role in Development) entered the village and spurring equitable RNF sector started an SHG with collecting rice. development — which is frequently This gave us a chance to be a part of a missing part in the policy debate. pali-sabha and gram-sabha; and thus Also important for facilitating such participated in community decision- participation are institutional and making process. infrastructure development policies that level the playing field for smaller Our SHG group had 12 members who contributed money to buy a piece of companies, reduce transaction costs land for cultivation; which will help us to support our families. Today, we for those in the hinterlands and raise have more than 1.5 lakh in our SHG account. the skills of the poor. It is important to help poor overcome their Other than that, we have also started fish cultivation, pond renovation and constraints and ensure that they are plantations. We are exploring more methods for diversification of able to participate and benefit from livelihood for security and development. RNF activities. – Rashmi Rekha Naik, Deulipuri, Puri District in Odisha (Female, 46 years) – Khyati Halani with AIDMI Team

Special Issue, December 2013 southasiadisasters.net 13 CASE STUDY Significant Accomplishments of GSDMA in 2013 ujarat is vulnerable to manmade G as well as natural hazards. The state has experienced destructive disasters caused by cyclones, floods, and earthquake in past, and is also susceptible to industrial accidents. Taking lessons from Gujarat Earthquake 2001, the Government of Gujarat passed Disaster Management Act, by which Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority (GSDMA) was formed with a focus on reducing disaster risk through proactive policies, capacity building and education of communities. GSDMA has been proactively working for enhancing preparedness and

resilience. As one of the steps towards Photo: GSDMA. it, Hazard Risk Vulnerability Atlas Water bowsers dousing fire at Hazira, Surat, Gujarat. was prepared in the year 2005 by which the vulnerability of different to Municipalities and Municipal 1. One of the nine tanks at IOCL's districts to various natural and man- Corporations and adequate training Hazira terminal caught fire on made disasters was mapped. The is being imparted to the fire staff for January 4, 2013 and 2 adjacent Disaster Risk Management activities using these for tackling industrial tanks came very close to conducted by GSDMA in all the accidents. exploding due to the domino districts aims at preparing the effect. GSDMA coordinated with communities and administration to The trainings and capacity building nearby fire brigades to deploy face various probable hazards are activities have been useful in various massive resources in a short based on this study. Moreover world instances which can be depicted from period of time. As a result, 71 fire class fire safety equipments and the following: tenders procured by GSDMA for vehicles have also been distributed different municipalities were mobilized for fire fighting and it successfully doused the fire in two days. Gujarat's response to fire at Hazira was spontaneous with minimum lead time.

2. Gujarat received unprecedented rainfall in 2013 affecting 14 districts of south and central region. GSDMA played a key role in supporting and coordinating the rescue efforts. Over 1,58,244 persons were evacuated to safer places and 5, 31,595 food packets were distributed. District disaster

Photo: GSDMA. management plans updated each Evacuation and Rescue work in Bharuch District, Gujarat. year by GSDMA helped in rapid

14 southasiadisasters.net Special Issue, December 2013 evacuation of affected citizens to EXPERIENCE SHARING preidentified evacuation points. GSDMA equipment such as Making a Case for Political Economy portable lighting towers and boats proved to be crucial in saving lives Analysis of Disaster Management in the worst affected districts of Bharuch, Surat and Vadodara. ver the years there has been increasing evidence that power GSDMA's online State Disaster Orelations, governance gaps and institutional factors influence Resource Network (SDRN) helped Disaster Management (DM) policy, including prioritization of actions, in quickly getting emergency allocation of resources, and practice. The evolution of the DM policy and contact details of key government practice frameworks in South Asia is yet to be systematically analysed officials and providing them early from the political economy lens despite the increasing aid investments warning of impending floods. The on disaster response as well as risk reduction in the region. RedR India disaster impact was substantially hosted a panel on this topic at the World Conference on Humanitarian reduced due to the flood specific Studies, held in Turkey in October 2013, for building an understanding mock-drills and training provided of the political economy of DM in South Asian countries. RedR India got an to community on a continuous opportunity to present its (yet to be published) paper titled 'Disaster management decision-making: how riskinformed is policy and practice?' at this panel. basis by GSDMA. Based on this experience, GSDMA is further The paper analyses the determinants behind decision-making for disaster refining and improving the district management, specifically, the role of disaster risk analyses and political level disaster management plans. economy factors. The locus of analysis for this paper was the disaster management landscape in Bihar, India. This was analysed using a political 3. Heavy rainfall in the catchment economy approach since it emerged in the initial stages of research that area of Narmada River in MP and disaster risk analysis was not the primary determinant behind disaster Gujarat caused a major deluge in management decision-making. As analysed in detail in the paper, the the Bharuch district leading to emerging determinants of disaster management related decision making severe soil erosion in Narmada included: River. About 150 meters width of • Political incentives based on the decision makers' short-term horizons, Narmada river bank was washed emphasis on visibility of actions, patronage and rent-seeking away upto a depth of 13-14 meters. behaviour, political costs and political geography related calculations. Reliance and GAIL pipelines • Non-emergence of a political constituency around disaster risk ruptured under the severe stress reduction amongst the key constituents (viz. disaster-affected) and and there was the danger of a limited collective advocacy around risk reduction issues. spillover affecting other pipelines. • Persisting exogenous imaginaries of disaster and consequently, of GSDMA's GIS based oil and gas disaster management. pipeline software prevented a major disaster by identifying all the It was thought relevant to explore this relationship in light of the shift in major oil and gas pipelines passing discourse from stand-alone disaster management to risk-informed through the Bhadbut village in development planning. While the interaction of disaster risks and Bharuch district and shutting them development processes has been globally recognized for over a decade down to prevent the possibility of now, there is now a greater push for incorporation of disaster risk management in development planning in the post-2015 agenda. As we further damage. revisit our successes and shortcomings towards the MDGs and the HFA, this is an opportune time to take stock of the current determinants of The above incidents are the recent disaster management decision-making and learn from them. examples of how GSDMA has been able to use its capabilities and resources for The political economy approach enables this through an analysis of the the prevention and response to some of political and economic factors influencing individuals' and institutions' the recent incidents that could have interests, incentives, interrelationships, and interplay in policy and magnified to major catastrophes. But practice. The rising interest in such an analysis for disaster management due to interventions by state can also be attributed to an increasing realization that despite the authorities, the damages sustained and expressed commitment to reducing disaster risks, this is not reflected in losses incurred were minimal. policy direction, resource allocation or citizen demands. The political – Dr. R. Bannerji (IAS), CEO of Gujarat economy approach, thus, offers an appropriate gateway for addressing State Disaster Management Authority, these questions, where quasi-technical approaches are unable to do so. Govt. of Gujarat, Gandhinagar. – Kaustubh Devale and Sheena Arora, RedR India

Special Issue, December 2013 southasiadisasters.net 15 RISKTITLE ASSESSMENT UnderstandingReverse Engineering: Disasters Aila Differently Cyclone (2009)

very innovative area where economic causes that increased the by the communities. Since, the A'Getting Climate for Disasters' vulnerability of the people of the area intensity was much lesser than the focused was on the Reverse to the debilitating impact of Cyclone previous Cyclone Sidr (2007), the Engineering of disasters. Everybody Aila (2009) will be revealed through community did not take the warnings is aware of the scale of death and this reverse engineering. very seriously and hence the level of devastation visited to the places preparedness was low. The where disasters are struck. However, Coastal states of India and Bangladesh community believes that although the specific reasons as to why was has to cope with a wide range of Aila did not take away many lives it damage was so massive are yet to be environmental threats from sudden took away most of their livelihoods. uncovered. onset events such as cyclones and Thus, the recovery will take a longer floods to slow-onset processes of time than anticipated. Further, risk The main objective of the research is environmental change and transfer mechanism should be to examine the behaviour of relevant degradation. In combination with promoted at large scale in relation institutions in relation to recent these factors, the people are not with recovery. For example, disaster, through a process of "reverse prepared well to deal with these introduction of micro-insurance engineering" to assess interplay of shocks and thus are highly against disasters for the poor will help various factors natural, social, vulnerable. There have been several them to recover their losses quickly. economic and political that problems to establish the disaster Without insurance, the poor who are exacerbated the severity of the impact management model in effect. Due to also the most vulnerable are forced of the disaster on the vulnerable absence in broad based ownership of to use all their savings or have to take people. To understand what needs to the disaster risk reduction action up new loans at higher rates of be done in the future; we should step plans, every stakeholder implements interest. Micro-insurance will help to back and reflect what was done and a different strategy to overcome risks. break this cycle by providing them achieved. Keeping this in mind, the The government must aim to with the post disaster liquidity. Lack research was conducted using establish a mechanism that of such efforts in Aila has made the FORensic INvestigations (FORIN) of coordinated disaster related activities communities vulnerable and Disasters that investigated the events on all levels; however in most of the unprepared for future disasters. that have occurred in the past with cases these were non-functional. less serious or high consequences to Further, many people are not aware On the other hand, efficient planning accumulate evidence of good practices of the information about polices that of preparedness activities before (IRDR, 2011). The examination of hinders them from implementing cyclone Phailin in Odisha state, India good practice with low impacts was them at national level. is perhaps the greatest reason behind compared with bad practices and high the minimal loss and damage in any impact to improve future activities. The actual damage caused by Aila was disasters especially climatic extreme much more than the threat perceived events. Other reasons include the We chose Cyclone Aila (2009) constant monitoring of as our case study; where we weather patterns and assess the availability and warnings, clear instructions quality of data, reports and to district authorities, other resources related to positioning of relief materials cyclones in order to analyse and teams well in advance, the disastrous effects of the coordination with the central cyclone; its root causes and government for defence and impacts; its preparedness other agencies' assistance, and measures and; finds ways to most importantly, the reduce the after-math of evacuation of a large number disaster by having programs of vulnerable citizens to safe that can reduce the adverse locations. – Vishal Pathak effects. Specific socio- and Khyati Halani Photo: AIDMI. 16 southasiadisasters.net Special Issue, December 2013 RISK REDUCTION Ecosystem based Disaster Risk Reduction in Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Meghna Rivers: Key Challenges

cosystem based disaster risk reduction is the Eway to go if Kyoto commitments are to be met and sustainable development is to be achieved. No where else this ecosystem based disaster risk reduction is more needed than in the delta areas of Ganga, Brahmputra, and Meghna rivers. AIDMI's ongoing work in this delta area suggests following key challenges. • Slow Knowledge Sharing and Servicing among actors. • Need to set up Ecosystem Monitoring including impacts on Wildlife buffer and Critical habitats. • Scoping Water Management and Irrigation Systems Rehabilitation including Monitoring. • Reviewing Investments in Regional Roads Corridors. • Studing Impact of Development of Secondary Cities. • Unavailability of Key Ecosystem Indicators.

– Vishal Pathak Photo: AIDMI.

BOOK Environment and Urbanization twice yearly journal • Experiences of integrated A 'Environment and Urbanization' assessment of climate impacts, a aims to provide an effective means for daptation and mitigation the exchange of research findings, modelling in London and ideas and information in the fields of Durban (CLWalsh, D Roberts, R human settlements and environment J Dawson, J W Hall, A Nickson among researchers, activists and non- and R Hounsome) governmental organizations (NGOs) • The political underpinnings of in low- and middle-income nations cities' accumulated resilience to and between these and researchers, climate change (David international agency staff, students Satterthwaite) and teachers in high-income nations. • Shared learning" for building E&U is prepared by the Human urban climate resilience - Settlements Programme of the experiences from Asian cities International Institute for (Sarah Orleans Reed, Richard Environment and Development Friend, Vu Canh Toan, Pakamas (IIED) and published by Safe • Urban environmental challenges Thinphanga, Ratri Sutarto and Publications with support from Sida, and climate change action in Dilip Singh) DANIDA and UK Aid from the UK Durban, South Africa, (Debra • Governing urban climate change government. It is a sister journal to Roberts and Sean O'Donoghue) adaptation in China(Bingqin Li) Media Ambiente y Urbanization, • The constraints on climate • Addressing flooding in the city of published in Spanish by the IIED- change adaptation in a city with Surat beyond its boundaries (G K America Latin and to E&U Asia a large development deficit: The Bhat, Anup Karanth, Lalit Dashora published by Sage Publications India. Case of Dar es Salaam (Robert and Umamaheshwaran Rajasekar) Kiunsi) • Flood disaster vulnerability in The current issue titled "Towards • Incorporating climate change informal settlements in Bursa, resilience and transformation for adaptation into planning for a Turkey (Murat Tas, Nilüfer Tas, cities" released in October 2013 is the liveable city in Rosario, Selen Durak and Gül Atanur) 50th issue of E&U, Volume 25 and Argentina (Jorgelina Hardoy For more information: Number 2. The issue contains: and Regina Ruete) http://www.iied.org/eandu

Special Issue, December 2013 southasiadisasters.net 17 KNOWLEDGE SHARING Cyclone Phailin Photo: AIDMI.

s the country heaves a collective decrease in the average frequency of and climate extremes in 2030'4. Thus, Asigh of relief at the minimal loss tropical cyclones by 21001. there is a very high likelihood of the of life in the aftermath of Cyclone recurrence of extreme events like Phailin, certain disconcerting The science behind cyclone formation Cyclone Phailin in India. questions need to be answered. also sheds some light on the issue. Among these inconvenient questions Cyclones are low pressure systems This increased vulnerability of the one that speculates on the impact that form over warm tropical oceans. points to an urgent need for having a of climate change on the intensity and They derive energy from the warmer legislative and policy infrastructure frequency of cyclonic storms. waters and do not form unless the in the country that is dynamic enough temperatures are over 26.5 degrees to respond to the threats posed by As of now the impact of climate Celsius. The recorded temperature in climate change. Political action change on the intensity and severity the Bay of Bengal where Phailin vindicated by academic research will of cyclonic storms is yet to be developed was 28-29 degrees Celsius be needed to mobilize resources to understood fully and proved with very high heat content2. Further, be expended to counter the threat of conclusively. However, there have sea surface temperature variations climate change in India. The been certain studies that tangentially over the Bay of Bengal show a warming administrative apparatus at the behest point towards this end. For instance, trend over the last few decades3. of the government has indeed done a a study published in Nature Geoscience commendable job in saving lives in 2010 states that greenhouse In fact, the Overseas Development during Cyclone Phailin. Such efforts warming will cause the globally Institute (ODI) an influential think can now be taken forward by making averaged intensity of tropical tank has ranked India as extremely climate change adaptation as a cyclones to shift towards stronger vulnerable to the risks of extreme priority and an indispensable part of storms, with intensity increases of 2- weather disasters, in its new report their agenda as well. 11 per cent along with 34 per cent titled 'Geography of poverty, disasters – AIDMI Team

1 Cyclone Phailin and climate change, http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/cyclone-phailin-and-climate-change 2 Phailin and Climate Change, Connecting the Dots, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/chaitanya-kumar/phailin-and- climate-change_b_4096231.html 3 Variations of Surface Air Temperature Over the Land Areas in and Around the Bay of Bengal, http://link.springer.com/ article/10.1023%2FB%3ANHAZ.0000023368.81668.e3 4 The geography of poverty, disasters and climate extremes in 2030, http://www.odi.org.uk/publications/7491-geography- poverty-disasters-climate-change-2030

18 southasiadisasters.net Special Issue, December 2013 EXPERIENCE SHARING Gender and CSDRM Approach: A Social Science View n December 07, 2013, All India ODisaster Mitigation Institute hosted a group of 15 students of Social Work discipline of the famous Karve Institute of Social Science in along with their faculty Mrs. Anjali Maydeo Ambedkar. The event featured a presentation on AIDMI's work and current projects; and explored ways to include an aspect of gender in the Climate Smart Disaster Risk Management (CSDRM) approach. The presentation was followed by an enriching discussion on ideas about adopting innovative, inclusive and community based approach to climate smart disaster risk reduction. Mihir R. Bhatt encouraged the students to further explore the ways to integrate gender in CSDRM

approach and; reinforced AIDMI's Photo: AIDMI. commitment to involve more and more young people in AIDMI's disaster risk reduction efforts. The social science view found that impact of climate change risk and women must be better understood, plans for adaptation must start with the focus on women; and women's livelihood are most important link to both family's economy and the local economy. – Khyati Halani

action oriented and local level implementation agencies. The Southasiadisasters.net has been fortunate enough to receive contributions from ll India Disaster Mitigation Institute has published distinguished researchers and academics. Athe 100th issue of its newsletter 5. Southasiadisasters.net espouses a truly global Southasiadisasters.net. Ever since its inception in May perspective to the policies and practices related to 2005, Southasiadisasters.net has received contributions the field of disaster risk reduction. But it is rooted from our 345 authors belonging to 188 organizations in down to earth. It has received contributions from from India and 33 countries, covering 13 disasters, individuals and organizations from 33 countries. spanning over 30 themes and 11 important national 6. In advocating better and improved disaster risk and international policy discourses. The uniqueness of reduction policies and practices, Southasiadisasters.net can be highlighted in the Southasiadisasters.net has collaborated with a total following points: of 188 national and international organizations 1. Southaisadisasters.net has a rich repository of that range from governments departments to knowledge on themes that address all the 5 educational institutions to United Nations System's priorities of the Hyogo Framework for Action and from international NGOs to the private sector. (HFA 1). 2. Southasiadisasters.net has comprehensively Thus, the hitherto published 100 issues provide over covered a total of 13 disasters since 2005. 17,000 readers with a rich repository of knowledge 3. Southasiadisasters.net has made considerable in covering a wide range of issues and themes related to roads in shaping the discourse on 11 policies disaster and climate risk reduction. related to disaster risk reduction at national and for more information: [email protected], www.aidmi.org international level. 4. Southasiadisasters.net has been enriched by contributions from that have come majorly from

Special Issue, December 2013 southasiadisasters.net 19 PRESSTITLE RELEASE UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim Outline Plans to Mobilize Financing for for All NEW YORK, November 27-United committed to support renewable access to energy, energy efficiency, and Nations Secretary General Ban Ki- energy and energy efficiency renewable energy, we need to mobilize moon and World Bank Group activities with about NOK 2 billion an additional $600-$800 billion a year President Jim Yong Kim announced in 2014. Bank of America announced from now to 2030". a concerted effort by governments, that its Green Bond, the world's first international agencies, civil society of its kind, has raised $500 million President Kim also said that the and private sector to mobilize for three years, as part of Bank of SE4ALL Advisory Board pressed for financing to deliver universal access America's 10-year $50 billion rapid action to scale up energy to modern energy services such as environmental business efficiency improvements, especially lighting, clean cooking solutions commitment. The OPEC Fund for in OECD countries which include and power for productive purposes International Development the world's largest energy in developing countries, as well as announced a $1 billion revolving consumers. Denmark and the scaled-up energy efficiency, fund for energy access. The United United Nations Environment especially in the world's highest- Nations Development Programme Programme have launched an energy consuming countries. announced the creation of a Hub for energy efficiency hub to support this Bottom Up Energy Solutions to process. "Energy powers growth and advance energy access at country opportunity," said the UN Secretary- level. The World Bank Group's Kandeh Yumkella, the Secretary- General. "We count on all actors to lead Energy Sector Management General's Special Representative by example in scaling up and Assistance Program has launched a and Chief Executive for accelerating action that will provide City Energy Efficiency Sustainable Energy for All, pointed clean, efficient and sustainable energy Transformation Initiative covering 50 to widespread support for not only for all. Today's many announcements cities worldwide. Sustainable Energy for All from are a testament to the resolve of partners numerous partner, but for energy to chart a path forward." The two leaders also announced that to be at the heart of any negotiated energy assessments have been outcomes on a Post-2015 Among these announcements, launched in 42 countries, which Development Agenda. Brazil's "Light for All" program account for 361 million people (source: http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/ reached the milestone of 15 million without access to electricity. press-release/2013/11/27/secretary-general- beneficiaries, resulting in over 99 "Financing is the key to achieving these ban-ki-moon-world-bank-group-president-jim- yong-kim-outline-plans-mobilize-financing- percent of the population having objectives," said World Bank Group sustainable-energy-for-all) access to electricity. Norway has President Kim. "To reach our goals for

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