Barr Bodies and Blood Types

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11/13/2015 Barr Bodies and Blood Types Barr Bodies 1 11/13/2015 X-inactivation in female mammals In females, one of the two X chromosomes in each somatic (body) cell becomes inactive during embryonic development Why? ◦ Cells of females and males would have same effective dose of genes on the X chromosome Inactive X chromosomes called Barr bodies BARR BODY Found in females One X chromosome in each cell is randomly inactivated Inactivated X chromosome seen as a darkly staining area in the nucleus of a cell How many active chromosomes are found in the cells of a human female? 2 11/13/2015 Barr Body Do you see the Barr body? Barr Bodies in Cats Calico cat ◦ Generally all females ◦ One of several genes controlling fur color found on X chromosome ◦ Gene on X chromosome codes for either orange or black color ◦ Color pattern determined by random inactivation (Barr body) Why do you think Calico Cats are usually all female? 3 11/13/2015 Ex: Tortoiseshell (Calico) cats animation Calico Cat Color Inheritance 4 11/13/2015 Calico Cat There have been instances of male Calico cats found ◦ How could this happen? ◦ HINT: Male calico cats are sterile Example in humans Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia ◦ X linked mutation prevents the development of sweat glands ◦ A woman who is heterozygous will have patches of normal skin and patches of skin without sweat glands ◦ Difficulty controlling body temperature 5 11/13/2015 Blood Types ABO BLOOD TYPES Example of codominance Blood type depends on the presence or absence of certain carbohydrates (antigens) on surface of red blood cells 3 alleles are possible: ◦ IA :Type A Blood ◦ IB :Type B Blood ◦ i :Type O Blood 6 11/13/2015 ABO BLOOD TYPES IA and IB are codominant to each other when they are paired. i allele is recessive to both IA and IB If mom is homozygous for type A blood and dad is Homozygous for Type B blood, all of the offspring will have what blood Type? Which blood type has no antigens? Which blood type has both antigens? Which blood type accepts all the other blood types? 7 11/13/2015 ABO Blood Types Why is it important to get the right blood type when getting a transfusion? ◦ Transfusion Reactions Immune system (antibodies) will attack cells that have an antigen that the body doesn’t recognize as “self” ABO Blood Types Which square shows type O blood? 8 11/13/2015 ABO Blood Types Blood typing is actually far more complicated than“A”,“B”, and“O” ABO are the MAJOR antigens There are also MINOR antigens ◦ Rh factor: “+” or “-” Rhesus macaque ABO Blood Types 9 11/13/2015 ABO Blood Types 10.

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Dosage Compensation∗ a Mechanism to Equalize X-Linked Gene Products Between the Sexes
GENERAL ARTICLE Dosage Compensation∗ A Mechanism to Equalize X-linked Gene Products Between the Sexes Rajiva Raman The sex chromosomes evolved from a pair of autosomes that deviated over a period of time, with one chromosome losing most of its genes. In many animal groups, females have two X-chromosomes—a large chromosome with numerous genes. Males have one X and a Y chromosome, which has lost most genes except those involved in sex determination and fertility. Thus males are effectively monosomic for the X-chromosome. Monosomy being lethal for other chromosomes, organisms Rajiva Raman had his evolved a mechanism called ‘dosage compensation’ (DC) which university education from quantitatively equalizes X-linked gene products between the Banaras Hindu University. After his retirement from the sexes, compensating for their numerical disparity (dosage). Department of Zoology at Best studied in Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, and mam- BHU as Professor, he is now mals, different species adopt different mechanisms of DC. In serving in the same Drosophila, genes on the male X-chromosome are twice as ac- department as Distinguished Professor. He is also the tive as on each X-chromosome in females. In C. elegans, DC Senior Scientist of the Indian is achieved by the lowered activity of each X-chromosome in National Science Academy. XX individuals vis-a-vis the male X. In mammals, the inac- He has a teaching experience tivation of an entire X-chromosome in the female results in of nearly 40 years. the parity between the two sexes. Despite the difference in gross mechanisms, the molecular processes achieving DC are uniform due to chromatin modifications (histone acetylation, methylation, and DNA methylation) and synthesis of various noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs ).
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